Abstract: The invention relates to a device integrating crushing, pulping and enzyme deactivation of fruits, comprising a spiral feeder, a crashing cavity and a drive motor. The spiral feeder is disposed above the crushing cavity. The crushing cavity consists of an inner crushing cavity and an outer crushing cavity. The inner crushing cavity is internally provided with crushing blades and a comb-like cylindrical stator. The crushing blades are formed with a plurality of steam outlets. The outer crushing cavity is internally provided with a ring steam pipe. The ring steam pipe is also formed with steam outlets on the lower side. The outer crushing cavity is provided with a discharge hole. The device integrating crushing, pulping and enzyme deactivation of fruits completes enzyme deactivation and pulping at the same time, has a large production capacity and a high efficiency, and can meet requirements of industrial production.

Abstract: A way of dealing with challenges to the pepper processing industry and pepper growers is to mechanize pepper processing, including the de-stemming of whole peppers. The present example provides a method for mechanically de-stemming whole peppers. The method provides for the recognition of a pepper's shoulder and or interior regions and stem in order to generate a control signal to initiate a process to de-stem the pepper. In particular, several implementations of the method are provided that may include a mechanical system, a laser system, a machine vision system, a combination of a machine vision system and the laser system, and other equivalent implementations. Additionally disclosed, are methods of processing whole peppers utilizing automated de-stemming.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tobacco substitute-fluid mixture for use in a water pipe or hookah, comprising a fluid containing water as well as containing glycerin and/or 1,2-propanediol and comprising at least one thickening agent, which is distributed in the fluid (1). The invention also relates to the use of such a tobacco substitute-fluid mixture in a water pipe or hookah and a method for producing a tobacco substitute-fluid mixture, wherein a fluid is mixed with a thickening agent, such that it forms a mixture with the thickening agent.

Abstract: A smoking pen device is disclosed. An example smoking pen device includes a stem having an inlet end and an outlet end. The example smoking pen device also includes a first end piece connecting to the inlet end of the stem, the first end piece configured to receive a coil heated by electric current to combust a smoking product in the first end piece. The example smoking pen device also includes a second end piece on the outlet end of the stem. A gas or vapor from combustion of the smoking product flows from the first end piece through the stem and out of the second end piece. In an example, the second end piece is a mouth piece. In another example, the second end piece is configured to fit into an inlet port on a water pipe.

Abstract: A cartridge for an e-vaping device includes a reservoir configured to hold a pre-vapor formulation and a channel structure that includes a channel surface with one or more open-microchannels. An open-microchannel in the channel structure may be in fluid communication with the reservoir and may transport pre-vapor formulation from the reservoir to a heating element based on capillary action of the pre-vapor formulation through the open-microchannels. The heating element may vaporize the pre-vapor formulation drawn through one or more open-microchannels. The cartridge may be independent of fibrous dispensing interfaces, including one or more wicks. Fabrication of such a cartridge may be simplified, faster, cheaper, some combination thereof, or the like relative to fabrication of a cartridge that includes a fibrous or soft dispensing interface to draw pre-vapor formulation from a reservoir to a heating element.

Abstract: A cartridge for an e-vaping device includes a reservoir configured to hold pre-vapor formulation, a vaporizer assembly configured to draw at least some of the pre-vapor formulation from the reservoir and vaporize the drawn pre-vapor formulation to form a vapor, and a superabsorbent polymer configured to absorb free water from pre-vapor formulation held in the reservoir. The superabsorbent polymer includes a cross-linked polyacrylate copolymer that is substantially inert to the pre-vapor formulation. The superabsorbent polymer may be included in a layer on one or more surfaces in the cartridge. The layer may include the superabsorbent polymer and a binder. The superabsorbent polymer may be included with the pre-vapor formulation in a formulation mixture. The superabsorbent polymer may be included in an interior of at least one element comprising the cartridge. The superabsorbent polymer may be included in a separate compartment in the reservoir.

Abstract: A rotary switch electronic cigarette includes a cylindrical electronic cigarette body, wherein: the electronic cigarette body from top to bottom is divided into a retractable smoking nozzle portion, an electric heating portion, and a rotary switch controlling portion. The retractable smoking nozzle portion snaps on the electrically retractable smoking nozzle portion, and snaps on an upper end of the rotary switch controlling portion. The electric heating portion is connected to an upper end of the rotary switch controlling portion in a screw thread manner. The invention has the aesthetical appearance, overall compact design, and is clean and hygiene, convenient to carry, easy to use and observe, wherein the tobacco shred and ash are not likely to leak.

