Abstract: A hand-held measurement device for appearance analyses includes a measurement array which comprises a number of illumination means for applying illumination light to a measurement field in at least three illumination directions and a number of pick-up means for capturing the measurement light in at least one observation direction. The illumination directions and the observation directions lie in a common system plane. At least one pick-up means is embodied to spectrally gauge the measurement light in a locally integral way, and at least one imaging pick-up means is embodied to gauge the measurement light in terms of colour in a locally resolved way. The spectral pick-up means and the locally resolving pick-up means are arranged such that they receive the measurement light reflected by the measurement field under the same observation conditions and in particular from the same observation direction.

Abstract: A method of determining a chromaticity rank of a light emitting device includes selecting the light emitting device having a chromaticity rank in a region surrounded by four defining points on a 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram. A ratio of a distance in a y-direction between, of the four defining points, two defining points furthest from each other in the y-direction to a distance in an x-direction between, of the four defining points, two defining points furthest from each other in the x-direction is 0.5 or less A peak light emission wavelength of the blue light emitting element is in a range of 447 to 452 nm, a peak light emission wavelength of the green light emitting element is in a range of 520 to 541 nm, and a peak light emission wavelength of the red light emitting element is in a range of 630 to 632 nm.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for detecting defects in a laminate of uncured, compacted composite sheets. After a number of plies of composite sheets are arranged and compacted, a burst of heat energy is applied to a top surface of the laminate and a digital thermographic camera captures images of the top surface. A computer processor measures heat characteristics of the top surface to identify regions of the top surface with different heat characteristics. Such different areas are identified as regions that include a defect. The defect regions can be repaired by applying additional compaction and/or by removing at least a portion of some layers, removing any foreign object debris, replacing the layers, and compacting the replaced layers. After any defects are addressed, the laminate is cured.

Abstract: When an optical system is illuminated with illumination light fluxes emitted from respective input image points, an interference image generated by superimposing output light fluxes output from the optical system and a reference light flux coherent with the output light fluxes is imaged to acquire interference image data collectively including information of an interference image about all input image points. Diffractive optical light propagation simulation is performed to acquire a phase distribution associated with only light emitted from a single input image point at a position where reconstructed light fluxes to the respective output light fluxes are separated into each light flux. In each input image point, this simulation is performed to acquire a phase distribution on an exit pupil plane.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a measuring and compensating method for channel mismatch of an ultra-high speed time-wavelength interleaved optical pulse sequence, by employing a generating module of the to-be tested ultra-high speed time-wavelength interleaved optical pulse sequence, an optical spectrum measuring module, an electrical frequency measuring module, and a data analyzing and processing module. The present invention obtains mismatch information of the pulse sequence for each channel by means of measurement and analysis of the ultra-high speed time-wavelength interleaved optical pulse sequence, thus overcoming the bottleneck of inadequate sampling of time-domain observation via an oscilloscope. The channel mismatch information obtained by the present invention may act as a basis for channel mismatch compensation and correction for the ultra-high speed time-wavelength interleaved optical pulse sequence.

Abstract: An internal temperature measuring apparatus includes: a sensor package in which a MEMS chip and a temperature sensor are disposed in a bottomed tubular package, the MEMS chip including one or a plurality of thermopiles each of which measures a heat flux passing through a region of a bottom of the bottomed tubular package, the temperature sensor measuring a reference temperature used as temperature of a predetermined portion of the MEMS chip; and a printed circuit board configured to calculate the internal temperature of the measurement object based on output of the sensor package. An outer bottom face of the sensor package projects from a plate face of the printed circuit board through a through-hole made in the printed circuit board.

Abstract: Compositions, devices and processes related to etching of a very thin layer or fine particles of a metal are disclosed for monitoring a variety of parameters, such as time, temperature, time-temperature, thawing, freezing, microwave, humidity, ionizing radiation, sterilization and chemicals. These devices have capabilities of producing a long and sharp induction period of an irreversible visual change. The devices are composed of an indicator comprising a very thin layer of a metal and an activator, e.g., a reactant, such as water, water vapor, an acid, a base, oxidizing agent or their precursors, which is capable of reacting with the said indicator. Ink formulations composed of a metal powder and a proper activator can be used for monitoring several sterilization processes, such as sterilization with steam. When water is used as an activator, a thin layer of metals, such as that of aluminum can be used as steam sterilization or humidity indicator.

