Abstract: Seat devices, apparatus, systems and methods for converting vertical single jump seats into bench seats and vice versa, without removing and replacing the seats inside of vehicles, such as in trucks, vans, station wagons, sport utility vans (SUVs), and automobiles. The mechanisms allow for converting the vehicle seats from vertical to bench seats and vice versa without having to physically remove and install different seat arrangements within the vehicles. The conversion between the jump seats with vertical backs and bench seats uses the same seat components and parts. The conversion can take place in seconds and at most a few minutes without using tools.

Abstract: A vehicle seat includes a seat base and a seat back rotationally connected at a pivot. The seat base is rotatable about the pivot between a plurality of rotational positions relative to the seat base. A recliner disk is positioned at the pivot. The recliner disk includes a guide plate coupled to the seat base and a tooth plate coupled to the seat back. A plurality of bearings is positioned between the guide and tooth plates. The plurality of bearings and the guide and tooth plates are free of an internal braking mechanism. The engagement of the guide and tooth plates with the bearings provide for substantially free rotational movement between the plurality of rotational positions. The bearings also fix the relative axial position of the guide plate relative to the tooth plate.

Abstract: A seat for vehicles includes: a seat back frame; and a pressure receiving member that is mounted on the seat back frame to support a back of an occupant. The seat back frame includes a lower seat back frame and an upper seat back frame mounted on an upper portion of the lower seat back frame in a forwardly and rearwardly swingable manner, and the pressure receiving member is disposed from an area corresponding to the shoulder of an occupant to an area corresponding to the waist of the occupant and is supported by the upper seat back frame.

Abstract: An infant safety car seat seamlessly and permanently integrated into the bench seat between two adult seats or replacing the adult seats if more than one is incorporated into the vehicle. The child seat is sunken or not below and behind the vehicle bench and seat and safety harnesses are permanently installed to secure an infant in the safety seat. The seat adjusts to allow forward or rearward facing configurations suitable to different ages of the infant, from zero to eight years old. Security features are internally integrated to prevent the incidence of leaving an unbuckled and/or an unattended infant in a vehicle that includes some combination of a scale, hasps sensors in display and video monitor of cameras in screen.

Abstract: A floor lighting system of a vehicle is provided herein. A vehicle seat has a seat base that is movable between a use position and a stowed position. A light-producing assembly is coupled to an underside portion of the seat base and operable to illuminate at least one floor area based on the position of the seat base.

Abstract: The technology described in this document can be embodied in an acoustic enclosure for a speaker system disposed in a portion of a vehicle seat. The acoustic enclosure includes a rigid plate configured to be attached to a frame, a first section, and a second section. The rigid plate configured to support a speaker disposed in part within the acoustic enclosure. The first section is constructed from expanded resin, and disposed in contact with the rigid plate. The second section is disposed in contact with the first section, between the second section and the rigid plate. The first and second section together define a housing of the acoustic enclosure that includes at least one cavity configured to accommodate a portion of the speaker.

Abstract: A headrest for a vehicle seat includes a center part and at least one side wing disposed on a side of the center part in a movable manner between a neutral position and a range of comfort positions. A retaining strut is coupled to the side wing at a living hinge disposed on a first end of the retaining strut. The retaining strut is further coupled to the center part in a longitudinally movable manner at a second end of the retaining strut.

Abstract: A vehicle seat includes: a seat back having an upper frame; a fan provided in the seat back; a lumbar plate that is provided in the seat back and elastically supports a waist of a seated occupant from a rear side; and a support member that elastically supports the fan in an area at a height between the lumbar plate and the upper frame.

Abstract: A flexible lumbar support for an aircraft seat includes a frame and flexible seat pad connected thereto for supporting a seat user. At least first and second rods are spaced from each other and the frame, extend across and are secured to the seat pad, and define respectively at least first and second control lines about which the seat pad is rotatable. A third rod is spaced from the seat pad, extends across and is secured to the frame, and defines a third control line. At least a first actuator extends between and is attached to the first and third rods. A second actuator extends between and is attached to the second and third rods. The actuators are movable along the frame and pivotable about the third control line for allowing a change of respective positions of the control lines to generate multiple profiles of the flexible lumbar support.