Abstract: Certain aspects of present invention relate to electronic cigarettes. In certain embodiments, the electronic cigarettes may include a vaporizer and e-liquid storage tank combo, and a power module. The vaporizer and e-liquid storage tank combo may include a heating element having a positive terminal and a negative terminal to receive electrical energy from a battery of the power module to heat e-liquid in direct contact with surfaces of a cylindrical vaporizer and a vaporizer connector having a circular base and the circular base having an external multiple threads connector. The power module may have a power connector having the battery, a positive terminal, a negative terminal, and an internal multiple threads connector. The external multiple threads connector of the vaporizer and e-liquid storage tank combo is threadedly connected to the internal multiple threads connector of the power connector of the power module.

Abstract: A vaporizing device generally having a tank, power component, battery, and shroud is disclosed. The power component may include a frame defining a slot configured to receive the tank in an upright position, such that a portion of the tank is adjacent to the power component when the tank is in position. The battery may be coupled to the frame of the power component. The shroud may be configured to be positioned around the battery and coupled to the frame. The battery may be activated when the shroud is compressed radially inward. The device may include a port for connection to an external power supply for recharging the battery. The device may be portable with a generally compact configuration in order to allow a user to comfortably hold the device in the palm of the hand.

Abstract: A novel disposable cartridge for use in an electronic nicotine delivery system having an electric heater includes a reservoir containing a nicotine-containing liquid, a port in liquid communication with the reservoir, a liquid barrier disposed proximate the port to prevent undesired leakage of the nicotine-containing liquid from the reservoir, and a durable, elongate wick arranged and configured to be slideable in the port and to contact the nicotine-containing liquid in the reservoir.

Abstract: An apparatus for extracting a compound from a substance comprising an extraction chamber arranged to extract a compound from a substance stored within the extraction chamber, wherein the extraction chamber is arranged to agitate the substance; and when upon the substance is under an applied heat, the extraction chamber is arranged to extract the compound into an air flow passing through the extraction chamber.

Abstract: An aerosol-generating device is provided, including a reservoir configured to hold a liquid; a release medium; and a heater, wherein the reservoir and the release medium are configured to transport liquid from the reservoir to the release medium, wherein the release medium and the heater are disposed in physical contact with each other, wherein the aerosol-generating device further includes a means for reversibly releasing the physical contact between the release medium and the heater to form a gap between the heater and the release medium, and wherein the aerosol-generating device is configured to activate the heater when the gap is formed between the heater and the release medium. A method for forming an aerosol by the aerosol-generating device is also provided.

Abstract: A dynamic output power management unit for a heating circuit (100) of an electronic smoking device is disclosed, the heating circuit (100) having a heating element (10) connected to a power source (20) via a first switching element (30), the unit having at least one voltage detection device to detect voltage values at various points of the heating circuit (100); and a controller (2) configured to deriving a resistance of the heating element (10), estimating a discharge time or a power consumption value of the power source (20) such that an energy converted in a period of time is substantially identical to a predetermined energy conversion value for a same period of time.

Abstract: A vaporiser assembly for an aerosol-generating system may include a capillary element made from porous glass. The capillary element has a first end and a second end. The vaporiser assembly further comprises a heater element. The first end of the capillary element is configured to be fluidically connected to a liquid storage portion. The heater element is provided at the second end of the capillary element. The pore size of the capillary element is configured to allow a liquid aerosol-forming substrate from the liquid storage portion to be conveyed from the first end to the second end of the capillary element by capillary action. The capillary element has a pore size gradient such that an average pore size of the capillary element transitions or varies from larger pores at the first end of the capillary element to smaller pores at the second end of the capillary element.

Abstract: A shirt has a collar stand attached to a shirt body. The collar stand comprises an inner piece and an outer piece, wherein at least one of the inner piece and the outer piece is formed from a self-fabric fused with a fusible substrate, and wherein the collar stand has stretch and recovery in at least two directions thereof.