Abstract: A contact preventing a plurality of current paths joining together and having a contact main body having a wire fixing portion and a contacting member which is a member formed separately from the contact main body is provided. The contact has a contact main body having a wire fixing portion to which a wire is fixed and a contacting member formed separately from the contact main body and configured to be connected to the wire and contact with a mating contact. A portion of the contact main body, contacting with the contacting member has an insulation layer.

Abstract: Provided is a method for calibrating at least one processing element, in a processing station for processing plastic preforms, includes providing: a first measurement preform establishing at least one first measurement value of the measurement preform before processing by the processing station, and a second measurement value of the measurement preform is measured by the measuring element or a further measuring element before or after processing by the processing station, and using at least these two measurement values, a mathematical temperature curve, is recorded by the measuring element, wherein at least one calibration device determines a deviation of the measured temperature curve from a mathematical standard temperature curve, and eliminates this deviation at least partially by adaptation of processing parameters of the processing station.

Abstract: A force detection device includes: a substrate; and a force transmission block. The substrate includes: a mesa gauge arranged on a principal plane of the substrate and providing a bridge circuit; a connection region arranged on the principal plane; and a sealing portion surrounding all around the mesa gauge and connected to the force transmission block. The mesa gauge includes: a first mesa gauge extending in a first direction; and a second mesa gauge extending in a second direction and spaced apart from the first mesa gauge. The connection region electrically connects the one end of the first mesa gauge and the one end of the second mesa gauge.

Abstract: A load transducer system is disclosed herein. The load transducer system includes a load transducer and a data processing device. The load transducer has a load transducer frame portion configured to elastically deform when a load is applied to the load transducer; and one or more deformation sensing elements, disposed on the load transducer frame portion, sensitive to one or more respective force or moment components of the load. The data processing device is operatively coupled to the one or more deformation sensing elements of the load transducer, the data processing device is configured to determine one or more output forces or moments from one or more respective output signals of the one or more deformation sensing elements, to determine one or more deformation compensation parameters for the load transducer system, and to correct the one or more output forces or moments using the one or more deformation compensation parameters.

Abstract: A method for analyzing stress in an object according to spectrum data is provided. The spectrum data is obtained from an interference fringe pattern of the object that results from performing photoelasticity. The method includes: analyzing the spectrum data to obtain three sets of intensity data related respectively to different wavelengths of light used in photoelasticity; calculating wrapped phases according to the three sets of intensity data, respectively; calculating preliminary stress values according to the wrapped phases, respectively; determining a system of stress equations according to a relation among the preliminary stress values; and calculating an estimated stress value using the system of stress equations.

Abstract: A method for determining a torsional moment of a wheel set shaft of a rail vehicle during the operation of the rail vehicle is used for a wheel set shaft having two wheels secured to ends of the shaft for rolling on two rails. A model is used to calculate a torsional moment which acts on the wheel set shaft, and the model is based on a torsional vibration of the wheel set shaft at a specified slip action point. The torsional moment acting on the wheel set shaft is ascertained based on the energy of the torsional vibration of the wheel set shaft at the slip action point and based on a damping energy which acts on the torsional vibration of the wheel set shaft.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a rotor including a shaft sleeve having a shaft sleeve main body and a stopper formed to protrude outward from an end portion of the shaft sleeve main body; a magnet disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the shaft sleeve and a lower portion thereof is supported by the stopper; and a fixing part which fixes an upper portion of the magnet, and a torque sensor and an electronic power steering system including the same. Due to the above structure, a broken magnet is prevented from deviating even when a magnet is broken.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a driving simulator having the following steps: detecting a braking request in the driving simulator, in particular on the basis of actuation of a brake actuator; converting the detected braking request into at least one braking signal suitable for characterising the braking request; transmitting the at least one braking signal from the driving stimulator to a test bench on which are mounted at least part of a drivetrain with at least one axle section of a vehicle, in particular an axle half, and at least one brake associated with the at least one axle section; rotating the at least one axle section at a wheel speed which corresponds to a predefined speed of the vehicle; actuating the at least one brake of the vehicle on the basis of the at least one braking signal; setting a predefined torque or a predefined wheel speed of at least one axle section of the at least one dynamometer on the basis of properties of at least one component of the vehicle, in particular

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for a pressure sensor device. The pressure sensor device includes a header that defines an interior cavity including one or more tether connecting regions. The header further defines an outer portion in communication with the interior cavity; the outer portion includes a plurality of through bores in communication with an exterior portion of the header for insertion of header pins through the header. The pressure sensor device includes a pressure sensor chip disposed within the interior cavity of the header. One or more anchoring tethers are attached to the corresponding one or more tether connecting regions. The pressure sensor chip is free to move within the interior cavity of the header, and the one or more anchoring tethers are in communication with the pressure sensor chip and are configured to limit movement of the pressure sensor chip within the header.

