Abstract: Methods and systems for delivering drug particles to a target site are disclosed. An example method for implementing the subject matter described herein includes applying a drug delivery patch to a target site. The drug delivery patch can include a substrate, an electrode integrated with the substrate, and a fluid in the substrate having drug particles suspended in the fluid. The method further includes transmitting a signal to the drug delivery patch to power the drug delivery patch by inductive coupling. Powering the drug delivery patch causes the electrode in the drug delivery patch to motivate the drug particles towards a target site of the drug delivery patch.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for electrokinetic transport of fluids to patients. Drug-containing solutions may be placed in vial-like reservoir, which is connected to an apparatus such as a traditional catheter or other device capable of holding a drug-containing solution. Instead of a vial-like reservoir, a doped infusion pad or a gel may be used as a source of the drug-containing solution. The reservoir and apparatus may thus be the same component. The methods and apparatuses disclosed herein may also be used to transport fluid alone to achieve a clinical effect. The apparatus is placed at the point of drug delivery. The counter-electrode may be placed in or on a patient. Current is passed from the reservoir to the counter-electrode. Through electrokinetic transport, drug-containing solution is delivered along a current path from the drug source to the counter-electrode. A hollow fiber catheter for use in electrokinetic transport is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (100) for RF skin treatment, comprising an active electrode (1) arranged on an operational side (15) of the device and having a first skin contact surface for contact with a skin of a user, which first skin contact surface has a largest cross-sectional dimension smaller than or equal to 2 mm. The device comprises a return electrode (2) arranged on the operational side (15) of the device and having a second skin contact surface for contact with the skin of the user, wherein an area of the second skin contact surface is at least five times larger than an area of the first skin contact surface. An RF generator (21) is arranged to supply an RF treatment voltage between the active electrode (1) and the return electrode (2) so as to heat a skin region below the active electrode, wherein the RF treatment voltage has a frequency in a range of 100 MHz-3 GHz.

Abstract: Methods for treating tumors employing HSp90 inhibitors in combination with nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) are disclosed. The methods are directed to induce regulated cell death (RCD) in tumor cells and tissues. Further, Hsp90 inhibitors in combination with nsPEF are used at low non-toxic concentrations, thereby reducing the side-effects associated with these drugs. Additionally, nsPEFs are employed at lower electric fields and/or with fewer number of pulses than when nsPEFs are employed alone. Further, the mechanisms by which nsPEFs and Hsp90 inhibitors act upon cancer cells are different, thereby combining these treatments results in a synergistic effect.

Abstract: A system for treating a gastrointestinal tract may include a device configured to measure electrical activity at a plurality of locations within a gastrointestinal tract of a patient, a controller configured to compare the measured activity from the plurality of locations to a database of electrical activity corresponding to one or more gastric events, abnormalities, or dysrhythmias. The controller may be configured to determine one or more treatment locations based on the comparison, and cause the device to deliver therapy to the one or more treatment locations.

Abstract: An implantable medical device including a control unit, at least a right ventricular sensing unit and/or a right atrial sensing unit, wherein the right ventricular sensing unit is connected or can be connected to a right ventricular stimulation electrode lead having at least one electrode pole and a stimulation unit that is connected or can be connected to a multipolar left ventricular stimulation electrode lead having a plurality of electrode poles. The control unit is adapted to determine right atrioventricular conduction state and to cause selection of one of the plurality of electrode poles of the multipolar left ventricular stimulation electrode lead depending a respective determined right atrioventricular conduction state.

Abstract: Technology for the transition of light and sound over long distances, e.g. TV and radio, has revolutionized society. On the contrary, the technology to perceive a smell remotely is in its infancy, and has severe limitations such as latency, residual and infidelity. A system and methods are disclosed to allow smells to be perceived remotely. It is based on the brain waves associated with the olfactory bulb.

Abstract: Presented herein are techniques that make use of objective measurements, such as acoustically-evoked inner ear responses, in the fitting process to determine the acoustic prescription (gain functions) that are used by an electro-acoustic hearing prosthesis to translate received sound signals into output acoustic simulation levels. More specifically, a plurality of acoustically-evoked inner ear responses are obtained from an inner ear of a recipient of an electro-acoustic hearing prosthesis. One or more input/output functions for at least one region of the inner ear are determined based on the plurality of acoustically-evoked inner ear responses and the one or more input/output functions are, in turn, used to determine one or more gain functions for use by the electro-acoustic hearing prosthesis.