Abstract: A pull away undergarment comprising a top portion and a bottom panel generally covering the genital and anal areas of a person wearing the undergarment. The front of the bottom panel is detachably attached to the top portion in the front of the top portion, such that the person wearing the undergarment can pull the bottom panel away from the top portion in the front of the garment. In an embodiment the front of the bottom panel is detachably attached to the front of the top portion of the undergarment using hook and loop strips (e.g. Velcro®). The top portion and the bottom panel are construed from one or more of: nylon, cotton, polyester, and a cotton/synthetic blend.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a shapewear garment, a shapewear garment system, and methods of manufacture thereof. The shapewear garments are configured to provide various levels of compression on the body of a wearer for shaping desired areas of the wearer's body. In an exemplary embodiment, the shapewear garment system is formed of two shapewear garments, with one of the shapewear garments being applied on the body of the wearer first for conditioning the body of the wearer to receive the other of the shapewear garments over the one shapewear garment in overlapping relationship thereof.

Abstract: A garment is provided. The garment includes a plurality of sensors that are in operable communication with each other for detecting position data of each sensor of the plurality of sensors relative to each other and at least one chip that is in operable communication with at least one of the sensors of the plurality of sensors and configured to collect the detected position data and generate an image of a body portion of a user of the garment based on the detected position data and communicate the generated image to at least one display device for displaying the generated image.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a deodorizing filter superior in air-permeability as well as in deodorizing performance with respect to an unpleasant malodorous gas. A further object is to provide such a deodorizing filter and a deodorizing mask that do not have an unpleasant odor in themselves, or even after storage in a hermetically closed environment do not develop unpleasant odor or discoloration, and may be used comfortably. A deodorizing filter for a mask of the invention is provided with 2 or more layers of deodorizing fiber layers including a fiber and a chemisorption-type deodorizer, in which the deodorizing fiber layer contains a polyethylene resin fiber, and the thickness of the deodorizing fiber layer is from 0.15 to 0.4 mm, and the basis weight of the deodorizing fiber layer is from 20 to 45 g/m2.

Abstract: Problem: To provide a fastener that facilitates attachment of a string and makes it unlikely for the attached string to come off. Solution: The fastener according to one aspect of the present invention is a fastener for fastening a string-like body to an article, and includes a slit opening part for inserting the string-like body, and a string-like body holding part which communicates with the slit opening part and holds the string-like body inserted from the slit opening part. The string-like body holding part extends in the left and right directions from the slit opening part, a surface of the string-like body holding part facing the slit opening part is smooth, and a projecting part is provided at a position adjacent to the slit opening part on the surface of the string-like body holding part.

Abstract: A mold for casting a micro-scale structure includes an upper surface including a first cavity having a first depth. A negative pattern for an array of micro-scale structures is defined in a surface of the first cavity. The mold includes at least one second cavity having a second depth defined in the cavity outside of the negative pattern for the array of micro-scale structures. The at least one second cavity defines a negative pattern for a standoff of the micro-scale structure. A fabric retaining frame is disposed in the first cavity.

Abstract: A necktie assembly for enhancing an ornamental appearance of a necktie includes a necktie that may be worn around a neck. The necktie has a plurality of button holes extending therethrough. A plurality of buttons is provided and each of the buttons is coupled to the necktie. A selected one of the buttons engages a selected one of the button holes when the necktie is worn. Thus, the plurality of buttons enhances an ornamental appearance of the necktie.

Abstract: Garments and corresponding systems for preventing contamination of a clean environment are provided. The garment is formed, at least in part, of a filter medium such that air within the garment is permitted to pass from within the garment, through the filter medium, and into the surrounding environment while contaminants are retained by the filter medium. The garment may be substantially formed of the filter medium or may include one or more filter panels arranged around a substantially impermeable portion of the garment. The garment may further include a forced air inlet for coupling the garment to a forced air supply such as a powered respirator or an air handler. Forced air may then be supplied into the garment to further facilitate air circulation and filtration.

Abstract: A mask assembly includes a liner and one or more patches coupled to the liner. The liner includes a front sector that includes one or more rim portions and a lower portion. The rim portions define one or more eye openings, and the lower portion at least partially define a head opening. The liner is at least partially fabricated from a first fabric. The patches include one or more edge portions that are coupled to the rim portions such that the patches extend at least partially across the eye openings. The patches are fabricated from a second fabric different from the first fabric.

