Abstract: An optical system includes: a first optical element; a first movable frame; a holding frame; a voice coil motor; a first position detection unit configured to detect information related to a position of the first movable frame with respect to the holding frame and generate a first position signal; a determination unit configured to determine whether the first position signal is normal; and a drive control unit configured to perform, when the determination unit determines that the first position signal is normal, first drive control for driving the first movable frame by controlling, based on the first position signal, a current allowed to flow in the coil or configured to perform, when the determination unit determines that the first position signal is not normal, second drive control for driving the first movable frame by flowing a current with a predetermined value in the coil.

Abstract: Processing logic makes a comparison between first image data and second image data of a dental arch and determines a plurality of spatial differences between a first representation of the dental arch in the first image data and a second representation of the dental arch in the second image data. The processing logic determines that a first spatial difference is attributable to scanner inaccuracy and that a second spatial difference is attributable to a clinical change to the dental arch. The processing logic generates a third representation of the dental arch that is a modified version of the second representation, wherein the first spatial difference is removed in the third representation, and wherein the third representation comprises a visual enhancement that accentuates the second spatial difference.

Abstract: An embodiment of an image processing apparatus includes: an illuminating section which sequentially irradiates an object with a first and second illuminating light beams polarized in different directions. The section emits the polarized light beams sequentially so that the wavelength ranges of the light beams do not overlap with each other. The apparatus further includes: a polarization image sensor; a polarization mosaic processing section which obtains a first polarization image while the object is being irradiated with the first illuminating light beam and a second polarization image while the object is being irradiated with the second illuminating light beam; a depressed area detecting section which detects a depressed area on the surface of the object based on the polarization images; and an image forming section which forms an image representing the depressed area in an enhanced form.

Abstract: An endoscope system has an oxygen saturation calculation unit that calculates the oxygen saturation of an observation object, and includes an image acquisition unit that acquires a preliminarily captured image that is an image of the observation object, a correction unit that corrects an LUT that the oxygen saturation calculation unit uses for the calculation of the oxygen saturation, using the preliminarily captured image, a determination unit that determines a success or failure of the correction, and a warning unit that performs warning in a case where a determination result obtained by the determination unit is a failure.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a flexible tube section including coiled tubes, a motor disposed on a proximal side of the flexible tube section, a driving force transmission unit disposed on a distal side of the flexible tube section, and a drive shaft provided inside the flexible tube section along a long axis, the drive shaft being caused to perform rotation around the long axis by a driving force of the motor and to transmit the rotation of the motor to the driving force transmission unit, where torsional resistance of the flexible tube section around the long axis is set higher than torsional resistance between a relay gear of the motor and a drive gear of the driving force transmission unit through the drive shaft.

Abstract: An endoscope particularly suited for endocranial procedures and a method of using the endoscope. In some examples the endoscope is rigid except for a bend/tilt portion near a distal end of a rigid tube that is inserted in a patient's cranium, which distal end is controlled in a degree and direction of tilt with a finger operated controller at the endoscope's handle. Some examples use telescoping tubes that allow customizing the endoscope size for specific procedures. A distal portion of the endoscope can be disposable, supplied in a sterile package for a single procedure, thus taking into account contamination dangers that are particularly high for intracranial and certain other interventions and the fact that it can be difficult or impossible to effectively autoclave heat-sensitive components of certain endoscopes or effectively sterilize them using other techniques.

Abstract: Provided is a medical wire including: a main wire-strand portion that is formed of a plurality of main wire strands and that extends over the entire length of the medical wire; and at least one sub wire-strand portion that is disposed at an outer circumference of the main wire-strand portion, that is secured to the main wire-strand portion, and that is formed of a sub wire strand, wherein the diameter of the sub wire strand is at least twice the diameter of the main wire strand, and a first region having a relatively small lateral cross-sectional area and a second region having a lateral cross-sectional area that is greater than that of the first region are included.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a flexible device having a longitudinal axis, a first elongate member configured to move the flexible device in a first direction relative to the longitudinal axis, and a second elongate member configured to move the flexible device in a second direction relative to the longitudinal axis that is different to the first direction. The flexible device can also have an articulation section including a plurality of articulation links, wherein at least one of the plurality of articulation links can include a body configured to receive the first elongate member and the second elongate member.