Abstract: A system for spinal cord stimulation, includes a stimulation device having a plurality of electrodes. The stimulation device is configured to deliver spinal cord stimulation via the electrodes according to a set of stimulation parameters. The stimulation device is further configured to store a plurality of different sets of stimulation parameters. The stimulation device is further configured to select one of the stored sets and to deliver spinal cord stimulation according to this selected set, when the stimulation device or a component of the system is located in proximity to an external activator associated with the selected set.

Abstract: Operational modes or settings of a totally implantable cochlear implant can be adjusted or changed based on movement of an external element. Sensors in the totally implantable cochlear implant detect one of several positions of the external element as that element is moved near the implant. Depending on the position detected, one of a plurality of operational modes or settings can be selected.

Abstract: A cochlear implant is disclosed, including a cochlear lead, an antenna, a stimulation processor, a magnet apparatus, associated with the antenna, including a case and a plurality of magnetic material particles within the case that are movable relative to one another.

Abstract: A cochlear implant is disclosed including a cochlear lead, an antenna, a stimulation processor, a magnet apparatus, associated with the antenna, including a case, a divider, and a plurality of magnetic material particles that are movable relative to one another within sub-volumes defined by the divider.

Abstract: Estimating a nerve-to-electrode distance involves applying a stimulus from a stimulus electrode to a nerve. Neural measurements of at least one evoked compound action potential are obtained, and processed in order to estimate an originating state of stimulation exhibiting at least one characteristic defined by a single fibre size. A single fibre model is then applied to produce a measure of the nerve-to-electrode distance. Also provided for is estimation of a distribution of recruited fibres. Measurements of a compound action potential are obtained from sense electrodes spaced apart along a neural pathway. A conduction velocity of the compound action potential is determined from the latency between the measurements. From the conduction velocity a dominant recruited fibre diameter is determined. A rate of dispersion of the compound action potential between the sense electrodes is determined. From the rate of dispersion a distribution of diameters of the recruited fibre population is determined.

Abstract: According to various method embodiments, a person is indicated for a therapy to treat a cardiovascular disease, and the therapy is delivered to the person to treat the cardiovascular disease. Delivering the therapy includes delivering a vagal stimulation therapy (VST) to a vagus nerve of the person at a therapeutically-effective intensity for the cardiovascular disease that is below an upper boundary at which upper boundary the VST would lower an intrinsic heart rate during the VST.

Abstract: The present disclose generally relates to a system that controls blood pressure based on feedback-based neural stimulation. The system can include an electrode implantable within a nerve (e.g., an intra-fascicular electrode). The system can also include a hermetically-sealed electronics module connected to the electrode to record data related to neural activity from the nerve. The data related to the neural activity is indicative of the blood pressure. The system can also include an external device to communicate with the hermetically-sealed electronics module to receive and analyze the data related to the neural activity.

Abstract: A system for wireless control of an implantable stimulation device contains an implantable stimulation device for delivering electrical stimulation to a patient and an external control device. The external control device is configured to transmit a control signal to the stimulation device when the external control device detects a change in translational and/or rotational motion, or a contactless interaction of the patient with the external control device.

Abstract: Described here is a deep brain stimulation (“DBS”) approach that targets several relevant nodes within brain circuitry, while monitoring multiple symptoms for efficacy. This approach to multi-symptom monitoring and stimulation therapy may be used as an extra stimulation setting in extant DBS devices, particularly those equipped for both stimulation and sensing. The therapeutic efficacy of DBS devices is extended by optimizing them for multiple symptoms (such as sleep disturbance in addition to movement disorders), thus increasing quality of life for patients.

Abstract: Multi-phasic fields are produced at a neuromodulation site using electrodes. A first phase is directed at a target region such that a first-polarity electrical charge is injected to the target region, and a second phase is directed at portions of the neuromodulation site other than the target region, such that a second-polarity electrical charge opposite the first-polarity electrical charge is injected to those portions of the neuromodulation site to essentially neutralize the first-polarity charge injected at the neuromodulation site while maintaining at least a portion of the first-polarity charge at the target region. In some embodiments, each anode used to produce the first phase is used as a cathode to produce the second phase, and each cathode used to produce the first phase is used as an anode to produce the second phase, and the quantity of charge injected by each electrode in both phases is essentially zero.

