Abstract: A method of improving accuracy of measurements of at least one motion sensor included in an electronic device, including receiving a candidate measurement associated with the electronic device from the at least one motion sensor; detecting an electronic device state associated with the electronic device, the electronic device state including one from among a static state and a motion state; computing a compensation parameter based on the candidate measurement and the electronic device state; and correcting the candidate measurement based on the computed compensation parameter.

Abstract: An adjustable tool configured to facilitate mounting an electromechanical device relative to a tester is contemplated. The adjustable tool may be operable to facilitate adjustably mounting a belt tensioner, pulley or other rotating element of the electromechanical device relative to a belt drive or other rotatable testing element included on the tester in a manner sufficient to enable adjusting tensioning and/or positioning therebetween.

Abstract: A method of testing a printed circuit board (PCB) with an in-circuit test (ICT) probe having an improved probe-to-via contact is provided. The ICT probe includes a tip attached to a spindle; a housing having a cavity, a portion of the spindle insertable into the cavity; and a heating element wrapped helically around the spindle, the heating element coupled to the housing. The probe is contacted with a surface of a flux layer of a test via of the PCB, said contact compressing the heating element and recessing the insertable portion of the spindle into the cavity. The tip of the probe is heated with the heating element to a temperature capable of at least partially melting the flux layer, the tip at least partially penetrating the flux layer to contact a surface of a solder plugging the test via.

Abstract: A probe head that contains a coining surface and a plurality of probe tips integrated on a same side of the probe head is provided. The probe head has a first portion and a laterally adjacent second portion, wherein the first portion of the probe head contains the coining surface, and the second portion of the probe head contains the plurality of the probe tips. Each probe tip may, in some embodiments, extend outwards from a probe pedestal that is in contact with the second portion of the probe head. The probe head is traversed across the surface of a semiconductor wafer containing a plurality of solder bump arrays such that the coining surface contacts a specific array of solder bumps prior to contacting of the same specific array of solder bumps with the probe tips.

Abstract: A semiconductor testing fixture is provided. The semiconductor testing fixture includes a substrate having a plurality of testing regions; and a plurality of testing probes with a predetermined distribution pattern formed on the substrate in each of the plurality of testing regions. Etch of the testing probes comprises a first testing tip; an insulation layer formed on a side surface of the first testing tip; and a second testing tip being coaxial with the first testing tip and surrounding the first testing tip formed on a side surface of the insulation layer.

Abstract: Electrical properties of a semiconductor device are reproducibly and stably measured in a testing step of the semiconductor device. A probe pin includes a first plunger, a second plunger, a cleaning shaft, a first coil spring, and a second coil spring. The cleaning shaft accommodated in the inside of the first plunger is allowed to enter and exit through a tip of a contact of the first plunger by the second coil spring, thereby solder shavings attached to the tip of the contact are removed. The first plunger is electrically coupled to the second plunger by the first coil spring wound on an outer side face of the first plunger and on an outer side face of the second plunger.

Abstract: The present invention describes systems and methods for determining current flow through a current-carrying utility asset. An exemplary embodiment can include measuring a first magnetic induction value at a first location near a targeted current-carrying utility asset and a second magnetic induction value at a second location near the targeted asset where the first location is a known distance from the second location; determining a correlation between a spatial angle and an electrical phase angle between the targeted asset and a second asset where the second asset contributes a first and second error component to the first and second magnetic induction values respectively; estimating error values for the first and second error components using the correlation between the spatial angle and the electrical phase angle; and estimating a current flowing through the targeted asset using the first and second magnetic induction values, the known distance, and the error values.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an individualized self-monitoring system for transformers (31, 33) in a electric power measurement installation that comprises at least a transformer (31, 33) and at least a time-integrated electrical quantity meter (3, 4, 13), directly coupled to one of the windings of the transformer (31, 33), the meter (3, 4, 13) being capable of measuring and recording the electrical quantity of said winding. The present invention also relates to a method of monitoring and diagnosing transformers (31, 33) in a power measurement installation that comprises the steps of measuring the values of at least a directly measured time-integrated electrical in at least a winding of at least one transformer (31, 33), performing comparisons between the measured and generating diagnostic results with the compared data.

