Abstract: An apparatus (100) for generating three dimensional objects comprises a first scanning carriage (102). The first scanning carriage comprises a first energy source (104) to pre-heat an area of a build surface as the first scanning carriage (102) moves over the build surface.

Abstract: Disclosed is a 3D printer with a build platform configured to quickly and easily release a build object with no damage to the object. The build platform comprises a rigid frame; an adhesion surface configured to detachably attach to the upper side of the rigid frame; and rack assembly configured to attach to the bottom side of the rigid frame. The rigid frame includes a substantially planar plate of steel, while the adhesion surface comprises a flexible sheet material with an inherent concave curvature with the center biased toward the steel plate. Sets of clips and tabs integral to either the rigid frame or adhesion surface may be employed to releasable lock the frame and adhesion surface together. Sets of protrusions and dimples integral to either the rigid frame or adhesion surface may be employed to releasable lock the frame and adhesion surface together. To release a printed object, the user need only detach the adhesion surface from the rigid frame, and then twist the adhesion surface.

Abstract: A method of additive manufacturing of an object includes directing laser energy from a laser to a region for material deposition, extruding material using an extruder at the region of material deposition, sensing temperature within the region of the material deposition, and electronically controlling the laser energy using the temperature so as to sufficiently heat the region for material deposition prior to extruding the material to increase strength of the object.

Abstract: The light control device includes a first polarizing plate, an array substrate, liquid crystals, an opposing substrate, and a second polarizing plate in sequence. The array substrate includes a base substrate, a pixel array, and a black matrix formed on the base substrate. The black matrix is formed at least in an area corresponding to a thin film transistor in the pixel array. The light control device is used for 3D printing of selected area curing shaping of light-cured liquid material. The light control device provided in the embodiments of the present disclosure can accurately control the area irradiated by light, using the principle of the liquid crystal display, thereby accurately curing the selected area of the light-cured liquid resin.

Abstract: A three-dimensional object printer comprises a platen, an ejector head having a plurality of ejectors configured to eject drops of material toward the platen, a sensor configured to measure heights of drops of material ejected onto the platen, and a controller operatively connected to the sensor and the ejector head. The controller is configured to operate the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material toward the platen to form a first layer of material upon the platen; operate the sensor to measure a height profile of the first layer of material; and operate the plurality of ejectors to eject drops of material toward the platen to form a second layer of material upon the first layer of material with reference to the measured height profile.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, system and methods are provided comprising generating a nominal computer-aided design (CAD) image of a component; producing a physical representation of the component from the nominal CAD image using an additive manufacturing (AM) process; measuring the physical component to obtain measurement data; determining a deviation between geometry associated with the nominal CAD image and the obtained measurement data; determining a compensation field for the deviation, if the deviation is outside of a tolerance threshold; modifying the nominal CAD image by the compensation field; and producing a physical representation of the component from the modified nominal CAD image. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: A device for an adjustment of a heater control in an additive manufacturing device, in which a heater control regulates the heating of an applied building material layer by means of a heating device (17) up to a work temperature (TA) comprises: a nominal parameter provision unit (201) designed such that it provides at least one nominal parameter value, meaning the setpoint of a controlled variable and/or its change with time and/or the setpoint of a heater parameter and/or its change with time, an actual parameter detection unit (202) designed such that it is able to detect for at least one of the nominal parameter values the corresponding actual parameter value in the heater control or in the additive manufacturing device, wherein an actual parameter value is the actual value of a controlled variable and/or the actual value of its change with time and/or the actual value of a heater parameter and/or the actual value of its change with time, and a control change unit (203) that automatically changes at lea