Abstract: A sensor includes a first substrate and a second substrate. The first substrate includes a first side and an opposing second side, with the first side having a recess. The recess is defined by one or more side walls and a bottom wall. One or more of the side walls are substantially perpendicular to the bottom wall. A sensing diaphragm is defined between the second side of the first substrate and the bottom wall of the recess. A boss extends from the bottom wall of the recess. The second substrate may include a first side and an opposing second side, where the first side has a recess. The first side of the first substrate may be secured to the first side of the second substrate such that the recess in the first substrate faces and is in fluid communication with the recess in the second substrate.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for checking a connection between a compressed air outlet of a blood treatment apparatus and a pressure measuring line of an extracorporeal blood tubing set. The methods disclosed include providing a blood treatment apparatus having a compressed air line. A compressed air device is in fluid communication with the compressed air line for generating pressure within the compressed air line. A compressed air outlet is in fluid communication with both the compressed air line and an exterior of the blood treatment apparatus. The compressed air outlet is connectable with a pressure measuring line and a pressure sensor. The method also includes building up a pressure and an air flow in the compressed air line and/or at the compressed air outlet, measuring a pressure at the compressed air outlet or in the compressed air line, and evaluating an increase of the measured pressure.

Abstract: A liquid sensor comprising a laminate including a first conductive layer, an insulation layer, and a second conductive layer layered in this order, wherein the laminate has through holes penetrating the first conductive layer, the insulation layer, and the second conductive layer in the lamination direction, and the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are layers of a resin having electrical conductivity.

Abstract: A monitoring system is provided for the identification and location of leakage of a fluid at least one pipe joint consisting of two abutting non-insulated pipes. The monitoring system comprises at least one first detector for detecting fluid, located at a first pipe joint, and a jacket piece provided locally over the first pipe joint, the jacket piece together with the non-insulated pipes forming a sealed space containing the first detector.

Abstract: A method and system for testing airtightness of a building envelope (10). An air flow generator (21) is provided that is switchable between at least two different flow rates (Q0,Q1). The air flow generator (21) is repeatedly switched between a first flow rate (Q0) and a second flow rate (Q1) for modulating the building pressure (P1) as a function of time (t) between respective equilibrium pressure values at the first flow rate (Q0) and the second flow rate (Q1). The relative building pressure (?P) is measured by a differential pressure transducer (31) and recorded as a function of time (t). A pressure modulation amplitude (?Pmodulation) is calculated for providing a measure of the airtightness.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring integrity of flexible containers is disclosed. The system uses a low mass flow transducer to monitor the flow of fluid into the flexible container. Based on this flow rate, the existence of an orifice in the flexible container may be detected. The system also includes a second flow path to the flexible container to allow for faster fill times. Greater flow rates are achieve through the use of a second high mass flow transducer or a calibrated bypass path. These alternate paths allow greater flow rates until the flexible container is determined to be nearly full, at which point all flow passes with the low mass flow transducer.

Abstract: A rim for tire testing includes a rim body that is rotatably provided in a tire testing device so that a tire to be tested can be attached to the rim body, and a filling unit that can fill the tire to be attached to the rim body with a gas at a predetermined pressure. The rim body can be divided into a plurality of members in a direction along a rotational axis of the rim body. Of the rim body divided into the plurality of members, a rim base portion to be contact with a tire bead portion of the tire is integrated with the other divided members than the rim base portion by use of a coupling member.

Abstract: An apparatus and a process for testing fluid from a heat exchanger. A first fluid from a heat exchanger to be tested is passed through a test heat exchanger. A second, heat transfer fluid, is in the test heat exchanger. The second fluid is heated with a heater so that a temperature in the test heat exchanger can be controlled, for example, to so that conditions in the heat exchanger are close to the conditions in the heat exchanger. After a period of time, the test heat exchanger can be removed and inspected, tested, or both. Also, multiple test heat exchangers may be used to test various process conditions. Additionally, the test heat exchangers may include different materials to test various materials. An outer portion of the test heat exchanger may be at least semi-transparent.