Abstract: An electrical monitoring system that includes non-binary indications.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting theft of power in an electrical distribution grid. The system may include at least two communicating meters which form a transformer area network, a mechanism for measuring current and voltage at the meters, a mechanism for transmitting the measured current and voltage data to a data center with access to an electric grid database, and a mechanism that analyzes the transmitted data to inter unauthorized taking of electrical power.

Abstract: A phase shift detector comprises a comparator for detecting phase information of a signal and an offset calibration circuit. In order to prevent input offset voltage of the comparator from affecting phase detection accuracy, bulk voltage is inputted to the comparator from the offset calibration circuit to adjust threshold voltage of transistor in the comparator for compensating input offset voltage of the comparator and improving accuracy of the phase shift detector.

Abstract: Frequency division multiplexing-based techniques for FET-based sensor arrays are provided. In one aspect, a sensor device includes: an array of FET-based sensors, wherein the sensors are grouped into multiple channels, and wherein each of the sensors includes an insulator on a substrate, a local gate embedded in the insulator, a channel material over the local embedded gate, and source and drain electrodes in contact with opposite ends of the channel material, and wherein a surface of the channel material is functionalized to react with at least one target molecule. The sensors in a given channel can be modulated (via the local gate) to enable the signal read out from the channel to be divided in the frequency domain based on the different frequencies used to modulate the sensors.

Abstract: Broadband antenna system comprising a plurality of antenna elements and a plurality of amplifiers; wherein every antenna element of said plurality of antenna elements is configured for operating in a predetermined frequency range and is associated with an amplifier of said plurality of amplifiers which is configured for said predetermined frequency range; said plurality of antenna elements covering a broadband range.

Abstract: A computer-implemented system and method for predictive and diagnostic analysis of an electrical transmission, generation and distribution asset health includes a computer with a non-transient computer readable medium able to receive data regarding an asset, its components, component subsystem and parameters related thereto. Instructions stored on the non-transient computer readable medium execute instructions that predictively calculate overall asset health and also calculated the states of subsystems and component parameters, providing a diagnostic of the causes of poor asset health.

Abstract: A ground fault detection circuit is configured to detect a ground fault in a circuit or system that has more than one ground reference. In an embodiment, an electronic circuit includes a first circuit coupled to a first ground node. The first ground node is coupled to a first ground reference. The electronic circuit also includes a second circuit coupled to a second ground node. The second ground node is coupled to a second ground reference. The ground fault detection circuit is configured to detect an open circuit between the first ground node and the first ground reference or between the second ground node and the second ground reference by comparing a voltage at the first ground node to a voltage at the second ground reference or comparing a voltage at the second ground node to a voltage at the first ground reference.

Abstract: A method of testing an insulation system is disclosed. The method comprises coupling a first test lead to a first conductor, the first conductor at least partly isolated by the insulation system and coupling a second test lead to a second conductor or a ground. The method further comprises applying a test signal to the first test lead, receiving a test response from the second test lead, and analyzing the test response from the second test lead to determine a harmonic content of the test response. The method further comprises, when the harmonic content is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold, determining that the insulator system has non-linear properties.

Abstract: Microwave transistor test fixtures, both micro-strip and coaxial, include integrated wideband directional signal sensors/couplers and allow the detection of the main signal and its harmonic components, injected into and delivered by a transistor in high power operation mode, by using a phase-calibrated network or signal analyzer and allows this way the reproduction of real time signal waveforms. The fixtures are best calibrated using equivalent TRL calibrated fixtures allowing overcoming the incompatibility of the internal ports connecting to the transistor terminals with coaxial cables attached to VNA.

Abstract: A method for predicting failure of a light-emitting diode, includes applying a test potential difference across the terminals of the light-emitting diode lower than its minimum drive potential difference, the test potential difference having the same sign as the minimum drive potential difference; measuring the current Ic flowing through the light-emitting diode during the application of the test potential difference; and generating an alarm signal when the measured current Ic exceeds an alarm threshold Ia.