Abstract: A connection pin for electrical connection of a cable mount. The connection pin has a thickened end for an integrally bonded connection to a conductor surface of the cable mount. At least part of the surface of the thickened end has a solderable coating with at least two functionally differentiated sub-layers arranged one above the other. One of the sub-layers is a solder connection layer with an anti-oxidation layer provided above the solder connection layer and/or an adhesion promoter layer provided beneath the solder connection layer.

Abstract: A wearable cardiac defibrillator (“WCD”) system may include a support structure that a patient can wear, an energy storage module that can store an electrical charge, and a discharge circuit that can discharge the electrical charge through the patient so as to shock him or her, while the patient is wearing the support structure. Embodiments may actively take into account bystanders, both to protect them from an inadvertent shock, and also to enlist their help. In some embodiments, the WCD system includes a speaker system and a memory. Prompts have been saved in advance in the patient's own voice, and stored in the memory. In case of an emergency, the prompts may be played by the speaker system in the patient's own voice, and heard by a bystander.

Abstract: A wearable cardiac defibrillator (“WCD”) system may include a support structure that a patient can wear, an energy storage module that can store an electrical charge, and a discharge circuit that can discharge the electrical charge through the patient so as to shock him or her, while the patient is wearing the support structure. Embodiments may actively take into account bystanders, both to protect them from an inadvertent shock, and also to enlist their help. In some embodiments the WCD system includes a speaker system that transmits a sound designed to assist a bystander to perform CPR. Optionally CPR chest compressions received by the patient can be further detected, and feedback can be given. In embodiments, a WCD system may include a user interface that can be controlled to output CPR prompts tailored to a skill level of the bystander.

Abstract: A wearable remote device includes a user interface, a strap configured to removably secure the wearable remote device to a wrist of a patient such that the user interface is accessible by the patient, and a wireless transceiver configured to wirelessly communicate with a wearable defibrillator. The wearable remote device includes a processor coupled to the user interface and wireless transceiver to provide a notification relating to at least one of device information relating to the wearable defibrillator and a cardiac arrhythmia communicated by the wearable defibrillator via the wireless transceiver. Responsive to a determination that the notification is of an urgent nature, the processor is configured to cause the user interface to communicate the notification, and responsive to a determination that the notification is not of an urgent nature, cause the user interface to store information relating to the notification in a memory of the wearable remote device.

Abstract: Therapy, involving a long ranged magnetometer including auditory speech hallucinations and medical mood experiences.

Abstract: A method for treating at least one of Grade III capsular contracture and Grade IV capsular contracture in a mammalian subject includes positioning a laser device proximate to the subject. The method also includes applying low level near infrared radiation to an area of the subject proximate to tissue in the subject experiencing at least one of Grade III capsular contracture and Grade IV capsular contracture for treating the capsular contracture.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for stimulating subcutaneous fat reduction using a femtosecond diode laser irradiation system. The system comprises a femtosecond diode laser capable of generating laser light that has a wavelength of 1000 nm-10,000 nm, a power level of 500 mw-12 W, and a pulse duration of less than 1 picosecond. A light-emitting device is coupled to the diode laser by means of flexible waveguide and is held over the skin. The device may be a handheld wand or an area pad comprising a plurality of light-emitting lenses on a surface of the pad. Laser setting controls are set to achieve a depth of photon absorption into the skin to reach subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for stimulating cellulite reduction using a femtosecond diode laser irradiation system. The system comprises a femtosecond diode laser capable of generating laser light that has a wavelength of 1000 nm-10,000 nm, a power level of 300 mw-5 W, and a pulse duration of less than 1 picosecond. A light-emitting device is coupled to the diode laser by means of flexible waveguide and is held over the skin. The device may be a handheld wand or an area pad comprising a plurality of light-emitting lenses on a surface of the pad. Laser setting controls are set to achieve a depth of photon absorption into the skin to reach subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for stimulating skin tightening using a femtosecond diode laser irradiation system. The system comprises a femtosecond diode laser capable of generating laser light that has a wavelength of 300 nm-12,000 nm, a power level of 500 mw-1000 mw, and a pulse duration of less than 1 picosecond. A light-emitting device is coupled to the diode laser by means of flexible waveguide and is held over the skin. The device may be a handheld wand or an area pad comprising a plurality of light-emitting lenses on a surface of the pad. Laser setting controls are set to achieve a depth of photon absorption into the skin to reach the dermis and subcutaneous layer to stimulate fibroblasts to increase production of collagen and elastin fibers.

