Abstract: An input device for providing input to a computing device. The input device includes a body, a visual element, and a processing element in communication with the visual element. The processing element dynamically changes a graphic displayed by the visual element to correspond to presentation data corresponding to the input device as presented to the computing device. The dynamic changes in the graphic provide indication to a user regarding the current state of the input device.

Abstract: An input apparatus including an electronic pen and a terminal having a foldable display unit is provided. An electronic pen generates an ultrasonic signal and an infrared signal. A terminal detects the ultrasonic signal and the infrared signal and calculates coordinate information of the electronic pen based on the received ultrasonic signal and the infrared signal. The terminal determines coordinate information of the electronic pen with respect to the foldable display unit by measuring a folding angle of the foldable display unit.

Abstract: In a method of active pen signal detection, a signal is received from an active pen, wherein the active pen is configured for use with a capacitive sensing input device. At least one of downconverting and aliasing is performed on the signal to achieve a resulting signal. Presence of one of a plurality of possible resulting signal frequencies present in the resulting signal is detected. The detected resulting signal frequency is associated with a particular one of a plurality of possible transmission frequencies of the signal, and each of the plurality of transmission frequencies of the signal represents information about operation of the active pen.

Abstract: An active capacitive stylus and methods for touch detection and feedback actuation thereof are disclosed. The active capacitive stylus includes a conductive tip, a signal processing module and a capacitor. The conductive tip is configured to detect a touch-screen actuation signal emitted from a touch screen and to transfer a feedback actuation signal output from the signal processing module. The signal processing module is configured to process the touch-screen actuation signal received by the conductive tip and to synchronously produce the feedback actuation signal. The capacitor is disposed between the conductive tip and the signal processing module and is configured to couple the touch-screen actuation signal obtained by the conductive tip to an input of the signal processing module during the detection and to isolate the feedback actuation signal during the feedback actuation. It is achievable to accurately determine the position of the conductive tip of the active capacitive stylus.

Abstract: Systems and methods associated for providing haptic feedback are provided. For instance, data indicative of a feedback scheme associated with an input mechanism can be accessed. The feedback scheme includes one or more feedback points associated with a position of a moveable portion of the input mechanism. The input mechanism is configured to change positions responsive to an actuation of the input mechanism by a user. One or more positions of the moveable portion of the input mechanism can be determined as the input mechanism is actuated by the user. Operation of one or more feedback motors can be controlled to provide feedback to the user in accordance with the feedback scheme based at least in part on the determined one or more positions of the input mechanism.

Abstract: A remaining amount of power stored in a position indicator can be recognized at plural levels. The position indicator includes a power storage device, an alternating current (AC) signal generating circuit that generates an AC signal to be transmitted toward a tablet, a modulation circuit that modulates the AC signal according to position indicator information represented by a binary code, and an electricity remaining amount detecting circuit that detects an electricity remaining amount of the power storage device. The frequency at which a specific bit of the position indicator information is set to 0 or 1 is changed according to the detected electricity remaining amount. The tablet includes a receiver that receives the position indicator information from the position indicator, and detects the electricity remaining amount of the power storage device from the frequency at which the specific bit of the received position indicator information is 0 or 1.

Abstract: A method in which a sensor controller is connected to a sensor having an electrode group provided together with a display panel configured to operate in during a variable refresh cycle among a plurality of refresh cycles, and an active stylus performs bidirectional communication with the sensor controller. According to the method, the sensor controller acquires a present refresh cycle among the plurality of refresh cycles of the display panel, generates an uplink signal, which serves as a reference for synchronization corresponding to the acquired present refresh cycle, and transmits the uplink signal to the active stylus, which is not detected as yet or is detected already, at the present refresh cycle.

Abstract: A mobile terminal and methods for operating a mobile terminal based on a touch input, including receiving at least one touch input to a touch panel of the mobile terminal, the touch panel including a first input area and a second input area; generating at least one touch sensed signal corresponding to the at least one touch input to one or more of the first input area and the second input area; generating at least one control signal corresponding to the at least one touch sensed signal, wherein the first input area remains activated in a power off state of the mobile terminal and the second input area is initially deactivated in the power off state. The mobile terminal and methods for operating the mobile terminal based on a touch input thereby provide for an improved design and enhanced reliability of operation.

