Abstract: A turbocharger includes a turbine housing defining a turbine housing interior, a turbine wheel disposed within the turbine housing interior, a shaft coupled to and rotatable by the turbine wheel, a compressor housing defining a compressor housing interior and a flow path, and a compressor wheel disposed within the compressor housing interior and coupled to the shaft. The compressor wheel has a hub coupled to the shaft, and a plurality of impeller blades extending radially from the hub. The plurality of impeller blades define an inducer end having an inducer diameter, and an exducer end having an exducer diameter greater than the inducer diameter. The inducer diameter and the exducer diameter establish a compressor trim. The compressor wheel also has a compressor wheel shroud disposed about the plurality of impeller blades. The compressor wheel shroud encloses the plurality of impeller blades to define a shroud interior.

Abstract: An impeller for a rotary machine includes: a base material of the impeller comprising Al or an Al alloy; and an electroless plating layer disposed so as to cover the base material, the electroless plating layer forming a surface layer of the impeller. The electroless plating layer comprises a Ni—P based alloy having an amorphous structure, the Ni—P based alloy having a P content rate of not less than 5 wt % and not more than 11 wt % in the electroless plating layer.

Abstract: An airfoil assembly includes an airfoil body extending from a root to a tip defining a longitudinal axis therebetween. The airfoil body includes a leading edge between the root and the tip. A sheath is direct deposited on the airfoil body. The sheath includes at least one metallic material layer conforming to a surface of the airfoil body. In accordance with another aspect, a method for assembling an airfoil assembly includes directly depositing a plurality of material layers on an airfoil body to form a sheath. In accordance with some embodiments, the method includes partially curing the airfoil body.

Abstract: An aerofoil structure with a hollow cavity is manufactured by diffusion bonding and superplastic forming. Outer panels are formed of a first material; a membrane is formed of a second material. Stop-off material is applied to preselected areas on at least one side of the membrane or of one of the panels so as to prevent diffusion bonding between the panels and the membrane at the preselected areas. The panels and the membrane are arranged in a stack and a diffusion bonding process is performed to bond together the first and second panels and the membrane to form an assembly. A superplastic forming process is performed at a forming temperature to expand the assembly to form the aerofoil structure. The forming temperature is selected so that the second material undergoes superplastic deformation at the forming temperature and the first material does not undergo superplastic deformation at the forming temperature.

Abstract: A joint for a gas turbine engine includes a first component, a second component, an annular shim disk, and fasteners. The first component has a first ring portion and a first annular radial flange that extends from the first ring portion. The second component has a second ring portion and a second annular radial flange that extends from the second ring portion. The first annular radial flange and the second annular radial flange are spaced apart by a gap that has a variable gap size that is subject to a stacking tolerance. The annular shim disk is disposed in the gap. The fasteners are secured through the first annular radial flange, the annular shim disk, and the second annular radial flange.

Abstract: A blower includes a mounting base, a motor, an impeller, and an electronic control unit. The motor is mounted to the mounting base from one direction. The impeller is mounted on the motor. The electronic control unit is mounted on the mounting base from an opposite direction. The mounting base defines a through hole. The through hole is axially aligned with a motor shaft to expose an axial end of the motor shaft opposite from the impeller. The electronic control unit comprises a printed circuit board disposed offset from the through hole.

Abstract: A fan provided with storage racks includes a supporting mechanism, a cylinder on the supporting mechanism, a front net cover and a rear net cover on the front end face and the rear end face of the cylinder correspondingly, fan blades in the cylinder, a motor in the cylinder to drive the fan blades to rotate, and a control device electrically connected with the motor. The storage racks are arranged on the outer wall of the cylinder, used for safely and conveniently storing small articles and conveniently dismounted and mounted and capable of being used more conveniently and folded or spread flatly during packaging and transportation, reducing packaging space, better avoiding collision damage during transportation, reducing packaging and transportation cost, and improving efficiency; furthermore, a rotatable lamp serving as an illuminating tool, line winding bars for sorting and storing power lines, and idler wheels for moving the fan conveniently are provided.

Abstract: A strut for a gas turbine engine includes a body defining a first side and an opposite second side. The first side is spaced from the second side along the circumferential direction of the gas turbine engine. Additionally, the body includes an inner section, a middle section, and an outer section. Each of the inner, middle, and outer sections are arranged in series order along a span of the strut and define a thickness between the first and second sides of the strut. The thickness of the middle section is greater than the thicknesses of the inner section and of the outer section to increase the strut's resistance to buckling in response to forces exerted thereon.

