Abstract: A cryogenic air separation method and apparatus in which first and second liquid streams are produced. The first liquid stream has a higher oxygen content than air and can consist of a higher pressure distillation column bottoms and the second liquid stream, for instance, air, has a lower oxygen content than the first liquid stream and an argon content no less than the air. The second liquid stream is subcooled through indirect heat exchange with the first liquid stream and both of such streams are introduced into the lower pressure column. The second liquid stream is introduced into the lower pressure column above that point at which the crude liquid oxygen column bottoms or any portion thereof is introduced into the lower pressure column to increase a liquid to vapor ratio below the introduction of the second liquid stream and therefore, reduce the oxygen present within the column overhead.

Abstract: An arrangement of insulation within a container to prevent heat leakage from the ambient to an apparatus located within the container that operates at a cryogenic temperature. The arrangement of insulation includes bulk insulation filling the container and an insulation layer that is located within the container, between the apparatus and the container. The insulation layer as opposed to the bulk insulation has a lower thermal conductivity. An exterior region of the apparatus is situated closer to an opposite container wall region of the container than remaining exterior regions of the apparatus. The insulation layer is sized to only insulate the exterior region of the apparatus from heat leakage from the opposite container wall region. The insulation layer can be formed of an aerogel.

Abstract: A system and method for the concurrent condensation of a nitrogen-rich vapor and vaporization of an oxygen-rich liquid in a distillation column based air separation unit is provided. The disclosed system includes a condenser-reboiler heat exchanger located between a lower pressure column and a higher pressure column and configured to condense a nitrogen-rich vapor from the higher pressure column and partially vaporize an oxygen-rich liquid from the lower pressure column. Within the condenser-reboiler heat exchanger, the nitrogen-rich vapor flows in an upward direction such that any non-condensables present in the nitrogen-rich vapor will accumulate proximate the upper portion or top of the condenser-reboiler modules where they can be easily removed through venting.

Abstract: The invention relates to a set (array) of refractory ceramic bricks for the formation of a vault-like (arch-like) support structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a metal element (12) for anchoring an anti-erosion coating that is intended to be fastened alone in an isolated manner to a metal wall or assembled with other identical anchoring elements. The anchoring element (12) has an edge (12a) for fastening to said metal wall and an anchoring body firmly attached to the fastening edge (12a) and having an upper edge (12b) that is away from the fastening edge and intended to be covered by a composite material of concrete type. A section of this upper edge (12b), which is not intended to be juxtaposed and assembled with an upper edge of an identical anchoring element, is provided with a delimiting tab (16) in order to delimit a height of composite material that must cover the upper edge (12b) of said anchoring element, said delimiting tab (16) having a delimiting edge (18) that is a predetermined distance away from a plane defined by the upper edge (12b) of the anchoring element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a thermal lance (1) having adequate flexibility and concentrated effective heating capacity for the fusion cutting and/or piercing of any type of material, for example, for piercing and opening tapping passages in melting furnaces that use plugs made of clay or mixtures of, inter alia, alumina, silica and carbon. The thermal lance comprises at least four tubular profiles, one disposed externally and three disposed internally, and more than seventeen cavities housed inside said lance, wherein at least two of said four tubular profiles have different cross-sections, wherein each tubular profile is disposed in a contiguous manner in relation to the other tubular profiles, and wherein each tubular profile is selected from tubular profiles having a circular, square, triangular, hexagonal, oval, or multi-point star-shaped cross-section. The invention also relates to the use of the thermal lance for the fusion cutting and/or piercing of any type of material.

Abstract: An integrated cooling system for actively cooling one or more electronic components in an electronic device such as a computer is provided. The cooling system includes a radiator and a pump integrally attached to the radiator. The pump can include a pump housing having an upper pump housing member attached to the radiator and a lower pump housing member detachably securable to the upper pump housing member. The cooling system includes a flow inlet and a flow outlet for attaching hoses or conduits to the radiator for actively moving a liquid coolant to and from an external cooling block or cooling plate. The external cooling block or cooling plate can be attached to the electronic component to be cooled, such as a computer graphics card, microprocessor or other circuit component.