Abstract: A touch sensor assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a sensor housing disposed at a rear surface of an external member on which a touch operation unit on which a user touches is marked, a sensor PCB accommodated in the sensor housing, and an elastic member which is disposed at a rear side of the sensor PCB and presses the sensor PCB toward a rear surface of the external member, wherein the elastic member is mounted in an elastic member accommodation portion formed at a bottom surface of the sensor housing.

Abstract: Electronic devices may be provided that contain flexible displays that are bent to form displays on multiple surfaces of the devices. Bent flexible displays may be bent to form front side displays and edge displays. Edge displays may be separated from front side displays or from other edge displays using patterned housing members, printed or painted masks, or by selectively activating and inactivating display pixels associated with the flexible display. Edge displays may alternately function as virtual buttons, virtual switches, or informational displays that are supplemental to front side displays. Virtual buttons may include transparent button members, lenses, haptic feedback components, audio feedback components, or other components for providing feedback to a user when virtual buttons are activated.

Abstract: One inventive aspect is an array substrate, which includes a plurality of touch leads, a common electrode layer, and a drive circuit. The common electrode layer is divided into a plurality of columns of self-capacitive electrodes, which are electronically connected to the drive circuit through the touch leads. The array substrate also includes a plurality of pixel units. Each touch lead is electronically connected to the self-capacitive electrode corresponding to the touch lead via a first via hole. At least one touch lead is parallel to and cross over one column of the self-capacitive electrodes. In a direction perpendicular to the array substrate, a projection of the self-capacitive electrode covers projections of a plurality of pixel units. In addition, along a direction of the touch leads, an interval between two adjacent first via holes is greater than or equal to a length of two pixel units.

Abstract: A display panel and a display device, where the display panel includes a display region and a frame region surrounding the display region. The display panel includes a peripheral touch structure disposed in the frame region and an internal touch structure disposed in the display region.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a sensor-equipped display device includes a drive electrode, a detection electrode including a first electrode and a second electrode disposed such that a gap is formed between the first electrode and the drive electrode and a gap is formed between the second electrode and the drive electrode, both of which change corresponding to a pressing force applied to the first and second electrodes, a driver configured to write a write signal to the drive electrode to produce a sensor signal, and a detector. The detector detects a position and a pressing force of an object on the basis of a change in a first capacitance between the first electrode and the drive electrode and a change in a second capacitance between the second electrode and the drive electrode.

Abstract: A wall-mounted dimmer may include an actuator assembly configured to translate a touch interaction with the dimmer into a desired dimming level. The actuator assembly may include a control interface having a resilient, deflectable membrane, a plurality of force-sensitive impedance members supported by the membrane, and an actuator configured to transfer a touch along the actuator to the membrane, causing the membrane to actuate one or more corresponding force-sensitive impedance members. The force-sensitive impedance members may be configured to make contact with corresponding ones of a plurality of open circuit pads supported by a printed circuit board. Each of the plurality of open circuit pads may correspond to a predetermined dimming level applied to a lighting load electrically connected to the dimmer. The control interface may be configured such that contact between the force-sensitive impedance members and corresponding ones of the open circuit pads is pressure sensitive.

Abstract: An integral sensing apparatus for touch and pressure includes an upper substrate having a first electrode layer with a plurality of first sensing electrodes, a second electrode layer having at least one second sensing electrode, a dielectric layer arranged between the first and the second electrode layers, and a capacitance sensing circuit. In touch sensing operation, the capacitance sensing circuit sends a first capacitance-exciting signal to a selected first sensing electrode and obtains a touch sensing signal from the selected first sensing electrode, wherein an auxiliary signal with same phase as the first capacitance-exciting signal is sent to at least one corresponding second sensing electrode. In pressure sensing operation, the capacitance sensing circuit sends a second capacitance-exciting signal to the corresponding second sensing electrode and obtains a pressure sensing signal from the second sensing electrode, wherein a counter exciting signal is also sent to the selected first sensing electrode.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally provide a method of input sensing with a sensor electrode. The method includes driving an input sensing signal to charge the sensor electrode and sampling a first voltage associated with the sensor electrode. The method further includes removing charge from the sensor electrode when the first voltage is above a threshold voltage, adding charge to the sensor electrode when the first voltage is below the threshold voltage, determining a number of times charge is removed from the sensor electrode, and determining a number of times charge is added to the sensor electrode. The method further includes determining positional information based on the number of times charge is removed from the sensor electrode and the number of times charge is added to the sensor electrode.