Abstract: A method comprising steps: (a) providing an image; (b) opening the image in a photo editing software program; (c) importing a skullcap shape having four equal triangular curve portions into the photo editing software program; (d) editing the image to match the skullcap shape and triangular curve portions; (e) printing the edited image to a medium; (f) separating the four triangular curve portions of the printed image; and (g) sewing the four separate triangular curve portions into a skullcap.

Abstract: A headband for VR goggles includes an adjustment mechanism to accommodate a wide variety of users, padding to ensure user comfort, a pivotable goggle holding element to allow the goggles to pivot relative to the user's head and a chin strap fastener to secure the headband to the user's head.

Abstract: One embodiment of a helmet 10, upon which markers 14 are used to add decorations to the plastic outer shell 12. The ink from the markers 14 dries quickly, and thereafter becomes waterproof and unable to be removed without the use of chemicals or without damaging the plastic outer shell 12 of the helmet 10. The decorations thus applied are able to withstand the expected rigors of sporting activity without being erased. In addition, a solvent based cleaning solution 18 and a means for applying the solvent based cleaning solution 18 to the plastic outer shell 12 of the helmet 10 is used to erase any mistakes in the decorations, or to erase them entirely, thereby allowing the user to re-decorate the helmet 10 whenever they so desire.

Abstract: Disclosed is a structure for fixing a riding recorder with helmet visor fasteners, including a visor, which is provided, in the inside thereof, with a plurality of first coupling members so as to be attached to a helmet with the first coupling members. A monitoring unit is mounted to a bottom of the visor and the monitoring unit includes at least one camera lens and a storage element such that when the monitoring unit is activated, the camera lens is operable to take images and stores the data of the images in the storage element.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a retrofit sensor module for use with a protective head top with a helmet and a visor. The sensor module includes a sensor housing and an attachment mechanism. The sensor housing encloses a head presence sensor to sense when the protective head top is being worn. The sensor housing also encloses a position sensor to sense the position of the visor relative to the helmet. The retrofit sensor module further comprises an attachment mechanism secured to the housing. The attachment mechanism mates with a first hinge component of a hinge assembly in the protective head top to removably install the sensor module into the protective head top, wherein the hinge assembly allows the visor to move relative to the helmet.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a zero impact head gear is provided including an outer helmet and an inner helmet. The outer helmet has forward and rear retaining stops protruding from the interior of the outer helmet. The inner helmet has a forward and rear retaining stops protruding from the inner helmet to allow movement of the inner helmet within the outer helmet, but capable of limiting a forward displacement the inner helmet with respect to the outer helmet.

Abstract: A protective helmet includes an upper section and a lower section; each having inner and outer facing surfaces; a gap formed between the upper and lower sections; at least one connection member connecting the upper section to the lower section and maintaining the gap; the upper section being movable with respect to the lower section when an impact force is applied to the outside surface of the upper section; an inner shell securable to the inner facing surface of the lower section; the inner shell being adapted to receive a portion of the helmet user's head, whereby the head of the user will be spaced from the inner facing surface of the upper section when the portion of the user's head is received in the inner shell; and the inner shell substantially preventing the user's head from making contact with the inner facing surface of the upper section.

Abstract: A chin strap assembly is provided for use with a sports helmet. The chin strap assembly includes an inner pad member, a strap assembly and an outer protective member. The outer protective member is coupled to the strap assembly by an attachment member, such as a post. A sports helmet with the chin strap assembly is also provided.

Abstract: The present application discloses a helmet, a helmet retention system, and a method of adjusting a helmet. In certain embodiments, the helmet comprises a helmet shell and a helmet retention system. The retention system comprises a rear portion connected to the rear of the helmet shell, first and second straps extending from the rear portion to a front portion of the helmet shell, and an adjustment device attached to the rear portion for adjusting the length of the first and second straps between the rear portion and the front portion of the helmet shell to tighten and loosen the straps about the head of the user. Each strap comprises a strap segment and an elongated member attached to the strap segment. The adjustment device is configured to selectively adjust the elongated member to move the first and second strap segments relative to the helmet shell.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus to dissipate and attenuate mechanical waves which travel through a human brain upon blunt trauma. The apparatus comprises a pressurizable and ventable outer balloon shell encasing an inner hard shell. The pressurizable and ventable outer balloon shell is configured to release a pressurized gas to the atmosphere upon an impact to said pressurizable and ventable outer balloon shell. The apparatus is configured to enhance efficiency in reduction of an amplitude of the mechanical waves of the blunt trauma delivered to the human brain and to disrupt doubling-up of mechanical waves in a pressure zone inside the pressurizable and ventable outer balloon shell. The apparatus is configured to ventilate the pressurizable and ventable outer balloon shell and the inner hard shell.