Abstract: An unorganized point cloud may be created by an optical 3D scanner that scans a physical object, or by computer simulation. The point cloud may be converted into binary raster layers, which encode material deposition instructions for a multi-material 3D printer. In many cases, this conversion—from point cloud to binary raster files—is achieved without producing a 3D voxel representation and without producing a boundary representation of the object to be printed. The conversion may involve spatial queries to find nearby points, filtering material properties of the found points, looking up material mixing ratios, and dithering to produce binary raster files. These raster files may be sent to a multi-material 3D printer to control fabrication of an object. A user interface may display a preview of the object to be printed, and may accept user input to create or modify a point cloud.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a three dimensional object is provided. A build layer comprising an area of solidified build material and an area of non-solidified build material is formed. The build layer is formed by depositing a layer of non-solidified build material and treating the build material to form the area of solidified build material. The method also involves determining an edge profile for the build layer. Determining the edge profile involves measuring a variation in height of the build layer across a transition between the area of solidified build material and the area of non-solidified build material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing three-dimensional components (14) by successively solidifying layers of a powder construction material (9) which can be solidified by means of electromagnetic radiation (18), in particular bundled radiation such as laser radiation or electron radiation, at the locations corresponding to the respective cross-section of the component (14), in particular an SLM (selective laser melting) or SLS (selective laser sintering) method. A device (1) comprising a support device (7), the height of which can be adjusted within a construction chamber (6), is provided for supporting the component (14), comprising a coating device (12) for applying layers of the construction material (9) onto the support device or onto a previously formed layer and comprising an irradiating device (15) for irradiating layers of the construction material (9) in some regions in order to solidify the layers.

Abstract: A control section of this three-dimensional shaping apparatus controls a shaping head such that, in a first layer, first resin materials are continuously formed in a first direction and arranged with a gap between the first resin materials in a second direction intersecting the first direction, and resin materials other than the first resin materials are continuously formed in the first direction and arranged in the gap. In a second layer provided above the first layer, the first resin materials are continuously formed in a third direction intersecting the first direction and arranged with a gap between the first resin materials in a fourth direction intersecting the third direction, and the resin materials other than the first resin materials are continuously formed in the third direction and arranged in the gap.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for precision locating additively manufactured components for assembly and/or post processing manufacturing are provided for herein. In some embodiments, at least one component can be additively manufactured to include one or more kinematic features on one or more surfaces of the component. The kinematic feature(s) can be configured to engage complementary kinematic feature(s) formed in a second component so the two components can form an assembly. Alternatively, the kinematic feature(s) can be configured to engage complementary kinematic feature(s) associated with a post-processing machine such that the one or more post-processing actions can be performed on the component after the component is precisely located with respect to the machine by way of the kinematic features of the component and associated with the machine. A variety of systems and methods that utilize kinematic features are also provided.

Abstract: A glueless dustless composite flooring material system providing PVC-based flooring having layers providing different qualities of hardness, wear-resistance, sound deadening, and decorative patterns, avoiding the use of moisture-susceptible compressed dust filler, with layers fused together, avoiding the manufacturing complexity and delamination risks of using glue or adhesive, with a quickly-cured, UV-cured top coating providing long-lasting high performance and shortening and simplifying the manufacturing, which can be done in a sheet-form, essentially continuous-run manner, with an ability to quickly and simply change the optional design printing and texturing produced, and having an optional underlayment layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of at least two-layer thermoplastic sheets via thermal welding of at least one thinner thermoplastic sheet with density (D1) and of at least one second thinner thermoplastic sheet with density (D2), where the density (D1) of the first thinner thermoplastic sheet is smaller than the density (D2) of the second thinner thermoplastic sheet. The process introduces at least one first heating element and at least one second heating element along mutually offset planes between the two thinner thermoplastic sheets, where the surfaces of the thinner thermoplastic sheets do not touch the surfaces of the heating elements. The first heating element transfers a quantity of energy (E1) to the surface of the first thinner thermoplastic sheet, and the second heating element transfers a quantity of energy (E2) to the surface of the second thinner thermoplastic sheet, where the quantity of energy (E1) is smaller than the quantity of energy (E2).

Abstract: A laser-weldable composition and method using the same, said composition comprising at least one amorphous polyamide made from the polycondensation of at least an acyclic aliphatic diamine comprising at least 10 carbon atoms and/or at least an acyclic aliphatic diacid comprising at least 10 carbon atoms, and at least a phthalic acid selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid, at least one flat glass fiber; and at least one organic dye which absorbs radiation at a wavelength from 800 to 1400 nm.