Abstract: An intake device for a pump includes an inlet section extending in a first direction for guiding a fluid, an outlet section for delivering the fluid to an inlet of the pump, the outlet section extending in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and a diverting section for diverting the fluid from the first to the second direction, the diverting section connecting the inlet and outlet sections, and having a bottom wall opposing the an outlet opening and a back wall opposing an inlet opening, the inlet section tapering towards the diverting section to decrease a cross sectional area of the inlet section, the diverting section includes a splitter member arranged on the bottom wall that tapers in the second direction towards the outlet opening, and the outlet section includes an essentially bell shaped reducing part for decreasing a cross sectional area of the outlet section.

Abstract: A computing device fan mounting system includes a chassis, a fan housing, and a fan mount. The chassis includes a receiving opening. The fan housing defines a first opening and a second opening. The fan mount includes a first peg engaged with the first opening, a second peg engaged with the second opening, and a pin engaged with the receiving opening.

Abstract: This liquid/gas separator for centrifugal motor compressor includes a sump internally equipped with at least one gas separator stage suitable to separate a gaseous phase from a liquid phase accepted in the sump entry. The sump internally includes a compartment in which the gaseous phase is separated by a separator stage, and in which is assembled by a compressor stage of the motor compressor.

Abstract: An ejector has a nozzle, a body, a passage defining member and a drive portion. The body has a refrigerant suction port and a pressure increasing portion. A nozzle passage is defined between an inner surface of the nozzle and an outer surface of the passage defining member and has a minimum sectional area portion, a tapered portion, and an expansion portion. The minimum sectional area portion has a smallest passage sectional area. The tapered portion is located upstream of the minimum sectional area portion in a refrigerant flow direction and has a passage sectional area decreasing toward the minimum sectional area portion gradually. The expansion portion is located downstream of the minimum sectional area portion in the refrigerant flow direction and has a passage sectional area increasing gradually. The passage defining member has a groove that is recessed to increase the passage sectional area of the nozzle passage.

Abstract: A hydraulic drive system includes a unidirectional pump, a charge pump configured to supply an input of the unidirectional pump with a hydraulic fluid pressurized with a charge pressure, a hydraulic motor, and a flow control valve configured to meter a flow of hydraulic fluid from an output of the unidirectional pump to a fluid input of the hydraulic motor. The hydraulic motor comprises a fluid output configured to be in direct fluid communication with the input of the unidirectional pump. Fluid delivery systems include hydraulic drive systems.

Abstract: A fluid valve assembly for controlling a single-acting or double-acting actuator comprises a valve body having a central bore with at least one supply port for receiving a supply of fluid under pressure, at least one actuator port (C1,C2) for providing a control fluid pressure to an actuator, and at least one exhaust port (EX1,EX2). At least one pair of counter-acting metering edges operationally tied together by a stem movable within central bore in an axial direction a pilot force. Each metering edge of each counter-acting pair comprises a mating seat surface (PS1,PS2,PS3,PS4) on the valve body or the stem, and a poppet ring (PR1,PR2, PR3,PR4) supported by a flexible element (SD1,SD2,SD3,SD4) to the valve body or the stem in a manner allowing a relative axial movement of the poppet ring and the supporting valve body or stem also in a closed state of the respective metering edge.

Abstract: The problem of providing a cylinder/piston unit which can be installed in a relatively space-saving manner, in particular, for use in a master/slave arrangement is solved by virtue of the fact that a first, outer hydraulic cylinder (2) is provided, in which a first piston (6) is mounted sealingly with respect to the cylinder inner wall of the first hydraulic cylinder (2) and longitudinally movable in the latter, and the first piston (6) supports a second, inner hydraulic cylinder (3), in which a second piston (9) is mounted sealingly with respect to the cylinder inner wall of the second hydraulic cylinder (3) and longitudinally movable in the latter. The second, inner hydraulic cylinder (3) supports a piston rod (10), and the piston rod (10) is connected at the end thereof which is remote from the second piston (9) to an end (4) of the outer hydraulic cylinder (2).

Abstract: A pressure vessel arrangement includes a pressure vessel and an optical sensor arrangement. The pressure vessel includes: a cylinder construction having a cylinder wall extending from a cylinder wall first end to a cylinder wall second end, and having an internal surface forming an interior region; a first end cap closing the cylinder wall first end and having an optical window located therein to permit passage of light therethough and into the interior region; a second end cap closing the cylinder wall second end; and a piston constructed to slide within the cylinder construction interior region along a direction between the cylinder all first end and the cylinder wall second end and along the cylinder construction internal surface to separate the interior region into a first end interior region and a second end interior region. The pressure vessel is constructed to withstand a fatigue test of one million cycles at 5,000 psi without failure.