Abstract: Described herein are devices, methods and computer readable media that allow a device with a touch-screen to respond to different pressure inputs. For example, while the device displays a plurality of media controls on the touch screen, it detects a gesture at a location corresponding to a respective medial control. In accordance with a determination that the gesture meets first pressure criteria, the device performs a first media operation associated with the respective media control; and in accordance with a determination that the gesture meets second pressure criteria different from the first pressure criteria, the device performs a second media operation associated with a second media control that is different from the first media operation.

Abstract: A driver integrated circuit (IC), arranged to selectively operate in a display mode, a self-capacitor mode and a mutual-capacitor mode when the driver IC is coupled to a touch display panel, wherein when the driver IC operates in the display mode, the driver IC outputs display data to a plurality of source lines of the touch display panel; when the driver IC operates in the self-capacitor mode, the driver controls the source lines to have a predetermined voltage; and when the driver IC operates in the mutual-capacitor mode, the driver IC sequentially sends an impulse signal to the source lines.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electronic device having a force sensing device. The force sensing device receives a continuous force input which is translated into a discrete event. In order to more accurately determine the type of discrete event intended by a user, the electronic device is able to determine an amount of noise present in the electronic device and dynamically adjust force threshold values associated with the force sensing device.

Abstract: A touch sensor system includes a touch panel having a plurality of touch sensing areas, at least one multiplexer and a touch controller. The touch controller, for controlling touch driving and sensing on the touch panel, includes a plurality of pins connected to the multiplexer via a plurality of touch control wires and touch sensing wires, wherein each of the pins is connected to one of the touch control wires or touch sensing wires. Each of the touch sensing wires transmits driving signals from the touch controller to a corresponding multiplexer to perform driving on one of the touch sensing areas, and transmits sensing signals from the touch sensing area to the touch controller. The touch controller controls the multiplexer to perform touch driving and sensing on the touch sensing areas in a specific order by triggering the touch control wires in an order.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a touch panel that includes a touch sensor panel configured to detect coordinates of a touch position provided on a screen configured to display an object for an input operation; and a processor coupled to the touch panel and configured to: suppress output of coordinate information of a contact position on an invalid area when a contact to the invalid area set in a part of the screen of the touch sensor panel is detected; output coordinate information of a contact position of the contact to an area other than the invalid area when a contact to the area other than the invalid area is detected; and change the invalid area in accordance with a degree of overlap of a display area of the object and a standard invalid area.

Abstract: A terminal, where the terminal includes a conductive sheet configured to form a capacitor with a hand when the hand holds the terminal, and a processor, connected to the conductive sheet, where the processor is configured to detect a capacitance of the capacitor, and determine a holding gesture for the terminal according to the detected capacitance and a preset correspondence between a capacitance and a holding gesture, and the conductive sheet is disposed in the terminal, and when the hand holds the terminal, the conductive sheet forms a capacitor with the hand. When the terminal is held using different holding gestures, capacitances of capacitors formed between the conductive sheet in the terminal and the hand are different, and a correspondence between a capacitance and a holding gesture is preset using this difference.

Abstract: An operation apparatus includes: a detector capable of detecting a slide operation on a surface of the operation apparatus; a shape variator including a variable shape portion which is disposed in a partial region of the surface and whose surface shape is deformable; and a controller which controls the shape variator in such a way that the shape variable portion is formed into a first shape being the same as a surface shape of a region other than the partial region or a second shape different from the first shape. The controller controls the shape variator in such a way that the shape of the variable shape portion is formed into the first shape when the detector detects the slide operation.

Abstract: Embodiments of a system and method for assisting disabled users can include: a display configured to receive an input from the disabled user; a set of tactile cues proximal the display; and a processing system configured to: store an assistance map, and map the touch input to a digital input based on the assistance map.