Abstract: A heat exchanger tube has a tube end having two extended portions substantially opposite the other around the periphery of the tube end, and two shortened portions, each positioned between the two extended portions and substantially opposite the other around the periphery of the tube end. The tube end may be formed by removing opposite portions of the tube by cutting a disc-shaped portion with a generally smoothly curving periphery along a major portion of the width of the tube. Each tube is oriented within an opening in the header wall of a heat exchanger assembly having a header portion integral with a tank portion, such that the tube end two extended portions are oriented substantially perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow within the header and the tube end two shorter portions are oriented substantially in the direction of fluid flow in order to reduce interference with fluid flow.

Abstract: The heat exchanger includes at least one tube array in which refrigerant flows, the tube array includes a plurality of tubes each having a channel formed therein, and connection members coupled to opposite ends of the tubes so as to interconnect the tubes, and the tubes are injection molded integrally with the connection members.

Abstract: A heat exchanger is provided which can reduce a pressure drop of a refrigerant by replacing a portion or all of baffles of a related art heat exchanger with guides having a specific configuration. The heat exchanger may include a plurality of tubes in which a refrigerant may flow; a plurality of heat dissipation fins into which the plurality of tubes may be inserted, the plurality of heat dissipation fins allowing heat exchange between the refrigerant and a fluid; at least one header coupled to at least one side of the plurality of tubes, the at least one header forming a flow space for the refrigerant; and at least one guide provided inside of the at least one header to partition the flow space and to guide the refrigerant from the at least one header to the plurality of tubes. The at least one guide may include a support provided inside of the at least one header, the support having an opening formed therein, and a movable part movably provided to open and close the opening.

Abstract: A register for the indirect heat exchange between a utility fluid containing interfering components and a heat transfer fluid has at least one tube row with at least one flow channel with a small channel width and at least one flow channel with a large channel width. Additionally, in at least one tube row there is provided at least one flow channel with a narrow section defined by a small channel width as well as a wide section defined by a large channel width. The large channel width produces a large flow velocity of the utility fluid and the small channel width produces a small flow velocity of the utility fluid.

Abstract: A plate heat exchanger may include a cover plate, a base plate and heat exchanger plates, the heat exchanger plates arranged as a stack oriented between the cover plate and the base plate. The base plate may overlap an edge of the adjacent heat exchanger plate, the base plate having an edge which is arranged in the direction of the heat exchanger plate stack. The edge of the base plate may follow at least in part a contour of the heat exchanger plate stack. The edge of the base plate may be formed at least in part by a projection. The projection may be integrally formed with the base plate and may be bent along folding lines.

Abstract: A plate heat exchanger comprises plural heat exchanger plates and at least one adapter plate, which each extend parallel with a main extension plane. The heat exchanger plates form a plate package with first and second plate interspaces for first and second mediums. Each heat exchanger plate has four port holes extending through the plate package. The heat exchanger plates comprise outermost heat exchanger plates. Two of the plate interspaces form a respective outermost plate interspace at a respective side of the plate package, which are delimited outwardly by a respective one of the outermost heat exchanger plates, and the adapter plate is outside one of the outermost heat exchanger plates. A distance plate between the adapter plate and one of the outermost heat exchanger plates has at least two port holes concentric with each of the respective port holes of the outermost heat exchanger plates and the adapter plate.

Abstract: A liquid-vapor separating type heat conductive structure includes a vapor chamber, a heat pipe, a separation plate, and a working fluid. The vapor chamber includes a housing and a cavity. The housing includes a bottom plate and an upright plate. A first capillary structure is disposed on an inner surface of the bottom plate, and a through hole is formed on the upright plate. The heat pipe includes a pipe body and a second capillary structure. The pipe body includes an open end, the open end of the pipe body is inserted and sealingly connected to the through hole. The separation plate is disposed at the open end and covers the first capillary structure and the second capillary structure, so as to form a vapor passage and a liquid passage at two sides of the separation plate respectively. The working fluid is filled inside the cavity.

Abstract: The invention is a heat exchanger that transfers heat from one medium to another by pulling a heated medium through a series of expansion chambers and water-immersed tubes that transfers the heat from one medium to another, including a secondary set of coils to increase the efficiency.

Abstract: A heat dissipation unit is provided and includes a casing and a heat pipe. The casing has a casing chamber which contains therein a working fluid. Casing capillaries are disposed on an inner wall of the casing chamber. The heat pipe has an open end and a closed end. A heat pipe chamber is defined between the open end and the closed end and communicates with the casing chamber through the open end. Heat pipe capillaries are disposed on an inner wall of the heat pipe chamber and are in capillary connection with the casing capillaries through the open end of the heat pipe.