Abstract: Provided is a plant instrument status collection system making it possible to more accurately manage operation information for plant instruments. A plant equipment status collection system according to the present invention comprises detection apparatuses, a portable terminal, a network construction apparatus, and a data storage apparatus.

Abstract: Provided are methods of preparing a sample for detection by placing the sample on a shrinkable scaffold and then shrinking the scaffold. An exemplary shrinkable scaffold is a thermoplastic substrate.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a substrate contacting a fluid present in an industrial system is provided. The method comprises creating a series of digital images of the substrate while contacting the fluid present in the industrial system. A region of interest in the series of digital images of the substrate is defined. A corrosion feature in the region of interest in the series of digital images of the substrate is identified. The corrosion feature in the region of interest in the series of digital images of the substrate is analyzed to determine a corrosion trend of the industrial system. In certain embodiments of the method, the fluid is industrial water, and the industrial system is an industrial water system.

Abstract: A method and a cryogenic sample positioning system are provided which include: a sample holder cassette that is vertically coupled to a carousel gear through a first shaft. Each sample holder cassette has a first degree of rotation about the first shaft. A first planet drive gear underlies and is vertically coupled to the carousel gear through a second shaft that extends from the carousel gear through the first planet drive gear. The carousel gear has a second degree of rotation about the second shaft that is different from the first degree of rotation. A planet gear that is laterally connected to a second planet drive gear is interposed between each of the carousel gear and the first planet drive gear. Each of the planet gear and the second planet drive gear selectively define the first degree of rotation, without affecting the second degree of rotation of the carousel gear.

Abstract: A flexibility testing apparatus for wire or cable. Two circular, rotatable gears are mounted to a frame, one gear being a drive gear and the other being a driven gear. The driven gear is coplanar with the drive gear and the drive gear teeth are enmeshed with the driven gear teeth. Two rods are connected to the mounting holes of the drive gear and the wire or cable is attached to the rods using barrel end clamps for flexing. The driven gear can be rotated at different speeds by an electric motor or a pneumatic driving device.

Abstract: A system for testing or calibrating a part, the system including: a plurality of test stations, each test station including a container and a clamping mechanism, wherein the clamping mechanism includes: a clamp frame including: two clamp plates; a plurality of clamp bars configured to securely hold the clamp plates at a distance relative to each other; a seal manifold provided on one of the two clamp plates; and a clamping module, located opposite the seal manifold on another of the two clamp plates, wherein the clamping module includes: a plurality of pistons to hold the part against the seal manifold for the test operation; and at least one cleaning station comprising a spin mechanism for spinning the part to remove excess fluid; and a robotic system for moving individual parts to and from the plurality of test stations and to and from the at least one cleaning station.

Abstract: An apparatus for in-line testing and surface analysis of a sample contains a base which stationarily supports a column and moveably supports an optical microscope, an interferometer, and at least test unit such as a scratch and abrasive wear tester that are moveable on the column in the Z-axis direction. A sample secured on a sample table, which is supported by a replaceable tribology drive unit on an X-stage that may position the sample under the microscope, interferometer, or test unit. Depending on the type of the test, the replaceable tribology unit may impart to the sample either a linear reciprocating movement or a rotating movement. The apparatus may operate in an automatic mode and is provided with a central processing unit that control movements of all moveable units through respective drivers via controllers connected to the central processing unit.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods relate to determining sizes of water particles in a cloud atmosphere based on a detected portion of signals generated from a single monochromatic source and backscattered by water particles in a cloud atmosphere. A backscatter coefficient and an optical extinction coefficient are calculated, based on the detected portion of signals generated from the monochromatic source and backscattered by water particles in the cloud atmosphere. A LIDAR ratio—a ratio of the optical extinction coefficient to the backscatter coefficient, is calculated. Sizes of water particles in the cloud atmosphere are estimated based on the LIDAR ratio. An output signal indicative of the estimated sizes of water particles in the cloud atmosphere is generated. Estimating sizes of water particles using signals from a single monochromatic source advantageously can alert a pilot of an aircraft of cloud conditions, without requiring multi-chromatic sources.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a dust measuring apparatus and a mobile terminal for controlling the same. The dust measuring apparatus includes a flow channel defining unit for defining a flow channel allowing a fluid containing dust to move through, a light emitter for emitting light into the flow channel, a light detector for detecting light scattered from the dust in the flow channel and converting the same into an electrical signal, and a controller for controlling the flow channel defining unit, the light emitter and the light detector. The controller is configured to verify whether a detection value received from the light detector is within an effective measurement range, vary the effective measurement range when the detection value is outside the effective measurement range, and measure, when the detection value is within the varied effective measurement range, a dust concentration based on the detection value.