Abstract: A mounting bracket for securing a camera or other device to a hollow pole includes an L-shaped member, attached to the device, with a vertical surface that engages the outer surface of the pole and a horizontal surface that rests on the top surface of the pole while a downwardly-projecting member slides into the top of the pole allowing the device to hang stably on the pole during alignment. A bolt passes axially through the downwardly projecting member and engages a gripping member. The downwardly-projecting member and gripping member have mating surfaces inclined relative to the axis of the bolt, so that when the bolt is tightened, the gripping member slides laterally to engage against the inner surface of the pole. A cover plate engages the outer surface of the opposite side of the pole and is secured to the L-shaped to fully secure the assembly.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a clamping device for continuous adjustment of a display stand which comprises a holder having an upper pressing board and a side board, a connector connected to the side board having at least one connecting column, and a fastening screw screwed to the connector with a gap formed between the top of the fastening screw and the bottom of the upper pressing board. The side board comprises connecting holes and channels which allow adjusting the height of the display stand without having to disassemble the connector.

Abstract: A weld (3) between a first material (1) and a second material (2), the first material (1) being a first metallic material, and the second material (2) being a second metallic material, the weld (3) has a width (4) between 0.5 mm and 7 mm, the weld (3) comprises at least one microweld (8), the microweld (8) forms a welding pattern (5) defined parallel to a surface (6) of the first material (1), and the microweld (8) has a characteristic feature size (7) of between 20 ?m and 400 um.

Abstract: An angle adjustable quick release contains: a connection post, a fixing holder, a rotatable controller, a press knob, a screw bolt, a return spring, and a screw nut. The connection post includes a hollow extension, a first locking ring, a second locking ring, a circular toothed loop, and a second C-shaped notch. The fixing holder includes a through orifice, a peripheral rib, and a third C-shaped notch. The rotatable controller includes a hollow cylinder, a second accommodation groove, a locking shoulder, a first toothed protrusion, and an operation trench. The press knob includes a driving section, a stop projection, a second toothed protrusion, and an arcuate hole. The screw bolt is housed in the first accommodation groove and is locked in the screwing aperture through the return spring and a C ring, and the C ring is locked in the first C-shaped notch.

Abstract: A furniture fitting for connecting furniture parts of upholstered furniture has a first fitting part for fastening to a first furniture part and a second fitting part fastenable to a second furniture part. The first fitting part has a base and two axles arranged parallel to one another and parallel to the base. A first one of the axles is fixedly connected to the first fitting part and a second one of the axles is displaceably mounted relative to the first axle perpendicular to the axles against a force of an energy storage device. The second fitting part has a first and a second mount for the first and second axle and is positioned on the first axle with the first mount to pivot around the first axle. The second axle latches into the second mount during pivoting to connect the two fitting parts to each other.

Abstract: A connecting structure of a bed frame is provided. The bed frame includes a frame, bed legs, and a bed plank support frame. Two side boards of the frame are provided with a plurality of support portions, respectively. One end of each of a plurality of support members of the bed plank support frame is connected to a corresponding one of the support portions of the side boards. Another end of each of the plurality of support members is connected to a corresponding one of support boards of the connecting spine. The connecting spine is designed as a -shaped structure, and the upright board is integrally formed with the support boards so that one end of each of the plurality of support members can be directly attached to the corresponding support board of the connecting spine, providing a simple structure and a stable support.

Abstract: An integrated amalgamation carrier can join parts. The integrated amalgamation carrier includes an amalgamation carrier body elongated along a longitudinal axis. In addition, the integrated amalgamation carrier includes a plurality of fasteners protruding from the amalgamation carrier body. The fasteners are integrated with the amalgamation body to form a one-piece structure.