Abstract: Described herein are devices, systems, and methods for delivering phototherapy to a subject. A phototherapy light engine is combined with other components to form a phototherapy system that provides phototherapy treatment to a subject. A phototherapy system may be implemented as a hand held system comprising the light engine that is configured to communicate with a remote computing device.

Abstract: A computerized method for controlling the operation of a laser therapy device is disclosed. A laser therapy device comprising laser diodes has a microprocessor for storing and executing instructions pertaining to the operation of the laser diodes within certain parameters. The computerized method detects the movement of the laser therapy device and alters the output of the laser diodes when a movement signal exceeds predetermined threshold parameters. The computerized method detects difference in temperature in certain areas, and patterns in temperature differences, for assistance in diagnosing ailments. The computerized method also detects differences in skin color to determine treatment areas. The computerized method also measures the distance of the laser therapy device to a treatment area. The microprocessor executes instructions then which can alter the output of the laser diodes or generate an alarm signal based on measurements received.

Abstract: A treatment method using a novel combination of non-invasive near infrared light (NIR)/laser therapy and the pharmacological agent ketamine, to more efficaciously upregulate neurotrophins and improve mitochondrial function. The NIR therapy is characterized by wavelengths of 200-2000 nm at surface wattage of 0.01-50.00 watts delivered by stationary emitters. The method can employ active circular motion techniques which involve moving the infrared light applicator manually, and/or by computer-controlled apparatus, conducted in conjunction with ketamine pharmacological therapy. In addition, a novel method of targeting NIR treatment of and characterizing central nervous system disorders using SPECT functional neuroimaging followed by quantitative analysis and a novel method of targeting NIR treatment of and characterizing spinal cord or nerve-related disorders using neurophysiological testing followed by quantitative analysis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of selecting a set of beam geometries for use in radiation therapy. The method (10) comprises providing (12) a plurality of candidate beam geometries; optimizing (1) a radiation treatment plan with all candidate beam geometries; and computing (14) a cost function value based on all candidate beam geometries. A first beam geometry from the plurality of candidate beam geometries is removed (15) and a first modified cost function value based on the candidate beam geometries without the removed first beam geometry computed (16). The first beam geometry is restored (17). The steps of removing a beam geometry, computing of a modified cost function value and restoring of the removed beam geometry are repeated (R) for all other candidate beam geometries. One or more beam geometries from the plurality of candidate beam geometries based on the modified cost function values are chosen (19).

Abstract: An optimization technique for use with radiation therapy planning that combines stochastic optimization techniques such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with deterministic techniques to solve for optimal and reliable locations for delivery of radiation doses to a targeted tumor while minimizing the radiation dose experienced by the surrounding critical structures such as normal tissues and organs.

Abstract: A control system for fine tuning or spreading a charged particle pencil beam includes a low-inductance, low-power compensation or fine-tuning magnet assembly. The feedback loop that includes the compensation magnet assembly has a faster response rate than the feedback loop that includes the scan nozzle. The compensation or fine-tuning magnet assembly is preferably disposed upstream of the scan nozzle magnet(s) with respect to the beam path to make rapid but minor adjustments to the beam position between iterations of the scan nozzle.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a probe for treating an ocular pathology, comprising: o a ring (1) including a cone frustum (11) having a first end (111) suitable for supporting ultrasound generation means (2) and a second end (112) for coming into contact with an eye (4) of a patient, o ultrasound generation means (2) comprising a first base (211) intended to come to face the first end (111), and a second base (212) opposite the first base (211), remarkable in that the probe further comprises a flow regulator (3) for eliminating the bubbles contained in a coupling fluid flowing to the first base (211) when filling the probe with said fluid.