Abstract: There is provided a touch display device including a display and a touch control device. The display includes a glass substrate. The touch control device is attached to the glass substrate and includes a touch zone, a fingerprint detection zone and a control circuit. The touch zone includes a matrix of first detecting cells arranged at a first grid distance. The fingerprint detection zone includes a matrix of second detecting cells arranged at a second grid distance. The control circuit is configured to control detection operations of the touch zone and the fingerprint detection zone and to adjust an effective grid distance of the fingerprint detection zone according to a first detected touch position.

Abstract: A method of controlling an operation of an electronic device having a damaged touch area is included. The method includes detecting a damaged area in a touch area, identifying information on a location and a width of the damaged area, and performing a touch compensation function when a touch is to be compensated for based on the information.

Abstract: The present embodiments relate to a display device, a touch sensing circuit, and a driving method, and more specifically, to a display device, a touch sensing circuit, and a driving method, which may: detect the power mode; create touch driving signals that have different amplitudes depending on the detected power mode; and drive touch electrodes for sensing the touch by using the created touch driving signals in order to thereby provide a high touch sensitivity regardless of the type of power mode.

Abstract: A touch sensor integrated display device and a method for driving the same are disclosed. The touch sensor integrated display device includes a display panel, in which a pixel array is divided into a plurality of touch blocks, each touch block includes pixels displaying an input image and a sensing target dummy pixel sensing a touch input, and the sensing target dummy pixel includes a dummy driving TFT configured to control a source-drain current based on a gate-source voltage, and a panel drive circuit, which in a touch sensing period, supplies a scan control signal and a sensing control signal to the sensing target dummy pixel and sets the gate-source voltage to turn on the dummy driving TFT by applying a touch driving data voltage to a gate node of the dummy driving TFT and applying a reference voltage to a source node of the dummy driving TFT.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device with a surface of a first transparent substrate, the surface of the substrate facing a liquid crystal layer, a plurality of light absorptive resin layer patterns, a plurality of metal layer patterns, a transparent resin layer, and a plurality of transparent electrode patterns are laminated in this order; the plurality of light absorptive resin layer patterns and the plurality of metal layer patterns have openings formed therein and formed into the same shape when viewed in a laminating direction; the plurality of metal layer patterns are arrayed in a first direction, being insulated from each other; the plurality of transparent electrode patterns are arrayed in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, being insulated from each other; each metal layer pattern has at least one of an alloy layer mainly containing copper, and a copper layer.

Abstract: An electronic device including a touch screen configured to display at least one graphic object for executing an operation on the electronic device; at least first and second magnetic sensors configured to detect a spatial position of an input device having a magnetic field generating unit; and a controller configured to in response to a touch applied to the graphic object using the input device for executing the operation, execute a hold mode of holding the execution of the operation while the spatial position of the input device is moved away from the touch screen while being maintained within a reference range, and release the hold mode and execute the operation when the spatial position of the input device is moved out of the reference range.

Abstract: An integral sensing apparatus includes an upper substrate having a first electrode layer with a plurality of polygonal touch sensing electrodes staggered to each other, a second electrode layer having at least one force sensing electrode, a dielectric layer, and a capacitance sensing circuit. In touch sensing operation, the capacitance sensing circuit sends a touch capacitance-exciting signal to a selected touch sensing electrode and obtains a touch sensing signal therefrom, wherein an auxiliary signal with same phase as the touch capacitance-exciting signal is sent to at least one corresponding force sensing electrode. In force sensing operation, the capacitance sensing circuit sends a force capacitance-exciting signal to the at least one corresponding force sensing electrode and obtains a force sensing signal from the force sensing electrode.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods are disclosed for extending the functionality of a mobile device by including a cover for the mobile device with a substantial portion of the exterior overlaid with a touch-sensitive surface. Logic stored on the cover senses a user's touch on the touch-sensitive surface and transmits the touch input to the coupled mobile device. Logic stored on the coupled mobile device may receive and interpret the touch input as a function or command of an operating system, or a function or command of a program within the operating system of the mobile device.

Abstract: A device includes an electronic display formed with a stackup of layers and an array of optical sensing elements embedded on at least one layer of the stackup or on a chassis of the electronic display and a circuit connected to the optical sensing elements. The circuit is configured to relate output from the optical sensing elements to pressure applied on the electronic display.