Abstract: A riveted joint comprising: an upper workpiece and a lower workpiece, and a self-piercing rivet. The rivet in an undeformed state, before the creation of the riveted joint, included: a head defining a head diameter (DH); a shank defining a shank diameter (DS); and a foot end opposite the head. Radially outward at the foot end is a flat surface facing away from the head; and an axial recess located radially inward of the flat surface, partly defined in the foot end, open axially away from the head, and frustoconical in longitudinal cross section. The axial recess defining an axial depth (LB). The ratio of recess axial depth (LB) to shank diameter (DS) is less than 0.3. And in a deformed state, after the creation of the riveted joint, the rivet extends through the first workpiece and penetrates the second workpiece; and the head bears against the upper surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fastening element, comprising an insertion segment for inserting into a bore, having a self-tapping threaded segment having an external thread for screwing and tapping into the bore on a fastening object, and comprising a mounting segment for arranging outside of the bore, having an interface geometry for applying a torque to the fastening wherein it should be possible to fix a fixing part to the fastening element in a simple manner.

Abstract: Tolerance absorber sleeve (20) for fastening a first component (40) to a second component (30) within a predetermined tolerance range (D), wherein said sleeve (20) is made of a metallic material and comprises a wall (21) and a first axial end portion (26) and a second axial end portion (27).

Abstract: A cable assembly is provided for use with Bowden cables that combines a splitter and compensator. The cable assembly includes a hollow housing having a longitudinal axis, a first end defining a first aperture for receiving the wire of an input cable, and a second end defining a second aperture for receiving the wires of the output cables. A slider is provided within the housing for joining the wires of the input and output cables. The slider is configured for movement within the housing and along the axis. A conduit cap fixes the conduits of the output cables to one another. The conduit cap is configured for movement within the housing. A compression spring is configured to bias the conduit cap away from the first end of the housing.

Abstract: It is possible to provide a sliding bearing that can obtain a friction reduction effect, and can suppress the total amount of outflow oil.

Abstract: A rolling bearing for a turbocharger according to an embodiment includes an outer ring, a first inner ring, a second inner ring, a plurality of rolling elements, a first retainer and a second retainer. The outer ring has a cylindrical shape and has two outer ring raceway surfaces. The first inner ring has a first inner ring raceway surface. The second inner ring has a second inner ring raceway surface. The first retainer holds a plurality of rolling elements. The second retainer holds a plurality of rolling elements. The outer peripheral surface at one end of the outer ring has a first plane extending in the axial direction, and a groove is formed from the first plane along a radial direction perpendicular to the first plane.

Abstract: An axial roller bearing assembly is provided. The axial roller bearing assembly has a first axial washer including a first race surface and a second axial washer including a thrust surface. The first axial washer and the second axial washer form a housing space. The axial roller bearing assembly also has a third axial washer disposed in the housing space between the first axial washer and the second axial washer and including a second race surface. A bearing element also disposed in the housing space has a cage and a plurality of rollers in contact with the first race surface and the second race surface. A damping layer is also disposed in the housing space and is in contact with the second axial washer and the third axial washer. The damping layer inhibits vibration from transferring between the third axial washer and the second axial washer.

Abstract: A method for preloading a bearing includes releasably, threadably, and directly attaching an attaching member to a circumferential outside surface of an exposed end of a threaded shaft of an axle or spindle. A frame is axially separated from, and coupled to, the attaching member. A plurality of extensions extends from the frame axially past the attaching member toward the wheel hub assembly. An adjustment mechanism moves the frame and the plurality of extensions axially towards the wheel hub assembly to contact the wheel hub assembly and/or the bearing to apply a preload to the bearing within the wheel hub assembly.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to bearing assemblies configured to effectively carry nonuniform loads, bearing apparatuses including such bearing assemblies, and methods of operating such bearing assemblies and apparatuses. In an embodiment, under some operational conditions, one or more portions of the bearing assemblies and bearing apparatus may be preferentially loaded, such as to carry preferentially higher loads (e.g., radial and/or axial loads) than other portion(s) of the bearing assemblies and bearing apparatus.

Abstract: Each of an outer race (10), an inner race (11) and a ball (12) as a bearing part is a bearing part made of JIS standard SUJ2 and having a carbonitrided layer formed in a surface thereof, wherein, after heat treatment at a heating temperature of 500° C. for a retention time of one hour is performed, a Vickers hardness at a position with a depth of 0.02×T+0.175 (mm) from the surface is higher than a Vickers hardness at a core portion, which is a region where the carbonitrided layer is not formed in a thickness direction of the bearing part, by not less than 80 HV, where T represents the time of carbonitriding treatment for forming the carbonitrided layer.