Abstract: A heat exchanger has a plurality of paths as refrigerant paths, and at least one of the plurality of paths has a coexistent path, in which both of a parallel flow portion where refrigerant flows from a heat transfer tube of one of the tube rows to a heat transfer tube of a tube row which is on a downstream side of the one tube row in terms of an air flow direction, and a counter-flow portion where refrigerant flows from a heat transfer tube of one of the tube rows to a heat transfer tube of a tube row which is on an upstream side of the one tube row in terms of the air flow direction, exist in use both as a condenser and as an evaporator.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes a body defining a flow channel, and a pin extending across the flow channel, the pin including an at least partially non-cylindrical shape. The pin can be a double helix pin including two spiral branches defining a double helix shape. The two branches can include a uniform winding radius. The two branches include a non-uniform winding radius. The non-uniform winding radius can include a base radius and a midpoint radius, wherein the midpoint radius is smaller than the base radius. The two branches can be joined together by one or more cross-members.

Abstract: A heat exchanger, turbulizer or heat transfer surface, and a method of making same wherein the turbulizer is a corrugated member having parallel, spaced-apart ridges and planar fins extending therebetween. The planar fins have spaced-apart apertures with opposed peripheral edge portions including transversely extending flanges.

Abstract: A module of heat transfer plates which are welded to each other comprises a first outer heat transfer plate, at least a first and a second heat transfer plate, and a first reinforcement arrangement. Port holes form a first port channel in the module. The first reinforcement arrangement comprises a first abutment member and a first supporting member. The first abutment member is arranged on a side of the first outer heat transfer plate opposite to the first heat transfer plate. The first supporting member is arranged between the first abutment member and the first outer heat transfer plate. The first supporting member abuts against the first abutment member and the first outer heat transfer plate. Further a heat exchanger comprising such a module is provided.

Abstract: A plate is equipped to one side of a core of a heat exchanger. A tank is equipped to another side of the core. The tank has a holder in a tubular shape. The holder has a hole in which a plate end is inserted.

Abstract: The present teachings provide for a heat exchanger assembly including a shroud, a heat exchanger, a pin, and a bead. The shroud can include a body and a first mount. The body can define a first aperture and a second aperture that can be fluidly coupled to the first aperture. The first mount can define a first surface. The heat exchanger can include a platform that can define a second surface. The pin can be fixedly coupled to and extend outwardly from one of the first or second surfaces and can be received in an aperture that is defined by the other of the first or second surfaces. The bead can be fixedly coupled to and extend from one of the first or second surfaces. The bead can be disposed about the aperture and compressed between the first and second surfaces.

Abstract: A two-phase fluid flow distribution system and method for a parallel flow evaporator or condenser are disclosed. Uniform distribution of the two-phase flow within a parallel microchannel heat transfer passages and increased system performance is achieved by integrating an orientation-insensitive, two-phase flow distribution device within the inlet. manifolds of the microchannel heat exchanger passages.

Abstract: Methods, systems and apparatuses are directed to a capacity modulating assembly configured to distribute two-phase refrigerant mixture to an evaporator of a HVAC system, such as a micro-channel heat exchanger (MCHEX) evaporator. The capacity modulating assembly may include a plurality of expansion devices. During capacity modulation, at least one of the plurality of expansion devices can be closed so that a refrigerant flow rate through the remaining expansion devices can be maintained. The capacity modulating assembly can include a refrigerant outflow port, which may help direct refrigerant out of the heat exchanger. The capacity modulating assembly can be connected with the MCHEX. The plurality of expansion devices can be configured to extend inside a header of the MCHEX to help distribute refrigerant to the micro-channel tubes of the MCHEX.

Abstract: The present invention provides an antifouling coating formed from a water-based coating composition comprising 0.1% by mass to 10% by mass of ultrafine silica particles having an average particle size equal to or less than 25 nm, 5% by mass to 50% by mass, relative to the ultrafine silica particles, of a zirconium compound which is at least one selected from zirconium chloride and zirconyl chloride, and 30% by mass to 99.5% by mass of water. In accordance with the present invention, it is possible to provide an antifouling coating that can maintain the antifouling performance and hydrophilicity and prevent corrosion of fins even under an environment with a large amount of contaminating substances, such as metal particles, in the air.