Abstract: A lubricant/sealer dispenser is disclosed for a component press-in system that includes a pressurized lubricant/sealer reservoir filled with lubricant/sealer. A nozzle is supplied with lubricant/sealer from the reservoir and includes an offset tip formed of PTFE that is enclosed in a steel tube. A controller controls a motor that rotates the nozzle within an opening in a part at a selected depth. The motor rotates the nozzle about a fixed axis and follows an inner surface of the opening as the part is moved by a robot relative to the nozzle in a selected pattern. The nozzle applies the lubricant/sealer by applying the lubricant/sealer onto the inner surface of the opening.

Abstract: A sealant is provided for use on an aircraft or other vehicle. The sealant may be used with a gasket. The sealant is a perimeter seal that comprises a polyurea member. The polyurea member is a self-curing, two-component mix. It may cure to a hardness in the range of about 40 to 100 (Shore A). It may maintain an adequate peel strength to withstand multiple thermal and pressure cycling, and may have a working life, wherein it may be shaped, of less than about eleven minutes.

Abstract: The invention relates to an assembly for adhesively connecting substantially congruent gluing surfaces of a first and second joining partner over their full surface, comprising: the first joining partner (1); the second joining partner (2); an adhesive layer (3) of a polar, flowable adhesive applied to the gluing surface (1a) of the first joining partner (1); means (8) for holding the second joining partner (2) above the adhesive layer (1a) of the first joining partner (1), such that the gluing surface (2a) of the second joining partner (2) faces the adhesive layer (3) on the first joining partner (1) and is disposed so as to be spaced therefrom across an air gap (5), and the spacing defined by the air gap (5) between the first joining partner (1) and the second joining partner (2) is dimensioned in such a way that a capillary volume is formed; means (7) for generating an electric field (10) in order to cause, by means of electric influence, a local charge displacement (11) on and/or in the second joining par

Abstract: Method and apparatus for layup placement on a layup structure is provided. The method includes iteratively loading a layup for the layup structure on a support frame of a saddle module; aligning the saddle module with a pre-selected registration position corresponding to a predetermined application path on the layup structure; and impressing the layup into forced contact with the layup structure along the predetermined application path using a predetermined application force. The apparatus includes a plurality of saddle modules configured to operate in unison, wherein the plurality of saddle modules is configured to receive a pre-selected composite material layup.

Abstract: A molded component and method of molding such a component having one or more features. At least one fibrous substrate is located in a mold. A matrix-forming material is also provided in the mold. Heat is applied to melt the matrix-forming material to form a matrix and to integrally mold the one or more features.

Abstract: A 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system and method based upon a 3D variable die system and including one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines to continuously produce thermoplastic composite pultrusions with at least one of varying cross-section geometry and constant surface contours, varying cross-section geometry and varying surface contours, and constant cross-section geometry and varying surface contours. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system and method including at least one of one or more pairs of shapeable and flexible dual-temperature bands and a rotating assembly that rotates the one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines to impart a twist to the thermoplastic composite.

Abstract: The present application relates to a method of forming a structural portion of a fuel tank for an aircraft in which the structural portion is formed from a fibre reinforced polymer and a sensor is integrated in the structural portion. The method includes providing a fibre ply which acts as a structural component, and embroidering an electrically conductive wire in a predetermined pattern on the fibre ply to form the sensor. The fibre ply acts as a sensor substrate. Furthermore, the method includes applying a polymer matrix to the fibre ply so that the fibre ply and electrically conductive wire are covered by the polymer matrix. The present application also relates to a fuel tank for an aircraft, a fuel quantity indicating system, and an aircraft.

Abstract: A method of repairing a first automotive part that includes providing a connector tab and applying a fluidic thermoplastic material to the connector tab and/or the first automotive part to attach the connector tab to the first automotive part. The connector tab comprises: a retainer portion sized to attach to the first automotive part, wherein the retainer portion has a plurality of holes formed therethrough, and wherein the plurality of holes is configured to receive the fluidic thermoplastic material to secure the retainer portion to the first automotive part; and a coupler portion defining a shape corresponding to a portion of the first automotive part, the coupler portion forming a coupler, which is configured to operably engage another coupler of a second automotive part.