Abstract: A helmet breath guard add-on which is capable of effectively preventing steam formation in a helmet shield, thereby removing inconveniences when wearing a helmet, is disclosed. The breath guard may be made from a flexible yet solid elastomeric material providing for an adequate elastic adjustment, and allowing a fit to a wide variety of different helmet user faces. Preferably, the single piece nature of the breath guard allows for the prevention of leaks for adequate helmet fog reduction. The elastic nature of the material allows the breath guard to generally keep its shape even when distorted from the putting on and the removal of the helmet.

Abstract: Headwear for locating people, such as construction workers, firefighters, mine workers, sandhogs, police officers and military personnel. The headwear is hardhat or helmet that tightly fits on a user's head. The headwear comprised of a LED-light, a built-in WiFi device, and power source. The LED-light provides light to the user. The WiFi device transmits the location of the user.

Abstract: A midsole for an article of footwear is strategically incised or scored to produce various straight and arcuate lines. Straight lines are integrated widthwise between edges on an arch side on an outer side. Arcuate lines are integrated into various places at the top of a toe portion, with at least one extending down through a midpoint in a heel portion. The latter arcuate line maintains curvatures that parallel curvatures on the outer side at some places and the arch side at other places. Also crossing at the midpoint in the heel portion are intersecting lines.

Abstract: A footwear with refractive internal illumination has a footwear, a translucent body, an illumination system and a liner. The footwear has a sole section and an upper. The upper has an opaque light refracting section. The illumination system has a power source and at least one light source. The at least one light source is electrically connected to the power source. A light wavelength of light emitted from the at least one light source is approximate to a light wavelength of light emitted through the opaque light refracting section. The upper is connected to the sole section. The at least one light source is connected to the translucent body. The translucent body is housed in between the liner and the opaque light refracting section.

Abstract: A shoe/boot includes an outsole and a vamp, and a first opening is defined in the top of the shoe/boot. A first connection portion is located along the periphery of the first opening. A water-proof sock is inserted into the first opening and has a second opening defined in the top thereof A second connection portion is formed at the periphery of the second opening. The first connection portion is detachably connected to the second connection portion to secure the water-proof sock to the shoe/boot. The water-proof sock can be removed from the shoe/boot by separating the first connection portion from the second connection portion.

Abstract: A footwear assembly having an upper that comprises a neoprene sock with a foot portion integrally connected to a leg portion. The foot portion has heel, vamp and under-foot portions. The leg portion has front shin, side wall, and rear calf-side portions. The upper has a unitary, outer, injection molded layer molded directly onto the foot and shin portions of the neoprene sock, while the sidewall and rear calf-side portions remain substantially uncovered by the injection molded layer. The injection molded layer encases the foot portion of the neoprene sock. The injection molded layer on the shin portion defines a shin guard portion having a necked down area integrally connected to the injection molded layer at the vamp portion, wherein the shin guard extends upwardly from the necked-down portion in an outwardly diverging shape away from the vamp.

Abstract: A sole for footwear, including a resilient structural member extending in a direction from toe to heel and having a tread surface, the sole having a plurality of incisions extending transversely to the toe-to-heel direction. The incisions include a first portion extending to a first depth into the sole from the tread surface and a second portion extending to a further depth into the sole from the lower outlet of the first portion. The first portion has a width, measured transversely to the longitudinal extent of the incision, which is smaller than the corresponding width of the second portion. At least the second portion of the incisions is open at the side of the sole.