Abstract: A method for cleaning tube bundles with open end faces, in particular tube bundles of heat exchangers, air coolers, or condensers. A cleaning device which has at least one cleaning unit is positioned adjacently to the open ends of the tube bundle, and the at least one cleaning unit which has a high-pressure hose is then arranged in a successive manner by a controller so as to be flush with the respective tube of the tube bundle. The cleaning unit is inserted into the respective tube and supplied with a liquid under high-pressure. The aim of the invention is to improve such a method and device such that a reliable cleaning process is carried out without operating errors. This is achieved in that the insert depth is measured when inserting the at least one cleaning unit into the respective tube and monitored by the controller.

Abstract: Because of a clearance between a barrel supporting member and a barrel, a rotational movement of the barrel is not always constant. Thus, trajectory of a bullet is misaligned. A counterweight 40 is located upper than a barrel 10, and rings 61, 62, which are support portions, are located nearer to the counterweight 40 than a gravity center of the barrel 10. Since the barrel 10 is located lower than the counterweight 40 and engaged with a lower surface side of a gear 30, when a bullet is shot and the barrel 10 is moved backward, a force to rotate the barrel 10 itself clockwise is imparted by a circular surface shape of the gear 30. The barrel 10 receives a force to be rotated clockwise from the gravity center position, the ring 61 and the ring 62, and the barrel 10 is in contact with the inner surface of the barrel supporting member 50. Thus, in spite of the existence of the clearance, the barrel 10 is not displaced in the barrel supporting member 50.

Abstract: A firearm having a gas piston system includes a bolt carrier, an adjustable gas piston block located forward on the firearm and an over-the-barrel spring and guide rod arrangement, all of which is housed and contained in a top rail that runs the length of the firearm and that maintains the alignment of these firearm components. The firearm also includes an ambidextrous, non-reciprocating charging handle located forward on the firearm and positioned within the top rail for charging the firearm.

Abstract: A floor plate assembly for a firearm magazine for use in automatic and semi-automatic pistols and rifles is designed to occupy a minimal amount of space inside the magazine so that more magazine volume is available for bullets in a minimal magazine size. The magazine floor plate assembly includes a floor plate and a lock plate. The floor plate includes opposing lock plate guides that secure to the base flanges of a magazine housing. The lock plate acts as a spring for snap assembly and is inserted underneath the back edge of the magazine housing over the bottom inside surface of the floor plate, so that the lock plate covers the open magazine back side, while keeping the floor plate tight and without movement.

Abstract: When a person intending to use a gun is a safety risk, the authorities (e.g., the police) should be notified and a gun held by that person should be locked to prevent its firing. Apparatus for doing just that comprises an electronic testing device for determining an emotional state and/or the competency of a person intending to use a gun and for producing a signal when the emotional state and/or competency of the person is not considered appropriate or adequate for a safe and proper use of a gun. An electronic warning device, coupled to said testing device, can be provided to alert the authorities that the person intending to use a gun is at risk of using a gun in an unsafe manner.

Abstract: Child safety weapon locks are disclosed. The child safety weapon lock includes a detente housing, a locking shaft assembly, and a radial lever. The locking shaft assembly is engaged with the detente housing. The radial lever is engaged with the detente housing and selectively engaged with the locking shaft assembly. The radial lever selectively captures the locking shaft assembly between the radial lever and the detente housing.

Abstract: A universal firearm shield adapted to attach to a firearm suppressor. Suppressors fail to dampen all of the effects of firearm discharge, leaving behind residual effects that may be noticeable. The shield dampens the residual effects of firearm discharge that are not captured by the suppressor. The residual effects are captured by the shield and dispersed throughout one or more interior chambers. The shield easily, quickly, and securely couples to suppressors of varying geometries due to the slidably adjustable components of the shield. The shield is configured to surround the suppressor and axially align with the suppressor. As such, the muzzle of the firearm axially aligns with the shield, the suppressor, and the barrel for an unobstructed projectile path during discharge.

Abstract: A grasping front support shooting bag for firearm stability has a ‘W’ shape and mass that increases the surface are contact to the firearm and applies support to the firearm at two points spaced apart from each other along the fore end or hand guard of the firearm. The shooting bag has a deliberate shape that allows the shooting bag to conform to substructures or substrates (i.e., objects from which a shot is to be taken) of all shapes to provide a flattened rest that supports multiple types of firearms. The shooting bag is composed of textiles sewn into a unique shape and filled with polypropylene (or other synthetic material) beads that are proportionally massed to provide expanded, pliable surface area to an object to aid in stability for the shooter in any hunting, recreation, competition, or law enforcement capacity.