Abstract: A repair system that includes a handheld device comprising a first extruder tip having an interior passageway extending between an inlet and a tip outlet, wherein the inlet is configured to receive a solid thermoplastic material and the tip outlet is configured to dispense a fluidic thermoplastic material; a nozzle surrounding the first extruder tip to form an annulus between an interior surface of the nozzle and an exterior surface of the first extruder tip; and a heater that is configured to heat the interior passageway of the first extruder tip such that the solid thermoplastic material becomes the fluidic thermoplastic material. In some embodiments, the repair system also includes a gas source in fluid communication with the annulus such that a skirt-shaped curtain of gas extends from the annulus and in a direction towards the tip outlet of the extruder tip.

Abstract: Provided is a manufacturing method of an optical film, which manufactures an optical film in which at least a first film and a second film are stacked, the method including: pressing the first film and the second film with the optical film by passing both the first film and the second film between a pair of pressing rolls; forming a slit line in a width direction of the optical film by cutting the second film without cutting the first film at a rear end of a connection portion when the connection portion is included, to which a unit film is connected by a connection member between the first film and the second film which are pressed in the pressing; and conveying the optical film by passing the optical film with the slit line in the slit forming between a pair of conveying rolls.

Abstract: A plant for building tyres for vehicle wheels, includes a sleeve building area in which devices for obtaining carcass sleeves operate, a crown building area in which devices for obtaining crown structures operate and a shaping station for shaping each carcass sleeve according to a toroidal configuration. Transfer devices for transferring the carcass sleeves from the sleeve building area to the shaping station, by means of a first translator configured for picking up each carcass sleeve from an outlet station of the sleeve building area, a second translator configured for releasing each carcass sleeve in the shaping station, and a storage device operatively interposed between said first translator and second translator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for molding non-pneumatic wheels is provided. The exemplary method and apparatus allow for the use of the same molding system to manufacture wheels with different hub constructions. Different configurations of removable mold elements are utilized within the same molding system to provide wheels with different hub constructions.

Abstract: The present invention provides an annular beam of monolithic construction of one homogeneous material and a related efficient, low-cost non-pneumatic tire. Specific geometric design, combined with nonlinear elastomer physical properties, enable the suppression of all reinforcing belts, continuous fibers, or other strengthening layers in the annular beam. The annular beam consists of at least two bands that are continuous in the circumferential direction and connected by a web geometry. The non-pneumatic tire consists of the annular beam, a ground contacting portion, a central wheel, and a plurality of web spokes that connect the wheel and beam. When the tire is loaded to a design load against a flat surface over a design contact length, a contact area of essentially uniform pressure is produced, while the load is transmitted from the beam to the hub via tension in the web spokes. The tire can be economically manufactured.

Abstract: An apparatus for looping anchoring annular structures of a tyre for vehicle wheels, includes at least three looping drums. Each looping drum has a longitudinal axis thereof, with respect to which it is radially expandable/contractible in a manner so as to turn up the loop around an anchoring annular structure. The apparatus also includes a loop deposit station, a loading station configured for loading the anchoring annular structures on the looping drum and an unloading station configured for unloading the looped anchoring annular structures from the looping drum. The loop deposit station, loading station and unloading station are angularly offset from each other. A turret transfer apparatus supports the looping drums in positions angularly offset with respect to each other and is configured for transferring the looping drums between the loop deposit station, the loading station and the unloading station rotating around a vertically-arranged transfer axis.

Abstract: Provided is a validation tool and a method for validating optical equipment that is used for measuring a plurality of characteristics of one or more tyre components during winding application of said tyre components around a tyre building drum, wherein a first tyre component of the one or more tyre components includes a first characteristic of the plurality of characteristics which, after measuring, is overlapped by the same or another tyre component of the one or more tyre components including a second characteristic of the plurality of characteristics, wherein the validation tool is provided with a first reference element that is arranged to represent the first characteristic and a second reference element that is arranged to represent the second characteristic, wherein the second reference element is offset with respect to the first reference element to at least partially expose the first reference element.

Abstract: A plant for building tyres, includes: a shaping work station configured for receiving a carcass sleeve; at least one radially expandable/contractible toroidal forming drum engageable in the shaping work station; at least one work station configured for building at least one component of a crown structure on a radially external surface of a tyre being processed, defined starting from the carcass sleeve that is shaped and coupled to the forming drum; transfer devices configured for moving said forming drum along a closed-loop completion path and arranging it in proximity to the work station in order to obtain a green tyre, the closed-loop completion path being extended from an initial work station to a final work station coinciding with the shaping work station; and a pick-up device configured for picking up said green tyre decoupled from the respective forming drum.