Abstract: A lumbar support assembly disposed on a seat back frame within a vehicle seat and configured to support the back and waist regions of a passenger may include a fixing wire configured to be disposed on the seat back frame, a comfort mat provided with an upper end disposed on a cross wire combined with an upper end of the fixing wire so as to be rotatable and configured to support the back and waist regions of the passenger, a rotating device disposed on the fixing wire and rotating a lower end of the comfort mat toward the back region of the passenger, and an operating device disposed on the fixing wire and transforming the rotating device to protrude toward the comfort mat.

Abstract: A motor vehicle seating assembly for a motor vehicle has a lower seat assembly and an upwardly extending seat back assembly is disclosed, where the lower seat assembly comprises a lower seat frame base having a pair of longitudinally extending mounting rails, a pair of side frame members operably connected with the mounting rails, and a transverse cross tube operatively connected with and extending between a forward portion of the pair of side frame members. A lower seat cushion and suspension module is attached to the lower seat frame base. The lower seat cushion and suspension module further comprises a one-piece composite pan having a forward edge, a suspension system mounted to and supported by the one-piece composite pan, and a one-piece composite nose having a rearward edge pivotally attached proximate the forward edge of the composite pan and a forward facing engagement member pivotally and operably connected with the transverse cross tube.

Abstract: A removable protective floor liner for a rearward seating area of a passenger compartment of a vehicle includes a first floor mat section including a first flap section that is configured for installation in a first foot well of the passenger compartment and a second floor mat section including a second flap section that is configured for installation in a second foot well of the passenger compartment. The first flap includes an overlapping portion and a plurality of female interlocking fasteners and the second flap includes an underlapping portion and a plurality of male interlocking fasteners, including the underlapping portion extending a predetermined distance beyond the male interlocking fasteners. The first and second flaps cover a tunnel area intervening between the first and second floor mat sections. The male interlocking fasteners are joined with corresponding ones of the female interlocking fasteners when the first and second flaps are aligned.

Abstract: An interior trim part made by a method that includes the steps of bringing a fiber web onto a conveyor, needlepunching the fiber web to form a base in contact with the conveyor, and introducing a binder component on the base. The binder component introduced on the base is a thermoplastic polymer in solid form. The method includes a step for heating the base to cause the thermoplastic polymer making up the binder component to penetrate the base over a thickness smaller than the thickness of the base.

Abstract: A foot-rest structure for the driving side of the floor of a motor vehicle comprises a foot-rest support, secured to the floor panel of the motor vehicle, a covering element mounted on the foot-rest support, and a lateral trim panel having a front edge connected to the covering element. The foot-rest support is constituted by a three-dimensional body made of plastic material, defining a three-dimensional volume projecting from the floor panel, adjacent to the lateral trim panel, and having an inclined front surface, a top surface, and at least one lateral surface, which faces the inside of the passenger compartment of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: An assembly for mounting a door with a vehicle compartment includes an arm coupled with the compartment and with the door, a track fixed with the compartment, and a carrier pivotably coupled with the door and slidable along the track. The assembly further includes a spring coupled between the door and the compartment such that a contraction of the spring alone causes the door to move with rotation of the arm and movement of the carrier along the track. A track cover engages the carrier to prevent disengagement of the carrier from the track.

Abstract: A system for holding containers, such as cups, in a vehicle includes a housing that may form part of a vehicle console. The housing may have an upper surface for receiving the container and defining an opening leading to a compartment. A support for supporting the container may be attached to the housing. The support may be movable between a retracted position in which the support is received within the compartment, and an extended position in which the support extends out of the compartment and laterally over the upper surface to hold the container on the upper surface. The support may be stored in the retracted position when not in use so that the upper surface is usable for other purposes.

Abstract: Disclosed are adjustable-height vehicle cup holder assemblies, methods for making and methods for using such assemblies, and motor vehicles with adjustable-height cup holder assemblies. A cup holder assembly is disclosed for receiving and supporting a container, such as a beverage cup or bottle, in a motor vehicle. The cup holder assembly includes a receptacle tray that attaches to the motor vehicle's internal vehicle structure, such as a pivotable armrest. One or more cup receptacles are recessed from the top surface of the receptacle tray. Each cup receptacle nests therein a container. One or more retractable retainer tabs are rotatably coupled to the receptacle tray, adjacent each cup receptacle. Each retainer tab pivots between a retracted position, whereat the retainer tab lays against the receptacle tray's top surface, and an extended position, whereat the retainer tab projects from the top surface such that the retainer tab sits against the container.