Abstract: Embodiments herein describe the design of a scan cell within an integrated circuit. The scan cell operates in either a test mode or a normal functional mode according to a scan enable signal. The scan cell comprises delay logic including a plurality of delay elements, e.g., a plurality of transistors. The delay logic activates the delay elements only when the scan cell operates in the test mode. The delay elements are activated to change a scan latency of the scan cell. The scan latency of the scan cell is increased to mitigate or prevent hold violations.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a semiconductor integrated circuit comprises: a tested block including a test control circuit; and a control circuit configured to output a first signal. The test control circuit performs a test of at least a first test pattern of the test patterns for the scan chain in accordance with the first signal during a first non-access state period of the tested block, and performs a test of at least a second test pattern following the first test pattern of the test patterns for the scan chain in accordance with the first signal during a second non-access state period of the tested block, and the test of the first test pattern and the test of the second test pattern are performed discontinuously.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and a method for testing the same are provided. The semiconductor device includes a plurality of semiconductor dies staked, a plurality of through-electrodes disposed between the semiconductor dies, a first calculation unit calculating a first output value from input signals inputted into the through-electrodes by a logical operation, a second calculation unit calculating a second output value from output signals outputted from the through-electrodes by a logical operation, and a comparator comparing the first output value with the second output value.

Abstract: A circuit interrupter including a ground fault circuit interrupter circuit structured to detect a ground fault based on current flowing in line and neutral conductors of the circuit interrupter, a ground fault circuit interrupter monitor circuit structured to perform a self-test on the circuit interrupter to determine the functional status of the ground fault circuit interrupter, and a bridge circuit structured to harvest power from the line and neutral conductors and supply said harvested power to the ground fault circuit interrupter circuit and the ground fault circuit interrupter monitor circuit.

Abstract: Each of a plurality of monitoring units (10) that monitor the states of batteries allocates, as identifying information for itself, identifying information corresponding to an input signal inputted from a preceding control unit (3) or monitoring unit (10); outputs, to a subsequent monitoring unit (10), a signal that differs from the input signal corresponding to the identifying information the monitoring unit (10) in question has allocated to itself; and, if and when identifying information corresponding to an input signal differs from the identifying information the monitoring unit (10) in question had allocated to itself, reallocates identifying information corresponding to said input signal as identifying information for itself.

Abstract: A battery deterioration degree estimating apparatus includes a storage deterioration degree estimator that estimates the storage deterioration degree of the battery in reuse based on the storage deterioration degree of the battery in the in-vehicle period and the load information of the battery in reuse, the cycle deterioration degree estimator that estimates the cycle deterioration degree of the battery in reuse on the basis of the load information of the battery in reuse, and the total-deterioration-degree at secondary-use-start calculator that calculates the total deterioration degree of the battery at the time point of reuse start. The battery deterioration degree estimating apparatus includes the total-deterioration-degree detector that estimates the total deterioration degree of the battery after the reuse start on the basis of the storage deterioration degree in reuse, the cycle deterioration degree in reuse, and the total deterioration degree of the battery at the time point of the reuse start.

Abstract: A Graphene Hall sensor (GHS) is provided with a modulated gate bias signal in which the modulated gate bias signal alternates at a modulation frequency between a first voltage that produces a first conductivity state in the GHS and a second voltage that produces approximately a same second conductivity state in the GHS. A bias current is provided through a first axis of the GHS. A resultant output voltage signal is provided across a second axis of the Hall sensor that includes a modulated Hall voltage and an offset voltage, in which the Hall voltage is modulated at the modulation frequency. An amplitude of the Hall voltage that does not include the offset voltage is extracted from the resultant output voltage signal.