Abstract: A embossed sheet embossed with projections creating an intermittent support surface for food. The embossed sheet may be inserted into a food package after cooking the food on which the cooked food is to be supported. Alternatively, the embossed sheet may be placed onto or into a pan or directly onto an oven rack to support the food while cooking and/or after cooking. Alternatively, the embossed sheet may be formed into a food package. The embossed sheet may be prepared using a one-pass or two pass process using a platen press or a roll-to-roll press or a multi-stage one pass machine.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a component for use in a high pressure press includes successively depositing a volume of one or more materials using a deposition device to build a three dimensional body of the component having a selected material property varied along at least one direction of the component for use in the high pressure press.

Abstract: A web processing system is provided. The web processing system supplies a processed continuous web of material to a cutting arrangement. The cutting arrangement forms sheets from the continuous web of material. The sheets are then supplied to multiple folding arrangements such that a single web of material is used to supply sheets to multiple folding arrangements.

Abstract: A multilayer sealed skin, in particular for an inflatable structure and that includes a first polymer film, a reinforcing fabric disposed on the first polymer film and a second polymer film disposed on the reinforcing fabric and adhered by means of an adhesive to the first polymer film through cavities in the reinforcing fabric. The skin can be applied to the production of an inflatable structural element such as an inflatable beam for which the skin forms an outer wall of the structural element and for which the first film of the skin forms an inner face of the outer wall of the structural element, and the second film forms an outer face of the wall.

Abstract: A pad holder includes a base panel. The base panel includes a panel perimeter edge that defines a panel face. A lip material is connected to the panel face at a connection. A lip of the lip material extends from the connection towards a center of the panel face. The lip includes a lip perimeter edge, and the lip, panel face, and the connection collectively define an envelope. The envelope includes an opening defined by the lip perimeter edge. The envelope is sized to receive a liquid absorbent pad where the lip overlaps edges of the liquid absorbent pad when the liquid absorbent pad is disposed within the envelope.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flexible ballistic armor apparatus for deflecting high velocity firearm, fragmentation, or shrapnel projectiles with a flexible armor unit. The apparatus minimizes the deterioration of the armor when subjected to shock waves or shear forces of a ballistic impact. The present invention also relates to the use of a flexible armor unit with soft body armor, a vehicle, a vessel, an aircraft or in structural applications.

Abstract: A wall assembly is manufactured for supporting an exterior covering of a structure. The wall assembly includes a frame assembly including a top member and a bottom member spaced from the top member. The frame assembly further includes a plurality of vertical members spaced from each other and coupled to and extending between the top and bottom members. The plurality of vertical members each have an exterior surface configured to face an exterior of the structure. A rigid foam layer is directly coupled to the exterior surface of the plurality of vertical members. A sheathing layer is coupled to the rigid foam layer opposite the plurality of vertical members with the sheathing layer configured to receive the exterior covering.

Abstract: The present invention provides a transparent electroconductive layer-equipped cover element having a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet preliminarily laminated thereto, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet comprises a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer in which a refractive index adjustment zone having a refractive index greater than that of a base pressure-sensitive adhesive material thereof is formed over a given range from a surface of the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer in a thickness direction thereof, whereby: in a lamination process of a customer which is a supply destination of the transparent electroconductive layer-equipped cover element, it becomes possible to eliminate a need to distinguish between obverse and reverse sides of the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet itself; and, when the transparent electroconductive layer-equipped cover element is bonded to an optical element through the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, it becomes possible to suppress internal reflection in a laminate fo

Abstract: A laminate structure is provided for forming a package, where the laminate structure allows for access openings to be provided upon peeling of the layers. The access openings may allow air to be introduced to the contents, such as to cause an exothermic reaction for heating items, or may allow product to be dispensed from the package. The laminate structure includes a first layer laminated to a second layer via an adhesive, and score lines are formed in the second layer to define plug areas and non-plug areas. The plug areas are configured to result in a peel interface line that occurs across a constant ratio of plug areas to non-plug areas along a predefined distance of a peel area of the laminate structure. Thus, when the first layer is peeled away from the second layer, the peel force needed remains relatively uniform across the predefined distance.