Abstract: A cup holder assembly includes a door configured for translation between an open and a closed configuration, at least one receiver sidewall, and at least one first cup holder surface provided by a bottom surface of the door and configured to upwardly extend at least a portion of the receiver sidewall when the door is disposed in an open configuration. A retention system for a container is provided, including at least one container biasing member and at least one container supporting member. The container biasing member may be door-mounted or receiver sidewall-mounted.

Abstract: A tow truck carrier with sub frame rails above the carrier chassis frame rails that also reduces platform height thereby presenting a lower center of gravity. Sub frame rails of rectangular steel tubing with the wider dimension of the tubing are used in a horizontal, low profile orientation, with the direct attachment of the lift cylinder ends to the sub frame rails or to a cross beam to lower the platform. The sub frame rails form a descending ladder frame with cross members attached via brackets so that they are lowered into the recess between the chassis side frame. A lifting bracket is welded to the underside of each sub frame rail underneath the overhang and adjacent to the chassis frame to accept the end of a lifting cylinder rod while leaving some space for sliding engagement of a platform beam which engages three edges of the sub frame rail.

Abstract: A trailer assembly suitable for carrying a container of proppant has a frame with a first side rail and a second side rail extending in generally parallel relation to each other and a plurality of wheels rotatably mounted below the frame. The frame has a plurality of cross members extending between the side rails. First and second outriggers extend across the side rails so as to each have one end extending outwardly of one of the side rails and an opposite end extending outwardly of the other side rail. The first and second outriggers are suitable for receiving the container of proppant thereon. The frame has a first section positioned above the wheels and a second section positioned at a level lower than a level of the first section. The proppant container is placed on the first section.

Abstract: A system for reclaiming fuel from a vehicle fleet is comprised of a trailer capable of defueling multiple vehicles simultaneously that operates in conjunction with a remote computing device. The remote computing device communicates bi-directionally with an on-board computing device located in a combustion engine vehicle, where the on-board computing device is directed by the remote computing device to cause the vehicle's fuel pump to operate without starting the vehicle's engine. The remote computing device also queries for and receives data about the vehicle from the on-board computing device, such as the Vehicle Identification Number, diagnostic information about the vehicle, and/or data about how the vehicle is being driven and transmits such data to at least one second computing device in communication with the remote computing device.

Abstract: A seal assembly is mounted to a floor portion of an RV with a slide out room. The slide out room has a wall and a floor that is separated from the floor of the RV. The seal assembly has a wear bar with a ramped surface extending up from a flange at an obtuse angle, terminating in a flat top surface which then terminates in a wall that extends downwardly to another flange. The seal has a flexible wiper that seals to the slide out room floor. The seal assembly includes a splash shield with a resilient end that seals to the wall of the slide out room.

Abstract: A quick-connect tie down system includes a grip base with a separable C-shaped clamping bracket which is interconnected thereto by a durable strap. A ratchet assembly mounted on the grip base winds the strap onto a spool to draw C-shaped clamping bracket toward a second removable connector to sandwich a portion of an article to a portion of a vehicle or secondary article. Use of one quick-connect tie down system at each end of the article ensures its retention to a vehicle or secondary article. Extension straps are provided to afford added flexibility of usage.

Abstract: A ratcheting strap device has an elongate body with a reel axis towards a first end and a ratcheting mechanism towards a second end opposite there-from. The ratcheting mechanism is affixed to the body, and has a spool axis and a ratchet spool rotatable relative to the body there-about. A first strap/hook member has a first length of strap affixed to a first one of the ratcheting mechanism and the body at a first proximal end, and has a first hook affixed to a first distal end there-of. A take-up reel is affixed to the body and rotational relative thereto about the reel axis. A second strap hook member has a second length of strap having a second proximal end connectable to the take-up reel, has a take-up strap portion adjacent to the second proximal end and windable around the take up reel, and has a second hook affixed to a second distal end there-of.