Abstract: The particulate matter detection sensor includes a conductive part, and the pair of electrodes that are arranged at specified spacing so as to face each other. The conductive part is formed into a plate shape using a conductive material having electrical resistivity that is higher than particulate matter. One major surface of the conductive part functions as an accumulation surface on which particulate matter accumulates. The pair of electrodes are formed on this accumulation surface.

Abstract: A technology is provided, capable of reducing the time required for the flow velocity of a laminar flow to stabilize, and of providing more finely responsive control.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a flow cytometer is disclosed having a compact light detection module. The compact light detection module includes an image array with a transparent block, a plurality of micro-mirrors in a row coupled to a first side of the transparent block, and a plurality of filters in a row coupled to a second side of the transparent block opposite the first side. Each of the plurality of filters reflects light to one of the plurality of micro-mirrors and passes light of a differing wavelength range and each of the plurality of micro-mirrors reflects light to one of the plurality of filters, such that incident light into the image array zigzags back and forth between consecutive filters of the plurality of filters and consecutive micro-mirrors of the plurality of micro-mirrors. A radius of curvature of each of the plurality of micro-mirrors images the fiber aperture onto the odd filters and collimates the light beam on the even filters.

Abstract: A fluid analyzer includes an optical source and detector defining a beam path of an optical beam, and a fluid flow cell on the beam path defining an interrogation region in a fluid channel in which the optical beam interacts with fluids. One or more flow-control devices conduct a particle in a fluid through the fluid channel. A motion system moves the interrogation region relative to the fluid channel in response to a motion signal, and a controller (1) generates the motion signal having a time-varying characteristic, (2) samples an output signal from the optical detector at respective intervals of the motion signal during which the interrogation region contains and does not contain the particle, and (3) determines from output signal samples a measurement value indicative of an optically measured characteristic of the particle.

Abstract: A corrosion detection system and a method for operating a corrosion detection system are provided. The system, may include, but is not limited to, a PCB, a corrosion sensor, a first, second, third and fourth standoff coupled between the PCB and a chassis, a constant current circuit coupled to the first standoff, a first trace coupled between the third standoff and a first input of the corrosion sensor, and a second trace coupled between the fourth standoff and a second input of the corrosion sensor, wherein the corrosion sensor is configured to output a signal proportional to the resistance of the chassis based upon a voltage induced at the first input and the second input, and a processor configured to receive the signal proportional to the resistance of the chassis and determine a corrosion level of the chassis by comparing the signal to reference data stored in memory.

Abstract: A method for monitoring microbiologically induced corrosion on metal surfaces in contact with a fluid. The method comprises adding to the fluid a silanol compound or silanol compound precursor having a group detectible by ultraviolet spectrophotometry or fluorescence spectroscopy, or which is isotopically enriched.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, systems and methods for gathering corrosion data during a drill stem test (DST) performed in a wellbore extending through a subterranean formation are provided. Such systems include a specialized tool that may be run into the wellbore on a DST tubular string to perform corrosion measurements during the DST. This corrosion tester tool (CTT) may include a number of material coupons disposed therein for exposure to formation fluids routed through the CTT and the DST tubular string. The CTT may hold material coupons of several different materials that could potentially be used to form production tubing or other production equipment needed for well completion operations. After the different material coupons are exposed to the formation fluid via the CTT, the material coupons may be inspected to determine which material should be used to form the production tubing/equipment for that particular well.