Abstract: An information handling system includes a tablet computer, which in turn includes a touch sensor, a sensor detector, and a processor. The sensor detector is configured to communicate with the touch sensor, and to detect a first fingerprint on the touch sensor. The processor is configured to communicate with the sensor detector, to determine that the first fingerprint is within a first zone of the touch sensor, to match the first fingerprint to a stored fingerprint for the first zone of the touch sensor, to determine a first input function associated with the first fingerprint based on the first fingerprint matching the stored fingerprint for the first zone, and to execute the first input function.

Abstract: Embodiments include an electronic input system, which has a wearable input device having an accelerometer and circuitry configured for an operation detection mechanism and an input communication mechanism. The operation detection mechanism acquires acceleration data from the accelerometer to detect an input event. The electronic input system also has a first electronic device having circuitry for a first communication mechanism, a first event analyzer, a screen display, and a first data communication mechanism. The electronic input system also has a second electronic device having circuitry configured for a second communication mechanism, a second event analyzer, a second data communication mechanism, a screen combining mechanism, and a screen display. Embodiments also include a method of communicating an event between an input device and one or more electronic portable devices, such as the first electronic device and the second electronic device.

Abstract: A projector includes a second projecting section configured to project a second portion of an image output by an information processing apparatus, a detecting section configured to detect a position of a pointer with respect to the projected second portion and generate second position information representing the in a coordinate system of the second portion, and a second transmitting section configured to transmit the second position information to the projector. Another projector includes a first projecting section configured to project the first portion, a receiving section configured to receive the second position information, and a first transmitting section configured to transmit position information obtained by converting the received second position information according to a coordinate system of the image or the second position information received by the receiving section to the information processing apparatus as first position information.

Abstract: Controlling an audio volume is disclosed. An indicator identifying a force intensity of a touch input provided on a touch input surface is received. It is determined that the touch input is associated with an audio volume control. The audio volume is controlled based at least in part on the indicator identifying the force intensity of the touch input.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a sensor device capable of detecting an operation position and a pressing force with high accuracy. [Solution] A sensor device includes a first conductor layer, an electrode substrate, and a plurality of first structural bodies configured to separate the first conductor layer from the electrode substrate. At least one of the first conductor layer and the electrode substrate has flexibility. The electrode substrate includes a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes intersecting the plurality of first electrodes. At least one of the first and second electrodes includes a plurality of sub-electrodes.

Abstract: A touch display panel is disclosed. The touch display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate, and a plurality of touch electrodes disposed on a side of the first substrate facing the second substrate. The plurality of touch electrodes are disposed in an array. The touch display panel also includes a conductive layer disposed on the second substrate, where the conductive layer includes a plurality of openings, and where portions of the touch electrodes are exposed through the openings. In addition, a projection of the conductive layer on the second substrate overlaps the touch electrodes, and the conductive layer is grounded or connected to a constant potential during a touch period.

Abstract: An in-cell touch panel and its trace layout are disclosed. The in-cell touch panel includes a plurality of pixels. Each pixel has a laminated structure bottom-up including a substrate, a TFT layer, a liquid crystal layer, a color filter layer, and a glass layer. The TFT layer is disposed on the substrate. A first conductive layer and a second conductive layer are integrated in the TFT layer. The liquid crystal layer is disposed on the TFT layer. The color filter layer is disposed on the liquid crystal layer. The glass layer is disposed on the color filter layer. The design of touch sensing electrodes and their trace layout in the in-cell touch panel of the application is simple and it can effectively reduce cost and reduce the RC loading of a common electrode.

Abstract: A flat display apparatus includes a first substrate, a display unit on the first substrate, a second substrate opposite the first substrate, a touch screen layer on a bottom surface of the second substrate that faces the display unit, a protection layer on the bottom surface of the second substrate, covering the touch screen layer, and including an inorganic layer, and a sealing member between the first substrate and the protection layer, surrounding the display unit, and binding the first and second substrates together by binding to the inorganic layer of the protection layer.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an array substrate and a method for forming the same, a method for detecting a touch-control operation of a touch-control display apparatus. The array substrate includes: a self-capacitance touch-control layer, which also serves as a common electrode layer; the self-capacitance touch-control layer includes multiple first electrodes and multiple second electrodes, where the first electrodes are smaller in area than the second electrodes; the multiple first electrodes form multiple electrode groups each of which includes at least two of the first electrodes, where the electrode groups and the second electrodes are same in external shape. Accordingly, touch resolution and touch sensitivity of the array substrate may both reach a high level.