Abstract: A bulkhead is provided. The bulkhead includes a panel with that extends between first and second primary and secondary edges that are perpendicular to each other. The first side supports a first plurality of brackets and a second plurality of brackets, the first plurality of brackets disposed on a first side of a secondary centerline of the panel that is parallel to the first and second secondary edges, the second plurality of brackets disposed on a second side of the secondary centerline that is opposite from the first side of the secondary centerline. Each of the first plurality of brackets and the second plurality of brackets includes an engaging portion that contacts the first side of the panel and a cantilevered portion that extends away from the first side of the panel and toward the secondary centerline.

Abstract: A vehicle lighting system is provided herein and includes light-producing assemblies, each coupled to a body portion of a vehicle. At least one light-sensing device is included for sensing ambient light levels. A controller is configured to selectively activate each of the light-producing assemblies at a variable intensity as a function of a sensed ambient light level and/or a determined direction of the ambient light.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a plurality of lamps disposed on a rear portion of the vehicle, a user-actuatable hazard light control component (e.g. a turn-signal stalk) having a plurality of states, and a hazard lamp controller communicatively coupled to the plurality of lamps, the user-actuable hazard light control component, and the user-actuatable hazard light controller. The hazard lamp controller is configured to illuminate the plurality of lamps in accordance with a lighting pattern responsive to the state of the user-actuatable hazard light control component.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for use in traversing a vehicle transportation network may include a host vehicle receiving a remote vehicle message including remote vehicle information, identifying host vehicle information, determining a relative position code indicating whether an expected path for the remote vehicle and an expected path for the host vehicle are convergent based, determining a remote vehicle dynamic state code based on the remote vehicle information, determining a host vehicle dynamic state code based on the host vehicle information, identifying an expected forward collision condition based on the relative position code, the remote vehicle dynamic state code, and the host vehicle dynamic state code, identifying a deceleration rate for safely traversing the vehicle transportation network in response to identifying the expected forward collision condition, identifying a vehicle control action based on the deceleration rate, and traversing a portion of the vehicle transportation network in accordance w

Abstract: A method and system for correcting misrecognized information of a lane are provided. The method includes extracting lane information of a vehicle information and guard rail information and extracting reference points from each of the lane information and the guard rail information. The reference points are then connected to extract linear lanes and a guard rail and areas and tilts of the lanes and the guard rail are compared to correct the lanes and the guard rail.

Abstract: A safety light system on an excavator or parked vehicle that is manually operated by the excavator operator. The unit is typically controlled by a single button located in the excavator cab. The excavator operator presses the button. A green LED, or other green light, projects a green beam of light toward the rear of the truck. This signals the truck driver that he can begin backing toward the excavator. At a predetermined distance, the excavator operator again pushes the button. The unit switches to an orange light. Finally, in a final position, the excavator operator again presses the button to project a red light. As the truck driver backs toward the excavator, he first sees green, then orange and finally red. Upon seeing red, he knows to stop backing. A fourth push can again project a green light signaling a safe condition for drive-away.

Abstract: A working vehicle periphery monitoring system includes: image capturing devices attached to a working vehicle with a vessel and capturing the periphery of the working vehicle to output image information; a bird's eye image synthesizing unit synthesizing the image information to generate a bird's eye image information for displaying bird's eye images of the working vehicle and the periphery thereof; and a display control unit displaying at least one of a first bird's eye image obtained by superimposing a first vessel image including the vessel other than a part of the vessel at a rear side of the working vehicle on an area of the working vehicle in the bird's eye image and a second bird's eye image obtained by superimposing a second vessel image including all of the vessel on the area.

Abstract: A multi-camera vision system for a vehicle includes a plurality of video cameras having respective fields of view external of the vehicle. Captured image data is provided to and processed at a central data processor in order to detect objects that are within the field of view of at least some of the video cameras. The vehicle is equipped with a sensor system having at least one non-visual sensor that senses sensor data in a region external of the vehicle. The sensed sensor data is provided to the central data processor. A potential hazard present exterior the vehicle is determined to exist via processing at the central data processor of at least one of received image data and received sensor data.

Abstract: An imaging system for a vehicle includes an imaging sensor and a video display device. The imaging system generates an overlay that is electronically superimposed on the displayed images to assist a driver of the vehicle when executing a backup maneuver. The overlay has first, second and third overlay zones, with the overlay zones indicative of respective distance ranges from the rear of the vehicle to respective distances. As indicated to the driver viewing the video display screen when executing a backup maneuver, the first distance is closer to the rear of the vehicle than the second distance and the second distance is closer to the rear of the vehicle than the third distance. The first overlay zone may be a first color and the second overlay zone may be a second color and the third overlay zone may be a third color.