Abstract: A pipette tip comprises a vessel for attachment to a pipette, wherein the vessel is prefilled with a reagent or chemical to permit an assay to be carried out in the pipette tip itself. The pipette comprises a body portion for aspirating a fluid sample into the pipette tip when attached thereto, the body portion comprising at least one light source, or at least one entry point for light from at least one light source, providing an optical path of light that passes through the sample in a direction essentially along the longitudinal axis of the pipette tip.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a photoacoustic sensor system for detecting target molecules in air samples or compressed air samples. The photoacoustic sensor system comprises an acoustic resonator forming a cylindrical resonant cavity and an air or compressed air sampling system configured for directing a flow of air or compressed air through the cylindrical resonant cavity. The photoacoustic sensor system comprises first and second microphones for generating first and second photoacoustic signals in response to absorption of modulated light within the cylindrical resonant cavity. A light source is configured to direct a modulated light beam through the cylindrical resonant cavity of the photoacoustic spectroscopy cell.

Abstract: An elastic wave receiving apparatus includes: a probe that receives an elastic wave generated from a subject; a plate-like compression plate that supports the subject and whose surface is scanned by the probe; a motor for driving the probe; a controller that supplies a drive signal to the motor so that the probe moves to a predetermined target position on the compression plate; and a load estimating unit that preliminarily acquires and stores a physical value corresponding to a load generated at the time of scanning the compression plate by the probe. The controller corrects the drive signal so that the probe moves to the target position regardless of the load by using the physical value stored in the load estimating unit.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to methods for determining the presence and distribution of a polarization active material present in a coating. In one embodiment, the coating is present on an implantable device, for example an implantable stent.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and a calorimetric device for performing colorimetric analysis of a test fluid to evaluate associated physiological parameters. The images of the test strip at different heights are captured by the calorimetric device and based on analysis of the captured images, a plurality of geometric parameters respectively associated with the test strip is determined. Based on the plurality of geometric parameters, an image resizing factor is determined and resized images are generated based on the image resizing factor. Upon generating the resized images, calorimetric values respectively associated with the resized images are determined based on which physiological parameters associated with the test fluid are evaluated.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to agriculture. The teachings thereof may be embodied in methods to determine a percentage of weeds and/or control device. For example, a method for determining a weed percentage in an observation section of a field may include: acquiring actual spectral information using an optical observation section sensor aimed at the observation section; acquiring reference spectral information using an optical reference sensor aimed at a reference section of the same ground area; determining a difference between the actual spectral information and the reference spectral information; and mapping the difference to the weed percentage using predefined mapping.

Abstract: Presented herein are systems and methods for quantifying trace and/or ultra-trace levels of a species—for example, H2S or H2O—in a natural gas line. The systems and methods employ a tunable laser, such as a tunable diode laser, vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), external cavity diode laser or a vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) or a tunable quantum cascade laser (QCL). The laser produces an output beam over a set of one or more relatively narrow, high resolution wavelength bands at a scan rate from about 0.1 Hz to about 1000 Hz. A natural gas sample comprising a trace level of a species of interest passes through a flow cell into which the output beam from the laser is guided. An optical detector receives light from the flow cell, producing a signal indicative of the absorption attenuation from which the concentration of the trace species is determined.

Abstract: A device for measuring the absolute value of the refractive index of a liquid by immersion uses the optical properties of a cylindrical waveguide with a solid core and normal angle of incidence of the light source. The device consists of a transparent tube forming the enclosure of the waveguide, impervious to the surrounding liquid and partially filled with a transparent solid or liquid material of appropriate index of refraction, a fiber optic means of inputting light via a LED or laser and fiber optic means of coupling emerging light to a photodetector. The emerging light intensity is a function of the index of refraction of the surrounding liquid.

Abstract: A method of calculating a first parameter of a first sample of a material is provided. The method includes determining a first and second wavelengths at which the material exhibits substantially no absorption; measuring a transmission of the first sample at the first wavelength; measuring a transmission of the first sample at the second wavelength; and calculating the first parameter of the first sample using a first multivariate regression model including first regression coefficients. The first parameter is a parameter which affects a total amount of radiation scattered by the first sample at the first and second wavelengths.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of measuring a target, an associated substrate, a metrology apparatus and a lithographic apparatus. In one arrangement the target comprises a layered structure. The layered structure has a first target structure in a first layer and a second target structure in a second layer. The method comprises illuminating the target with measurement radiation. Scattered radiation formed by interference between plural predetermined diffraction orders is detected. The predetermined diffraction orders are generated by diffraction of the measurement radiation from the first target structure and are subsequently diffracted from the second target structure. A characteristic of the lithographic process is calculated using the detected scattered radiation formed by the interference between the predetermined diffraction orders.