Abstract: An improved sole structure for article of footwear is disclosed herein. The sole structure includes a midsole and an outsole coupled to the midsole. The midsole includes a channel extending from the toe end to the heel end of the midsole. The sole structure further includes a housing with a plurality of segments disposed within the channel. A cable is threaded through the plurality of segments of the housing with a first end of the cable being disposed proximate to the toe end of the midsole, and the second end of the cable extends out of the rear end of the midsole. A tensioning mechanism is operatively coupled to the second end of the cable to alter the amount of tension in the cable, and, ultimately, alter the amount of flexibility of the sole structure.

Abstract: A shoe includes an outsole, a shank and a heel area defined in the underside thereof The shank is connected between the outsole and the heel area. The heel area is a recessed area. A replaceable heel has a connection portion on the top thereof so as to be detachably connected to the heel area. A heel lift is defined in the underside of the replaceable heel and includes multiple anti-slip members extending therefrom. The replaceable heel is easily detached from the shoe and a new one is attached to the heel area of the shoe.

Abstract: A shoe having a shoe upper including multiple welds in selected locations on the shoe upper. The welds may be selectively located on the upper to provide structure and support to the specific portions of a shoe upper.

Abstract: An improved shoelace has an elastic inner core having a plurality of elastic members and a woven string covering the elastic inner layer. The woven string has a plurality of narrow sections and wide sections evenly disposed on two ends of the elastic inner core. Each narrow section wraps around the elastic inner core, each wide section is longer than each narrow section and separated from the elastic inner core. When the elastic inner core is not pulled, the wide sections overlap and fold onto the elastic inner core 10 and has a cone shape with at least three times thickness than the narrow section. When the elastic inner core is pulled, the wide sections are stretched straight.

Abstract: The invention relates to a closure buckle for closing a ski boot, which buckle comprises a main lever (2) hinged to a base (1) and having a longitudinal notch (20) in which a tie rod (3) is mounted that is connected to a fastener hook and that has an end carrying an auxiliary lever (4), said buckle being characterized in that the main lever (2) is provided with a protective plate (21) laterally defining a housing (24) for receiving the auxiliary lever (4), and the invention also relates to a downhill ski boot equipped with such buckles.

Abstract: An ornament stud for an article is provided. The stud includes: a head having a three-dimensional shape; a plurality of shoulders extending horizontally and inwardly from an edge of the head by a predetermined length; and a plurality of sharpened extensions extending respectively and vertically from inner edges of the plurality of shoulders, the plurality of sharpened extensions being spaced from each other along the inner edges of the plurality of shoulders by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for fasteners bonded to substrate materials without puncturing the materials. An example fastening system includes a male fastener component and a female fastener. The example male fastener component includes a base plate bonded to a first substrate material without puncturing the first substrate material, and a post integrally formed with the base plate, the base plate and the post formed of a polyurethane material. The example female fastener component includes a housing defining a cavity configured to engage with the post of the male fastener component. The housing is made of the polyurethane material and bonded to a second substrate material without puncturing the second substrate material.

Abstract: An external component for timepieces or pieces of jewelry, made of a light precious alloy containing titanium and palladium, according to the atomic formula TiaPdbMcTd, where a, b, c, d are atomic fractions of the total, such that a+b+c+d=1. a is 0.44 to 0.55, b is 0.30 to 0.45, c is 0.04 to 0.24, and d is 0.001 to 0.03. The alloy includes at most two metals M, taken from among Nb, V, Fe, Co, Au, Pt. Each metal trace T has an atomic percentage of less than 3.00% of the total alloy, from among Nb, V, Mo, Ta, W, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Ir, Au, Pt, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ag, Al, B, Si, Ge, Sn, Sb, and In. The alloy contains at least 0.05% of boron, and contains at least 50% by mass of palladium.

Abstract: A cantilevered umbrella assembly with an arcuate guide track comprises a support column, a cantilever arm attached to the support column, and an at least partially arcuate configured guide track attached to the cantilever arm that defines a sweep axis and a plane. The guide track defines a first free end, a second free end and an apex between the first end and the second end along the sweep axis. The sweep axis defines a first tangent to the sweep axis at the first end, a second tangent at the second end, and a third tangent at the apex, wherein a first line drawn perpendicularly to the first tangent and a second line drawn perpendicularly to the third tangent form a first included angle in the plane of the guide track that ranges from 10 to 45 degrees.