Abstract: A head section for a rear view device such as an internal or external mirror, for a motor vehicle that includes at least one housing section having a lid section arranged on a side of the housing section which faces away from the direction of driving of the motor vehicle, at least one electronic unit arranged in a hollow area formed between the housing section and the lid section, and at least one rear view means arranged on the lid section for displaying a side or rear area of the motor vehicle in relation to the direction of driving.

Abstract: An exterior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle includes a mirror head having a mirror casing and a mirror reflective element. A mounting arm is configured for attachment at a side of the vehicle, with the mirror head adjustably mounted at the mounting arm. An adjustment mechanism adjusts the mirror head position relative to the mounting arm between a retracted position and an extended position. The adjustment mechanism, when adjusting the mirror head position, also adjusts a mirror head angle relative to the side of the vehicle. When the mirror head is in the retracted position, a mirror head surface is at a first plane, while, when the mirror head is in the extended position, the mirror head surface is at a second plane. The mirror head surface is angled more towards the side of the vehicle when in the second plane than when in the first plane.

Abstract: An asymmetrical mirror lens, usable on front fenders of school buses and similar vehicles, which has a plurality of mirror sections, each having a distinct constant radius of curvature to reduce image distortion. Optional sections located between sections of the constant radius of curvature have a step-wise changing radii of curvature to smooth the image sizes as an object moves across the mirror lens.

Abstract: Support devices and their components are disclosed, including an optional lighting element mountable on the support device for emitting light. The support device facilitates access to a vehicle and includes an elongate extruded support member, brackets for mounting the elongate extruded support member to a vehicle, and a step affixed to the elongate extruded support member. A mount can be provided and coupled to the lighting element and to the step to secure the lighting element to the step when the lighting element is incorporated.

Abstract: Illustratively, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a vehicle that includes an entrance to an interior compartment. A step assembly is located adjacent the entrance of the vehicle and includes at least one step and at least one riser. The at least one riser is attached to and substantially perpendicular to the at least one step. The step assembly also includes an opening that allows access behind the step assembly. A lid is provided that includes a hinge to allow selective movement of the lid between open and closed positions with respect to the opening in the step assembly. A securement is attached to the underside surface of the lid to hold the lid to the step assembly. This securement, however, does not extend upward from the top surface of the lid.

Abstract: A card holder for vehicles is provided. The card holder includes an outer holder secured to a vehicle body and having a card storage portion formed therein and an opening formed in a top of the card storage portion into which a card is inserted into or withdrawn from, and an inner holder removably inserted into the card storage portion. The inner holder is biased proximate to one inner side wall of the card storage portion when inserted, and includes a supporting portion, which is bent or protruded from a lower end thereof in which a distal end of the supporting portion is proximate to the opposite inner side wall of the card storage portion. Foreign materials that enter the card storage portion through the opening are removed by withdrawing the inner holder out from the card storage portion.

Abstract: A ladder cage is provided. The ladder cage includes opposite first and second sidewalls each extending parallel to a longitudinal axis. Spaced apart brackets are coupled to one of the sidewalls. Spaced apart rollers extend between the sidewalls. The rollers are each rotatable relative to the sidewalls along a rotation axis that extends transverse to the longitudinal axis. The rollers and inner surfaces of the brackets and the sidewalls define a housing configured for disposal of a ladder.

Abstract: A ladder rack for a motor vehicle similar to what is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,764,268, but differing therefrom in that the top surfaces of the stationary bar member and the movable bar member are coplanar and in a side-by-side relationship when the load being carried is atop the vehicle's roof rather than being stacked, one-above-the-other, as in the prior art. As such, the ladder rack of the present invention exhibits a reduced height profile.

Abstract: A container and a securement strap are disclosed. The securement strap includes a crank. The container has a housing and a lid. The housing has a hollow interior adapted to receive the securement strap. The hollow interior is surrounded by a bottom wall and sidewalls to contain the securement strap, and has an open top to receive the securement strap into the hollow interior. At least one of the sidewalls has a hole therethrough. The lid is attached to the housing at the open top by a hinge. The lid being pivotable relative to the housing about the hinge between a closed position wherein access to the hollow interior is denied and an opened position in which access to the hollow interior is enabled. The lid is latchable to the housing to deny pivoting relative thereto and thereby deny receipt and removal of the securement strap.