Abstract: A sealed bearing assembly includes seal members each including a seal lip formed with multiple protrusions, and arranged such that oil passages are formed between the seal lip and a seal sliding surface which slides circumferentially relative to the protrusions such that the oil passages communicate with the bearing internal space and the exterior of the bearing, and prevent passage of foreign objects having particle diameters larger than a predetermined value therethrough. The seal lip and the seal sliding surface are arranged such that when the bearing rotates, lubricating oil in the oil passages are pulled into the spaces between the seal lip and the seal sliding surface such that fluid lubricating condition is created between the seal lip and the seal sliding surface, due to the wedge effect.

Abstract: Bearing housing including a housing element designed to be adapted to receive internally a bearing, and a fastening base or flange to a frame of machinery provided with through holes for screws or bolts and having a shoulder face intended to go into use in contact against the frame of the machine equipment, the face of the shoulder being traversed by through holes. The housing element is made of a synthetic molded plastic material and the base or flange has its shoulder face covered by a layer of elastomeric material which has been molded integrally fixed in one piece with the base or flange.

Abstract: Provided is a tripod type constant velocity universal joint, including: an outer joint member having track grooves; a tripod member including trunnion journals; and spherical rollers each fitted in a rotatable manner about each of the trunnion journals through intermediation of a plurality of needle rollers, in which a corner portion is formed at a root portion of the each of the trunnion journals so as to restrict movement of each of the plurality of needle rollers in the axial direction toward the root portion of the each of the trunnion journals by interference between an end surface corner rounded portion of the each of the plurality of needle rollers and the corner portion at the root portion.

Abstract: A driveshaft includes a shaft defining a passageway and a constant velocity joint defining an interior and having a cover defining a hole. A grommet is disposed in the hole and defines a fluid passage into the interior. The CV joint is coupled to the shaft such that the shaft is disposed against the grommet with the passageway and the fluid passage in fluid communication to vent air from the interior into the passageway.

Abstract: Provided is a boot mounting method for a constant velocity universal joint in which a boot end portion is mounted and fixed to a mating member made of metal. After the boot end portion is fitted over a receiving surface being a radially outer surface of the mating member, a high-frequency induction heating coil having a ring shape is fitted over the boot end portion. Only a top portion of the receiving surface of the mating member is heated by high-frequency induction through application of a high-frequency current to the high-frequency induction heating coil. With this action, a mounting surface being a radially inner surface of the boot end portion and the receiving surface being the radially outer surface of the mating member are integrally joined to each other.

Abstract: Provided is a dog clutch mechanism that can guarantee a successful engaging operation regardless of relative rotational positions of a sleeve and a transmission gear, with a simple and inexpensive configuration. When sliding of a sleeve (20) toward a transmission gear (30) involves contact (abutting) between dog teeth (21b) of the sleeve (20) and key members (50), an engaged state is achieved so that a rotation shaft (2) and the transmission gear (30) integrally rotate, with the key members (50) retracted toward the transmission gear (30) to a retracted position against biasing force of a coil spring (55), and the dog teeth (21b) fit in keyway (51) between the plurality of key members (50). Thus, the dog clutch mechanism (1) guarantees the successful engagement with only a single engagement operation.

Abstract: A load connecting mechanism includes a mounting portion, a contact portion, and a force-exerting portion. The mounting portion is configured to mount the load connecting mechanism to a power source and a load, respectively. The contact portion is disposed on the mounting portion and includes two slidably coupled contact faces. The force-exerting portion is configured to provide a force to the contact faces in an axial direction of the power source to make the contact faces closely slidably couple to each other. Through the slidable coupling relationship between the contact faces, power of the power source is progressively transmitted to the load and finally drives the load to rotate in synchronization with the power source. The present invention further provides a motor driving assembly and a fan. The mechanism can satisfy the needs of bidirectional rotation of a load such as a fan and of large startup torque.

Abstract: A method of controlling an input clutch and an output clutch, wherein the input clutch couples to a power source, the output clutch couples to a load, and the input clutch couples to the output clutch via gears, includes controlling torque of the input clutch based on a torque of the output clutch or a lookup table that controls the torque of the output clutch. The method also includes adjusting the torque of the input clutch based on a slip speed of the input clutch and a slip speed of the output clutch.

Abstract: A brake system including a motor; a rotary to linear stage mechanism; and a torque locking mechanism. The rotary to linear stage mechanism in communication with the motor. The torque locking mechanism in communication with the motor The torque locking mechanism comprises an electromagnet and a permanent magnet. During a brake apply the motor is adapted to move the rotary to linear stage mechanism so that at least one brake pad or at least one brake shoe is moved against a surface to create a clamp force. The electromagnet and the permanent magnet are adapted to cooperate to maintain the created clamp force.