Abstract: A method reading a magnetic-field sensor provided with at least one first magnetoresistive element envisages generation of an output signal, indicative of a magnetic field, as a function of a detection signal supplied by the magnetic-field sensor. The reading method envisages: determining an offset signal present in the output signal; generating at least one compensation quantity as a function of the offset signal; and feeding back the compensation quantity at input to the reading stage so as to apply a corrective factor at input to the reading stage as a function of the compensation quantity, such as to reduce the value of the offset signal below a given threshold.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound exhibiting Giant Magneto-Impedance (GMI) properties. The general chemical formula of the compound is (FeXCo100-X)100-(?+?+?)Cr?Si?B?, characterized in that ?<? and ?<?, wherein ? is preferably in the range of 2 to 4% by weight, ? is preferably in the range of 11.5% to 13% by weight, and ? is preferably in the range of 11% to 13% by weight, and X is preferably about 6% by weight. The chemical formula more preferably is (Fe6%Co94%)72.5%Cr2% Si12.5%B13%. The present invention also relates to a giant magneto-impedance (GMI) based sensing device for non-destructive contactless detection of carburization in austenitic stainless steel samples in field.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor device includes: a magnet, extending in a longitudinal direction, that has different magnetic poles in a direction perpendicular to a conveyance direction of a detected object having a magnetic material, the longitudinal direction being orthogonal to the conveyance direction; and anisotropic magnetoresistive elements arranged linearly in the longitudinal direction on a detected object-side magnetic pole of the magnet, wherein the magnet is provided with a magnetic material yoke between the anisotropic magnetoresistive elements and the magnet, and the end of the magnet in the longitudinal direction has a greater length in the direction perpendicular to the conveyance direction than the center in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A magnetic property determination apparatus that determines the magnetic materials on a paper sheet transported through a transport path includes a magnetization unit and a magnetic detection unit. The magnetization unit generates a magnetization magnetic field including a first magnetic field region and a second magnetic field region on the transport path. A magnetic field intensity and a magnetic field direction are set different between the first magnetic field region and the second magnetic field region so that the magnetic materials are magnetized in different magnetization directions depending on coercive forces of the magnetic materials. The magnetic detection unit that generates a bias magnetic field on the transport path downstream in a transport direction of the magnetization unit, and that detects a magnetic charge of the magnetic materials by detecting variations of the bias magnetic field.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an MRI apparatus includes a first radio communication unit, a second radio communication unit and an image reconstruction unit. The first radio communication unit includes a connecting unit detachably connected to an RF coil device which detects a nuclear magnetic resonance signal emitted from an object. The first radio communication unit acquires the nuclear magnetic resonance signal detected by the RF coil device via the connecting unit, and wirelessly transmits the acquired nuclear magnetic resonance signal. The second radio communication unit receives the nuclear magnetic resonance signal wirelessly transmitted from the first radio communication unit. The image reconstruction unit acquires the nuclear magnetic resonance signal received by the second radio communication unit, and reconstructs image data of the object based on the nuclear magnetic resonance signal.

Abstract: The MRI apparatus includes a housing that includes a bore; a table which is configured to be moved into the bore; and a beam projector that is configured to be disposed on the table, and to project an image into the bore. The beam projector includes a coil which is configured to be disposed so that a central axis of the coil is parallel to a center axis of the bore.

Abstract: Systems and methods for indicating pH in a subject using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system are provided. The method includes selecting a contrast agent, generating a chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) pulse sequence, performing the pulse sequence with the saturating pulse at a first power level, and performing the pulse sequence again with the saturating pulse at a power level different from the first power level. The method also includes generating values indicating pH of the subject, and generating a report indicating the pH using those values.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus according to an embodiment includes a sequence controller and an image generator. The sequence controller acquires k-space data corresponding to a predetermined quantity of encoding processes. The image generator extracts a plurality of data sets arranged in a time series from the k-space data, selects a data set from among the extracted plurality of data sets on the basis of a movement of a subject, and generates an image by using the selected data set.

Abstract: In a method and magnetic resonance (MR) apparatus to determine sample points of a random undersampling scheme of k-space to acquire reduced MR data with multiple coils, a set of sample points of the random undersampling scheme to acquire the reduced MR data is determined, and an indicator of a signal noise in reconstructed MR data is calculated. Furthermore, an additional sample point, which is not included in the set of sample points is determined, and a change of the indicator that results by an addition of the additional sample point to the set of sample points is calculated. The additional sample point is selectively added to the set of sample points dependent on the calculated change.

Abstract: A method is for determining a type of reconstruction of image data from a magnetic resonance measurement of an examination object by way of a magnetic resonance device. In an embodiment, the method includes determining at least one first parameter which includes information about a breathing process of the examination object; comparing the at least one first parameter with at least one second parameter from a maintained database; and determining a type of reconstruction of image data of the magnetic resonance measurement according to the comparison that has been made. In an example embodiment, at least one of the at least one first parameter and the at least one second parameter is derived from a histogram of respiratory phases and the maintained database includes a self-learning system.