Abstract: A bicycle carrier system for a vehicle may include guide rails disposed at a lower portion of a bumper back beam, a carrier part provided with a panel part and side portions extending from both sides of the panel part to the guide rails to move along the guide rails, a first driving part connected to the guide rails to move the carrier part along the guide rails, an expansion support part installed between the side portions of the carrier part to support a loaded bicycle, a second driving part installed at the carrier part to be connected to the expansion support part and expandably deploy the expansion support part, and a control unit controlling the first and second driving parts and sequentially controlling the first and second driving parts to draw out the carrier part and then performing an expansion deployment operation of the expansion support part.

Abstract: A universal accessory mount having bracket mounting portions and spacing segments that are configurable together to match the shape or curve of the vehicle exterior or other aftermarket vehicle accessory. Right-side and left-side and U-shaped brackets are each attachable to the bracket mounting portions to accommodate vehicle accessories of varying dimensions.

Abstract: A support comprising a holding assembly for holding portable electronic devices increases passenger convenience and comfort. The holding assembly comprises a rotatable front wall and a rotatable back wall that receive one or more portable electronic devices therebetween. The front wall is typically biased to help secure a portable electronic device by applying pressure to the portable electronic device. A slide may be connected to the front wall to aid in rotating the front wall when inserting or removing a portable electronic device.

Abstract: Provided is a clip that does not require a through hole to be formed in one of the two component parts that are to be connected, and is provided with a small thickness so that the spacing between the two component parts may be minimized. The clip includes a first part including a plate-shaped first base and a first engagement piece projecting from a surface of the first base, a free end part of the first engagement piece being formed with an engagement projection; and a second part including a plate-shaped second base and a second engagement piece projecting from a surface of the second base, a free end part of the second engagement piece being formed with an overhang portion configured to cooperate with the engagement projection; wherein a receiving hole is formed at least in one of the first base and the second base, and is configured to receive at least a part of the engagement piece projecting from the other of the first base and the second base.

Abstract: A plastic panel forming part of a motor vehicle is disclosed having a number of embedded conductors for electrically connecting together an electrical connector and an electrical unit. Parts of the electrical connector and the electrical unit are formed as integral parts of the plastic panel. The electrical connector includes terminals connected to the electrical conductors for co-operation with terminals formed as part of a plug used to connect the conductors to other electrical circuits of the motor vehicle. In one embodiment the electrical unit is in the form of a fuse box having electrical terminals held in position by the plastic panel and in pairs for cooperation with a respective fuse.

Abstract: Herein described is at least a system for generating one or more control signals based on a voltage provided by an energy storage device. Based on the one or more control signals, the system may selectively enable flow of current through one of: a) a first circuitry when the voltage is equal to or greater than a threshold value, and b) a second circuitry when the voltage is less than the threshold value, wherein the flow of the current through the second circuitry upconverts the voltage associated with the current from a first value to a second value.

Abstract: The invention relates to a circuit for conducting an electric current, by an electrical component, between a vehicle battery and an electrical network component that can be connected to the vehicle battery. The circuit includes a first electrical line segment and a second line segment that is separated from the first line segment by a spacer. The line segments are connected to one another by the electrical component.

Abstract: An airbag device for a vehicle including at least one airbag housing interface chamber that attaches to an airbag housing; at least one airbag cushion chamber downstream of the at least one interface chamber; an elbow that fluidly connects the housing interface chamber with the cushion chamber and configured so that it controllably regulates gas flow into the at least one airbag cushion chamber; the elbow having an internal configuration, which includes at least one opening that permits back and forth gas flow between the elbow and the at least one airbag cushion chamber, and which controls the directional deployment of the airbag cushion chamber so that upon deployment the downstream end of the cushion chamber exits an airbag housing outwardly in a first direction and then in at least one second direction, so that the direction of deployment of the cushion chamber changes in direction to thereby wrap at least partially around a structure of a vehicle of the vehicle and at least temporarily interpose the cush