Abstract: A surgical operation system includes a US signal output section, an HV signal output section, a probe having a treatment section which has an HV signal applied thereto and vibrates by ultrasound, an HV signal main controller that performs feedback control of the HV signal output section based on the HV signal, a US signal main controller that performs feedback control of the US signal output section based on a US signal, and an HV signal auxiliary controller that controls the HV signal output section based on the US signal, and has a response time shorter than that of the HV signal main controller.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for facilitating pain relief utilizes ultrasound waves to generate heat in a body acupuncture meridian to relieve pain. The pain relief apparatus has a housing containing a transducer element, which transmits ultrasonic waves through one or more transmitting heads to a user's skin. A massaging portion is furthermore connected to the housing. The method allows a user to choose one or more body acupuncture meridians to treat with the pain relief device using a smartphone application, which then displays instructions to the user on how to effectively apply treatment. The smartphone application may furthermore be capable of controlling the functionality of the pain relief device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hair dyeing composition comprising select hair direct dyes and a reducing agent in order to color hair homogeneously, intensively and durably

Abstract: The present invention provides an oxygen-providing material with the function of skin whitening, characterized in that said oxygen-providing material comprises a solid oxygen source, an activator, and a catalyst; wherein the solid oxygen source is selected from the group consisting of peroxide and percarbonate; wherein the oxygen-providing material with the function of skin whitening can be placed in household products, said household products comprising respirator, mask, facial mask, bra, chest paste, spill proof pad, sanitary napkin, diaper, panty liner, disposable hygiene product, band-aids, wrapping sponge, and box-shaped container.

Abstract: A quick release apparatus for rapid disconnection of a waist belt from a self-contained breathing apparatus support frame, including frame connectors disposed on a lumbar support pad. The frame connectors and inserted through horizontal slots on the SBCA support frame and present an aperture for insertion of slide clips that tether the SCBA support frame to the lumbar support pad. The support pad, in turn, may be removably attached to a trucker's belt or integrated therein. In an emergency, the slide clips may be rapidly removed with a simple pull to effect a full and compete release of the SCBA support frame from the waist belt while leaving the waist belt and its accoutrements on the user.

Abstract: A method for extinguishing objects or appliances, in which, once a fire signal has been detected at point in time t1, a first device (17) providing an extinguishing agent is triggered, for discharging a liquid synthetic extinguishing agent (14), via a separating device (8), a common conveying pipe (9) and at least one nozzle (10), and, once a second fire signal has been detected at point in time t2, a second device (18) providing an extinguishing agent is triggered for discharging water (3) or a water-based extinguishing agent via the separating device (8), the common conveying pipe (9) and the at least one nozzle (10) for extinguishing. A system is also provided for extinguishing objects or appliances.

Abstract: A trampoline has a frame. A bed is suspended across the frame. The frame includes a horizontally oriented bed frame for suspending the bed. Frame legs are attached to the frame for supporting the frame above a ground surface. An enclosure includes a net suspended from an enclosure frame. Enclosure poles are mounted to the trampoline around a periphery of the bed. The enclosure poles extend upwardly. The enclosure poles are branched at a lower diagonal connection to form a first lower branch and a second lower branch that branch away from each other at a diagonal angle as they extend upwardly. The first lower branch is connected to a first upper branch. The second lower branch is connected to a second upper branch. The first upper branch and the second upper branch toward each other at a diagonal angle as they extend upwardly.

Abstract: An article of apparel including an integrated fabric system, with or without strategically-placed weighting and/or elastic resistant materials, which optimizes conditioning, strengthening, endurance, enhancement, training, performance, functional longevity, benefits of daily activity, movement therapy, and/or other diverse medical and/or therapeutic uses, and, all while reducing the possibility of injury. The article enables the user to receive medical and/or therapeutic benefits and to increase production of kinetic energy, through weighted and/or elastic resistance, as required by the user's particularized needs. The user may benefit from the medical/therapeutic properties during periods of activity or inactivity. Benefits are achieved through the integration of fabrics and strategically-placed weighting and/or elastic resistance materials into the article based upon the kinetic energy created, necessitated, and/or dissipated by a specific movement(s) and/or medical or therapeutic requirements.