Abstract: An archery bow is provided including a riser and cams configured to maintain alignment of the cams to decrease lateral or horizontal nock travel, and thereby increase overall accuracy. The riser can include a lower portion having a leg that flexes so that a lower cam of the bow moves laterally in a direction less than or equal to the amount an upper cam moves in the direction. The upper and lower cams can be sized differently, for example, with the upper cam including a longer bowstring payout track than the lower cam, to ensure consistent and appropriate nock travel. The riser and cams can facilitate placement of a center grip at the geometric center of the riser or between the limbs/cams. With such placement, the nocking point can be located above this geometric center. This can enhance the balance and feel of the bow. Related methods are also provided.

Abstract: A projectile launching device includes self-timing without cam lean. The projectile launching device may include a rail, a riser, two energy storing components, (such as two limbs), two cams, a launch string, and at least one cable. The ends of the launch string are attached to the two cams. Opposing ends of first and second cables may be coupled to the rail or riser. A mid-portion of the first and second cables are slideably engaged with the first and second cams, respectively. Alternatively, a single cable may replace the first and second cables. The two cams are preferably built as mirror images of each other at a centerline of the rail. The two cams include a launch string track, having identical, but mirrored, upper and lower cable tracks.

Abstract: An archery bow is described, and which has a resilient, main body having opposite distal ends; a biasing member is borne by the main body; and a string extends, and is tensioned between the distal ends, and wherein the string has a first, at rest position; a second, arrow release position; and a third, string return position, and wherein the biasing member applies a biasing force to resist the movement of the string from the third, string return position, to the first, at rest position, and a biasing force to assist in the movement of the string from the first, at rest position, to the second, arrow release position.

Abstract: An archery bow cable slider includes a forward wall extending away from a base wall, a bifurcated wall extending away from the base wall including a rearward wall extending away from the base wall and an intermediate wall extending away from the rearward wall, and a throughbore extending through free ends of the forward, rearward, and intermediate walls. The base, forward, rearward, and intermediate walls establish a first slot having a laterally extending portion and an axially extending portion that extends substantially perpendicular to the laterally extending portion, and the rearward and intermediate walls establish a second slot that at least partially axially overlaps the first slot.

Abstract: A sighting and launching weapons system that incorporates the technologies of smart munitions and virtual reality (VR) simulation with precise target engagement capabilities; including targets that would normally be hidden from the shooter's field of view. Non-linear deployment of smart munitions to a precise target coordinate (via closed-loop navigation) allows for minimal collateral damage. Network link allows a plurality of operators to participate in coordinated target engagement in real time from one or more remote locations. The sighting and launching weapons system can be configured for a variety of uses including the deployment of weaponry or aid, and is capable of automatically identifying friendly targets from enemy targets.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an adjustable attachment system and method that can adjust for a variety of gaps between an accessory mounting system and a weapon mounting system, caused by tolerances in manufacturing. In at least one embodiment, a combination of keys can be provided with a first key having a thickness that is in a middle range of a predetermined tolerance, a second key having a greater thickness by a given percentage, and a third key having a lesser thickness by a given percentage. One or more of the keys can be coupled between surfaces of the accessory mounting system and the weapon mounting system, depending on the gap size. In another embodiment, at least one key can have a tapered lateral surface. The variable sized key can compensate for the variety of gaps by the lateral position of the key in the gap.

Abstract: A method for making hydrocarbon and water resistant armor composite may include applying an adhesive layer to upper and lower surfaces of a stack of armor materials. In one embodiment, a first sheet and a second sheet of porous materials may be provided. A protective environmental coating may be applied to the sheets of porous materials. In another embodiment, an adhesive layer may be applied to upper and lower surfaces of a stack of armor materials and then providing a first sheet and a second sheet of nonporous materials. The protective environmental coating as well as the first and second sheets of nonporous materials may make the hydrocarbon and water resistant armor impervious to at least fuel, oil, air, or water. The hydrocarbon and water resistant armor may form part of ballistic apparel, a blast blanket, a ballistic panel, or a fragmentation panel.