Abstract: A vehicle component has at least one sandwich part which forms a crash element that absorbs kinetic energy. The at least one sandwich part has a layer structure of at least two fiber-reinforced and one synthetic resin matrix-containing cover layer elements and at least one core layer element provided between two adjacent cover layer elements. The at least one core layer element has channels which pass transversely through each cover layer element and/or the core layer element. The at least one core layer element is made of a hard foam material or a softwood, and the channels provided in the core layer element form predetermined breaking points for the core layer element.

Abstract: A composite panel includes a core having at least one core element. The core element includes a shell defining a cavity. A pair of skins sandwich the core. Each skin has a first face facing away from the core and an opposed second face facing the core. The second face has a plurality of barbs extending therefrom. The barbs penetrate the shell to secure the core element between the skins. A method for making a composite panel includes positioning a core element against a barbed face of a first skin, where the core element includes a shell defining a cavity, and pressing the core element and first skin together to force barbs of the barbed face to penetrate the shell.

Abstract: A biocontainer film enhanced with an abrasion resistant or “cut-proof” substrate. Such substrates can be combined with current biocontainer materials, via various techniques of embedding, coextrusion or laminating, to maintain the cleanliness and low extractables already validated for biotech manufacturing. The substrate of choice may be constructed from materials known to be more resistant to abrasion and sharp razor type cuts or from materials oriented in such a way to prevent puncture to occur. The new substrate must also be flexible to allow for typical folding as demonstrated by current packaging practices. The new substrate may be constructed from materials other than polymers such as metal, glass or carbon or in combination with polymers. A non-constrained pressure test is also disclosed.

Abstract: A functionalized carpet for covering floorings, including an upper layer of needle punched fibres of the polymeric type in which there are gaps between the fibres and a lower reinforcing layer configured for retaining the fibres of the upper layer.

Abstract: A backing layer (10) of a multilayer thermal insulation panel (100) for building constructions includes a glass fiber reinforcement layer (1) having a first surface (F1) and an opposite second surface (F2). The reinforcement layer is interposed between a first coating layer (2) attached to the first surface (F1) of the reinforcement layer and a second coating layer (3) attached to the second surface (F2) of the reinforcement layer (1). The first (2) and second (3) coating layers are manufactured by a mixture including an organic binder.

Abstract: A multilayer film including: a first long-length substrate; and an optically anisotropic layer that is formed directly on the first substrate and contains cured liquid crystal molecules, wherein the first substrate has an Nz factor of 1.1 to 3.0, variation of orientation angle of 1.0° or less, and an orientation-regulating force caused by stretching, and an angle formed between a slow axis of the first substrate and a widthwise direction of the first substrate is 0° or more and less than 90°; and manufacturing method and use thereof.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a panel includes at least one step as below. A pre-treatment is performed on a first bonding component between two substrates, so that a part of a first bonding portion of the first bonding component becomes a first transformation portion, in which at least one characteristic of the first bonding portion is different from that of the first transformation portion.

Abstract: In order to provide a thermal transport structure excellent in bendability, heat dissipation property, and lightweight property and also a thermal transport structure having a high reliability against vibrations and an excellent heat transport performance, used is a thermal transport structure (5, 201) including stacked graphite sheets (1, 213). This thermal transport structure (5, 201) includes a fixing portion (10, 202, 301) in which the stacked graphite sheets (1, 213) are fixed to each other; and a thermally conductive portion (11, 203) in which the stacked graphite sheets (1, 213) are not fixed to each other.

Abstract: A gasification component for use in a gasification environment includes a metal-based substrate and a coating deposited on the metal-based substrate. The coating includes at least about 51% by weight of chromium in the alpha phase at an operating temperature of gasification.

Abstract: A composite membrane for hydrogen separation and purification, including: a modified and activated support, a Palladium (Pd) layer, and an interstice layer between the second surface-modifying layer and the Pd layer. The support includes a support substrate, a first surface-modifying layer on the support substrate, and a second surface-modifying layer on the first surface-modifying layer.