Abstract: An elliptical system is disclosed having a crank assembly configured to be adjusted in length to accommodate users having varying gaits. In some embodiments, the crank assembly includes a crank and an axle connection bracket that is slidably adjustable with respect to the crank. For example, the crank assembly can include a crank link having a longitudinal body, where the longitudinal body is connected to the crank at one end and includes a longitudinal slot slidably coupled with the axle connection bracket. The axle connection bracket is configured to slide through a plurality of positions along the longitudinal body. In some embodiments, the crank assembly further includes a screw for adjusting the axle connection bracket with respect to the crank, where the screw can cause the axle connection bracket to slide through one or more positions of the plurality of positions when the screw is turned.

Abstract: A tread base includes a tread base frame unit with front and rear belt wheel sets arranged at opposing front and rear sides thereof, and an endless running belt mounted around the front and rear belt wheel sets and having slats transversely arranged on the outer perimeter thereof in a parallel manner. The running belt includes a plurality of movable sliding rollers respectively mounted at the opposing left and right ends of the slats. The tread base frame unit includes two smoothly arched sliding tracks longitudinally arranged in parallel for supporting and guiding the movable sliding rollers of the running belt to enhance the moving stability of the running belt, preventing breaking of the slats of the running belt, avoiding danger and prolonging the lifespan of the tread base.

Abstract: A machine for concurrently performing opposing pushing and pulling motions with the legs and arms at various angles to simulate multiple exercises including climbing, running and crawling motions, wherein the machine is adjustable in angle. The individual lower body user supports move in a back and forth pattern on rails and include foot platforms and shin support pads for support a user's lower body and pivoting upper body user support hand grips wherein the left upper body user support and left lower body user support move in opposite directions and the right upper body user support and right lower body user support move in opposite directions and all four user supports move in unison.

Abstract: An exercise machine with adjustable handles that provide for multiple handle positions. The exercise machine with adjustable handles generally includes a frame with one or more rails, a carriage movably positioned upon the rails, and a pair of adjustable handles positioned near an end of the frame. The adjustable handles each have a handle portion that is movably connected to a corresponding handle stanchion to pivot from a storage position to an extended position.

Abstract: An exercise analysis device includes: an exercise analysis unit that generates exercise information during running or walking of a subject using output of an inertial measurement unit (IMU); and an output unit that converts exercise information periodically generated among the exercise information into predetermined perceptual information and outputs the perceptual information in synchronization with landing.

Abstract: Athletic performance monitoring and tracking may provide multiple ways in which to track athletic movement and activity. In one example, an athletic monitoring device may include or be associated with multiple types of movement sensors and switch between the sensors or use both depending on various factors including type of workout. Workouts may also be tagged with various parameters including mood, weather, terrain, athletic equipment used and the like. In one or more examples, the parameters may be automatically determined based on location. User workouts and accomplishments may also be celebrated through messages from celebrities, family, friends and other users. In some cases, the messages may be triggered by various conditions. Coaching may also be provided to the user to help improve workouts and overall athletic performance. Running routes may also be automatically tracked, stored and shared.

Abstract: A method of adaptive control of a treadmill, the treadmill includes a base extending along a longitudinal axis, the base includes a first rotatable element and a second rotatable element adapted to rotate about respective rotation axes transversal to the longitudinal axis of the base. A physical exercise area operatively connects to the first and second rotatable elements. A motor is operatively associated with the first and/or second rotatable element. The motor is configured for rotating the first and the second rotatable and dragging in rotation the physical exercise surface. The method includes: determining by a data processing unit of the treadmill, a first electrical parameter of the treadmill representative of the interaction between a user and the physical exercise surface of the treadmill. The data processing unit controls the motor based on the first electrical parameter detected by the data processing unit.

Abstract: A sports ball includes a ball body having a valve stem formed thereat, a plurality of carcass panels, a plurality of sculptural bumps is integrally formed on at least a portion of one of the carcass panels to form a sculptural ball surface of the carcass panel, wherein the carcass panels are overlapped on said ball body to form a ball carcass in a stitch-less manner. Accordingly, the sculptural bumps are raised above an outer panel surface of the carcass panel without applying a depression force to indent on the outer panel surface of the carcass panel. The carcass panels are interlocked and bonded with each other edge-to-edge to enclose the ball body inside the ball carcass.