Abstract: An input device includes a first substrate, a first light-emitting element unit, and a third electrode unit. The first substrate has a first surface and a second surface. The first light-emitting element includes a first electrode unit formed on the second surface, a second electrode unit formed in a layer different from that of the first electrode unit, and a luminescent layer electrically in contact with at least a part of the first electrode unit and a part of the second electrode unit, and formed between the first electrode unit and the second electrode unit. The third electrode unit is insulated from the first electrode unit and detects a change in an electric field between the first electrode unit and the third electrode unit depending on coordinates of a proximity object present at a position overlapping with the first surface in planar view.

Abstract: A touch screen includes a column-direction wire and a row-direction wire. The column-direction wire and the row-direction wire three-dimensionally intersect each other in a region that is a detection cell. At least one of the column-direction wire and the row-direction wire has an end portion whose width is larger than a width of another portion of the wire, the end portion being a wire-end expansion portion. The wire-end expansion portion is provided so as to be located outside an edge of an outermost column-direction wire and an outermost row-direction wire that are disposed on the outermost side of a detectable area formed of a plurality of the column-direction wires and a plurality of the row-direction wires. The column-direction wire and the row-direction wire each have a mesh structure in which a plurality of conductor wires are disposed in a mesh pattern. The wire-end expansion portion has the mesh structure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a touch window including a substrate, and a sensing electrode provided on the substrate and a wire electrode connected with the sensing electrode. The substrate includes a first area having the sensing electrode and a second area having the wire electrode. The first area has the sensing electrode by a first closing ratio, the second area has the wire electrode by a second closing ratio, and a size of the first closing ratio is equal to or different from a size of the second closing ratio.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a display device including a panel which includes a plurality of electrodes which are arranged in parallel to each other, and a bending sensing unit that senses a bending of the panel by using a change in a capacitance between at least two electrodes among the plurality of electrodes.

Abstract: In a second-conductive-sheet for a touch-panel, a plurality of upper-detection-electrodes disposed in a detection region and a plurality of second terminal wiring portions disposed in a peripheral wiring region to electrically connect the upper-detection-electrodes to second terminal portions and are formed. Each of the upper-detection-electrodes is made of a mesh-patterned first metal mesh having intersecting thin conductive metal wires, and each of the second terminal wiring portions is made of a mesh-patterned second metal mesh having intersecting thin conductive metal wires made of the same material as the thin conductive metal wires constituting each of the upper detection electrodes. The wire width of the first metal mesh is set to be equal to or less than 5 ?m, and the extension direction of the thin conductive metal wires constituting the first metal mesh and the second metal mesh is inclined with respect to a bending line direction of a bent portion of a second-resin-film.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a touch panel having pen touch and electrode touch functions. Specifically, the present invention relates to a touch panel, which can enhance visibility of a view area and simplify the process of manufacturing the touch panel by improving wiring of sensing patterns for pen touch and arranging overlap structures, which are created as the sensing patterns cross each other, in a separate area other than the view area.

Abstract: A durable touch screen assembly including a display screen for projecting images to a viewer; an optically clear, flexible touch sensor through which the images are projected; an optically clear, flexible substrate positioned between the electronic display screen and the flexible touch sensor; a space between the flexible substrate and the electronic display screen sufficient to enable the substrate and the touch sensor to flex; and a durable polycarbonate protective layer at least about 0.01 inch thick attached in front of the touch sensor substantially free of intervening features that would impair visibility.

Abstract: A conductive sheet, method for using conductive sheet and touch panel, having a base substance and conductive parts formed on one of the principal surfaces of the base substance. The conductive parts respectively extend in primary directions, and have two or more conductive patterns made from metal wires arranged in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction. The conductive pattern is constituted by serially connecting two or more large gratings in the first direction, and each of the large gratings is constituted by combining two or more small gratings. Around the edges of the large grating, non-connective patterns are formed from metal wires which are not connected with the large gratings.