Abstract: A sliding caliper disk brake is provided, in which a stationary brake carrier configured to carry a brake caliper includes two pairs of carrier horns, one pair of which supports a reaction-side brake pad and one pair of which supports an application side brake pad. The spacing between the reaction-side pair of carrier horns is larger than the spacing between the application-side pair of carrier horns. The reaction-side brake pad and reaction-side pair of carrier horns may be shorter than the corresponding application-side brake pad and carrier horns. The arrangement of the brake carrier, the brake caliper and the brake pads permits reduction in disk brake weight, cost and brake carrier stresses while providing desired brake thermal, mechanical and service life performance.

Abstract: Disclosed is a caliper cover and associated bracket. The bracket includes a surface configuration that guides the bracket along the caliper and/or that applies an elastic force against the caliper for more stable assembly. The bracket also includes an engagement structure with an engagement tab that couples the bracket to the caliper, and an opening for allowing a bolt or other fastener to fasten the caliper cover to the bracket and caliper.

Abstract: A support portion (23) has three screw insertion portions (23d1, 23d2, and 23d3) which is fixed to a caliper, and arranged so as to surround an output shaft (39). Therefore, it is possible to firmly fix a case (21) to the caliper at these fixing locations. Additionally, since the fixing locations are determined so as to collectively define a “plane”, it is possible to effectively inhibit a sway of the case (21) with respect to the caliper. Furthermore, it is possible to inhibit a twist of the case (21), and it is possible to sufficiently support a vehicle requiring large torque such as a truck.

Abstract: An anchor bracket for use in a disc brake assembly comprises first and second arms, first and second windows, and first and second rotor channels. The first arm has a first rotor notch and the second arm has a second rotor notch. The first window is cast in the first arm and the second window is cast in the second arm. The first rotor channel is machined from the first rotor notch to the first window and the second rotor channel is machined from the second rotor notch to the second window.

Abstract: A system and method for ceramic doping of carbon fiber materials is disclosed. A carbon fiber preform may be made of carbonized oxidized PAN fibers and may be placed in contact with a nanoparticle suspension having nanoparticles and a dispersion medium. The nanoparticles may impregnate the carbon fiber preform, causing it to become a doped carbon fiber preform. The doped carbon fiber preform may be densified. The doped carbon fiber preform may be densified by conventional CVI processing techniques. The doped carbon fiber preform may be densified by thermal gradient CVI.

Abstract: A rotary drive device includes a housing element, a drive shaft and a driven shaft, both rotatably mounted in the housing element, a transmission device that transmits torque from the drive shaft to the driven shaft, and a braking device configured to counteract rotation of the drive shaft. The braking device includes a drive shaft input element, a braking element connected to the housing element for conjoint rotation, and a coupling element adjustable with respect to the input element. A braking force exerted by the braking device is greater when the coupling element is located in a first position than when located in a second position, and the coupling element assigned to the driven shaft so that adjustment from the first position to the second position is triggered by exceeding a threshold value of the difference in torque between the drive shaft and the driven shaft.

Abstract: The friction material composition, friction material and friction member are provided, in which copper, having serious environmental effects, is not contained or is not contained at more than 0.5 mass % of copper, rust adhering force is low, rust delamination is difficult to occur, the friction material composition includes a binder, an organic filler, an inorganic filler, and a fibrous substrate, wherein the friction material composition contains no copper as an element or contains not more than 0.5 mass % of copper, and contains fibrillated aramid fiber as the fibrous substrate, 0.2 to 2 mass % of sodium carbonate and 2.5 to 10 mass % of calcium hydroxide.

Abstract: A lower-side spring-receiving member of a suspension device, receiving a suspension spring structured to have a rising section at a lower side of the suspension spring, having a partially annular shape and including: a base end portion arranged at one end of the lower-side spring-receiving member wherein an end of the suspension spring is inserted into the base end portion; a slope portion arranged at the other end of the lower-side spring-receiving member and having a thickness in a cross-sectional view varying so as to follow a shape of the rising section of the suspension spring; and a holding portion that is arranged between the base end portion and the slope portion and holds the suspension spring, wherein the slope portion has a recess portion (Nk) formed on its bottom-surface; the recess portion includes a ridge portion is formed in a substantially mountain shape in a cross-sectional view taken along a radial direction of the partially annular shape and may be or may not be in contact with a mounting s