Abstract: Provided is a method for adapting the sensitivity of a sensor system, in particular of a capacitive sensor system, which provides a sensor signal, wherein a first lower threshold value is adapted, if the sensor signal fulfills a first switching threshold criterion, a first upper threshold value is adapted, if the sensor signal fulfills a second switching threshold criterion, and at least one switching threshold value is adapted such that the switching threshold value has a predetermined first distance from the first upper threshold value and/or a predetermined second distance from the first lower threshold value.

Abstract: A wheeled object (e.g., a human-propelled cart such as a shopping cart) can include a navigation system that uses dead reckoning to determine the position of the wheeled object. The navigation system can include a magnetometer and an accelerometer and may be disposed on a handle of the wheeled object. Examples of a system for calibrating the magnetometer and accelerometer during manufacture as well as during installation on the wheeled object are disclosed. The calibration includes calibrating for the soft iron distortion induced at the navigation system by the ferromagnetic shopping cart handle (or other ferromagnetic portions of the cart such as the frame) and hard iron distortions induced by nearby magnetic sources (e.g., a permanent magnet in an audio speaker). The calibration system can include a plurality of Helmholtz or Maxwell coils.

Abstract: A method is provided for use of a segmented aperture communications system to determine a direction of arrival of a radio signal in which the system includes a receiver plane having equally spaced and planar aligned radio frequency ports. Computation of the aperture segments depends on the port coordinates where the geometric relationship of the segments is used to determine a time delay and direction of arrival of the signal. The ports receive at least two orthogonal polarizations that characterize the incoming signals. A central port is used as reference to determine a phase difference associated at each port. Two angles are calculated by a simultaneous solution of two phase difference measurements to determine the direction of arrival solution. A mean direction of arrival solution is obtained by averaging solution estimates that are obtained by repeating the direction of arrival determination using random port pairs.

Abstract: A computerized method of improving position measurement of an indoor positioning system (IPS), comprising: gathering a plurality of position samples of a mobile device measured by an indoor wireless device, each of the position samples is indicative of a measured position and a measurement time; estimating a movement direction of the mobile device from the plurality of position samples; receiving a current position sample of the mobile device; estimating a temp movement direction of the mobile device from at least one of the plurality of position samples and the current position sample; and when the temp movement direction is identified as false, marking the current position sample as noise.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for identifying an indoor environment location. The method includes an operation of obtaining a visibility map of an indoor environment. The visibility map may include a plurality of static markers in the indoor environment. The method can determine a direction of a first static marker with respect to magnetic north by an electronic device if the electronic device is located to point at the first static marker and can determine a direction of a second static marker with respect to magnetic north if the electronic device is disposed to point at the second static marker. The method can calculate an intersecting point based on the determined first static marker and second static marker and can identify a location of the electronic device in an indoor environment.

Abstract: Systems and methods for improved location accuracy are provided. For example, some systems can include a location engine, and a plurality of location anchors. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of location anchors can transmit or receive signals to or from an object for determining an angular orientation of the object with respect to the plurality of location anchors, and based on the angular orientation, the location engine can estimate a location of the object. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of location anchors can transmit first signals to the location engine, the location engine can receive a second signal from an object, based on the first signals and the second signal, the location engine can determine a differential pressure between the plurality of location anchors and the object, and based on the differential pressure, the location engine can estimate an altitude of the object.

Abstract: An apparatus and computerized method are provided for monitoring the positions of one or more aircraft. The apparatus comprises a first receiver configured to receive first aircraft position information, over a digital data link, from a first radio frequency source located onboard the aircraft at a first period, via one or more ground stations and a second receiver configured to receive second aircraft position information broadcasted from a second radio frequency source located onboard the aircraft at a second period, via one or more ground stations. The apparatus additionally comprises a third receiver configured to receive electronic geographical mapping data and a processor configured to receive the first and second aircraft position information, to filter the quantity of first and second aircraft position information to smooth the filtered information and then output the smoothed information such that it can be overlaid onto the electronic geographical mapping data.