Abstract: An adaptive masking method for an element in a field of operations. According to this method, at least one cover allowing to cover the element is implemented, the cover carrying at least one image generator network connected to an image synthesizer coupled to a camera. According to this method, the camera is positioned so as to cover both a portion of a background of the element and the entire cover, the image synthesizer controlling the at least one image generator network so as to minimize the contrast and optionally the frequency deviation between the background and the cover. The device implementing such a method is described.

Abstract: Various embodiments of systems for improving shooting performance, as well as, carriers configured for that purpose, are disclosed and described herein. In some such embodiments, such systems may comprise: at least one projector, at least one screen, at least one carrier, and at least one pathway. The at least one projector may project one or more images upon at least some portion of the at least one screen. The at least one screen may receive and display the one or more images. The at least one carrier may house the at least one projector; and in some embodiments, may also house at least one screen mount for removably mounting the at least one screen. The at least one carrier may travel along the at least one pathway. A shooter may aim and shoot a firearm at the one or more images displayed upon the at least one screen.

Abstract: A throwing game target having a back plate and multiple blades extending outwardly from the back plate. The blades may be comprised of horizontal and vertical blades. In such embodiments, the blades may be arranged in multiple groupings of three blades with at least one horizontal blade and one vertical blade.

Abstract: An intelligent target comprising a target body suspended from a support structure, at least one sensor affixed to the target body that detects a hit in an area of the target body, a controller, in communication with each sensor, that records the hits detected by the sensor and the area of the target body that was hit and issues a release command when a predetermined number of hits has been reached, and a release mechanism operatively connected with the controller and which releases the target body and allows the body to fall from the support structure on receipt of the release command from the controller.

Abstract: A shooting range booth is provided having a pair of upwardly extending spaced apart multi-ply walls and a frame element for attaching to and supporting the walls in upright positions. Each walls has a frame connecting inner panels and having outer ballistic resistant plates. The ballistic resistant plates are formed of interlineated layers of modified polyethylene materials and layers of carbon nanotubes between adjacent modified polyethylene material layers. The instant abstract is neither intended to define the invention disclosed in this specification nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: An explosive booster shaped to fit into a blasthole adjacent a main explosive charge is provided. The booster comprises a body containing a charge of an explosive substance with a passage extending inwardly of the body to receive a detonator therein. The booster is configured to alter the shape of a detonation wave generated upon initiation of the detonator. In an embodiment, the booster includes a first and a second explosive substance, with the first explosive substance being shaped and selected to cause an outer portion of the detonation wave to accelerate relative to the remainder of the wave thereby altering the shape of the wave from a generally spherical wave to a generally planar wave. In an embodiment, the booster includes an internal member capable of altering the shape of the detonation wave.

Abstract: An active bolt release arrangement includes a nut having nut portions adapted for radial movement, a sleeve part encircling the nut and having contact portions in contact with the nut portions in order to prevent the nut portions from radial movement, and a pyrotechnical actuator. The pyrotechnical actuator is adapted for, upon deployment, moving the sleeve part relative to the nut to a released position forming a release space allowing radial movement of the nut portions. The pyrotechnical actuator is arranged for turning, upon deployment, the sleeve part a predetermined rotational distance to the released position, such that radial movement of the nut portions by formation of the release space is allowed, thereby causing release of a bolt connected to the bolt release arrangement.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polymeric ammunition cartridge having polymer cartridge with a metal primer insert having a primer recess and a primer diffuser cup or ring inserted into the primer recess.

Abstract: The present invention provides polymeric ammunition cartridge comprising: a three piece primer insert; a substantially cylindrical polymeric middle body extending about the three piece primer insert, wherein the substantially cylindrical polymeric middle body comprises: a substantially cylindrical polymeric bullet-end coupling element at a first end of the substantially cylindrical polymeric middle body opposite a substantially cylindrical polymeric coupling end connected by a powder chamber, wherein the substantially cylindrical polymeric coupling end extends over the substantially cylindrical coupling element and covers an circumferential surface of the primer flash hole aperture; and a substantially cylindrical polymeric bullet-end upper portion comprising a bullet-end coupling element connected to the substantially cylindrical polymeric bullet-end coupling element opposite a projectile aperture adapted to engage a bullet.

Abstract: A projectile having a projectile body that includes a front end and a rear end. A cavity in the rear end of the projectile body. An internal core in the cavity. The internal core including a front end and a rear end. The front end of the internal core inserted towards the front end of the projectile body.