Abstract: An example of a technique for maintaining a previously calibrated mobile device positioning system to account for changes in perturbers of the Earth's magnetic field. A mobile device obtains a corrected heading estimate of the mobile device within a space based on a previously recorded heading correction value. The mobile device also calculates a device heading relative to a previously orientated map of the space. The mobile device subsequently updates the heading correction value with any deviation between the corrected heading estimate and the calculated device heading.

Abstract: A system that has a chirp generator for emitting signals and an amplitude modulator for shaping the signals emitted by the chirp generator. The signals are shaped using a calibration ramp. The system further includes a Radio Frequency (RF) power amplifier for amplifying the signals shaped by the amplitude modulator, an RF power detector for measuring power levels of the signals amplified by the RF power amplifier, and a pre-distortion coefficient generator for adjusting the measured power levels using power detector calibration coefficients that correspond to the RF power detector.

Abstract: A method for determining the functionality of a switchable reception amplifier of a radar system with a transmitting unit, a receiving unit and a voltage-controlled oscillator, wherein, before the radar system is started up, calibration is carried out in order to compensate for a frequency deviation of the frequency emitted by the oscillator. The invention provides for at least one calibration cycle to be run with at least one first signal at a first frequency and one second signal at a second frequency during calibration of the oscillator, wherein the first signal and the second signal are transmitted by the transmitting unit and are received by the receiving unit, wherein the reception amplifier is switched with a switching sequence, which results in amplitude modulation of the first and second signals, and the amplitude modulation is used to determine the functionality of the reception amplifier.

Abstract: Classification of radar objects involves processing a received radar signal in an input channel within a number of successive coherent integration intervals (bursts), detecting an object using Doppler filter amplitudes, and producing range reports. A number of range reports are combined using a cluster algorithm to form a plot, and adding Doppler filter amplitudes of the two azimuthally adjacent bursts from the same range cell each range report. As subset of the range reports is formed by, starting with the range report at the position of a plot centroid, arranging range reports from a defined number of bursts sorted according to azimuthal position in a matrix of the dimension azimuth x range with the plot centroid in the center. Doppler filter amplitudes from the region plot centroid +? a defined number of bursts associated with the range reports are arranged according to the burst sequence.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to optical systems, specifically light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems. An example optical system includes a laser light source operable to emit laser light along a first axis and a mirror element with a plurality of reflective surfaces. The mirror element is configured to rotate about a second axis. The plurality of reflective surfaces is disposed about the second axis. The mirror element and the laser light source are coupled to a base structure, which is configured to rotate about a third axis. While the rotational angle of the mirror element is within an angular range, the emitted laser light interacts with both a first reflective surface and a second reflective surface of the plurality of reflective surfaces and is reflected into the environment by the first and second reflective surfaces.

Abstract: A piezoelectric micromechanical ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) includes a diaphragm disposed over a cavity, the diaphragm including a piezoelectric layer stack including a piezoelectric layer, a first electrode electrically coupled with transceiver circuitry, and a second electrode electrically coupled with the transceiver circuitry. The first electrode may be disposed in a first portion of the diaphragm, and the second electrode may be disposed in a second, separate, portion of the diaphragm. Each of the first and the second electrode is disposed on or proximate to a first surface of the piezoelectric layer, the first surface being opposite from the cavity. The PMUT is configured to transmit first ultrasonic signals by way of the first electrode during a first time period and to receive second ultrasonic signals by way of the second electrode during a second time period, the first time period and the second time period being at least partially overlapping.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for fixing a navigational position using guided surface waves launched from guided surface wave waveguide probes at various ground stations. A navigation unit may fix its position by determining the travel time of guided surface waves from the ground stations to the navigation unit. In another embodiment, the navigation unit may also fix its position by determining the change in intensity of the guided surface waves after travelling from the ground stations to the navigation unit. In other embodiments, the navigation unit may also fix its position by determining the difference in phases of phase-locked guided surface waves as they travel from the ground stations to the navigation unit.

Abstract: Provided is a radar signal processing method and apparatus, the method including transmitting a plurality of transmission radar signals through a transmission antenna, receiving a reception radar signal reflected from a target in response to the transmitting, and extracting location information on the target based on a result obtained by applying an auto-correlation to the reception radar signal.