Abstract: A disposable medical device with a lighting effect has a body and a light assembly. The body has an inspection portion, a grip portion, and a placement portion. The light assembly is detachably connected to the body and has an outer casing, a lighting module, and a power supply module. The outer casing is detachably connected to the placement portion of the body, and has a chamber, a communicating hole, and a through hole. The lighting module is deposited in the outer casing and has a luminous body and a pressing-conductive arm. The pressing-conductive arm is swingably deposited in the outer casing, is selectively and electrically connected to the luminous body, and has an abutting portion and a conductive portion. The power supply module is deposited in the chamber, and is selectively and electrically connected to the lighting module and the conductive portion of the pressing-conductive arm.

Abstract: An endoscope processor includes a connector configured to connect with a second connector, provided on an endoscope; a protective ground-contact connected to ground; and an electrostatic inductor connected to, and electrically conductive with, the protective ground-contact, the electrostatic inductor positioned in a connection space between the connector and the second connector when the endoscope and the endoscope processor are not connected to each other.

Abstract: Provided is an endoscope apparatus that can improve the airtightness of a space within a connector part where an optical semiconductor element or the like is present. The endoscope apparatus includes a connector part that is connected to an external device and transmits and receives light signals to and from the external device. The connector part includes a hollow metal member having two openings that communicate with each other, a light emitting element that is press-fitted and fixed to one opening side of the hollow metal member so as to be capable of sealing the periphery of the one opening, a lens that is provided on the other opening side of the hollow metal member, a fixing member that fixes the lens to the hollow metal member, and an O ring that is pressed by the fixing member and seals a gap between the lens and the hollow metal member.

Abstract: An adaptive blade for a laryngoscope includes a proximal end, which is mechanically connectable or connected to a handle in order to form an adaptive laryngoscope, a first flexible bar, which extends from the proximal end of the adaptive blade to the distal end thereof, a second flexible bar, which extends from the proximal end of the adaptive blade to the distal end thereof, and a connecting structure with a first end, which is connected to the first flexible bar in an articulated manner, and with a second end, which is connected to the second flexible bar in an articulated manner. The first flexible bar is formed by a first member made of a first material and a second member made of a second material. An interface between the first member and the second member extends over at least half the distance between the proximal end and the distal end of the adaptive blade.

Abstract: A sleeve assembly is described for coupling a colonoscope insertion tube to an add-on tube. In some embodiments, the sleeve assembly defines an elongated lumen and comprises an inner sleeve sized to receive an insertion tube of a colonoscope, an outer sleeve encircling the inner sleeve, and one or more add-on tubes positioned between the inner sleeve and the outer sleeve. In some embodiments, at least the inner sleeve is collapsible to fit tightly over a colonoscope insertion tube received within the inner sleeve. In some embodiments, the inner sleeve is coupled to the outer sleeve at one or more locations along the length of the inner sleeve so that collapsing of the inner sleeve brings the outer sleeve radially closer to the inner sleeve, approximating the one or more add-on tubes to a colonoscope insertion tube received within the inner sleeve.

Abstract: A loop antenna module used in a capsule-type endoscope comprises: a feed portion substrate including a pair of coupling pads provided on a surface; and a loop antenna body including a loop antenna substrate coupled to the feed portion substrate, a pair of coupling pads provided on a surface of the loop antenna substrate and capacitively coupled to a further pair of coupling pads provided in the feed portion substrate, and a conductive wire extended from the pair of coupling pads provided on the surface of the loop antenna substrate to have a spiral pattern, wherein the loop antenna substrate, the pair of coupling pads and the conductive wire provided in the loop antenna substrate are formed of a transparent material.

Abstract: An imaging device includes: an optical device; a movable frame configured to support and move the optical device in a predetermined direction; a supporting frame configured to support the movable frame; a voice coil motor configured to move the movable frame relative to the supporting frame in the predetermined direction; a position detecting unit configured to detect a position of the movable frame relative to the supporting frame and generate a position signal; a signal processing unit configured to generate a drive signal and determine whether the position signal is normal; an imaging device; an image processing unit; a first drive controller configured to drive the movable frame; a second drive controller configured to drive the movable frame; and a selector configured to select a drive controller that controls driving of the movable frame from the first drive controller and the second drive controller.

Abstract: An endoscope apparatus includes: a first endoscope that includes a first observation optical system; a second endoscope that includes a second observation optical system different from the first observation optical system, an exit pupil diameter of the second endoscope being larger than an exit pupil diameter of the first endoscope; an imaging device that is connected to one of the first and the second endoscopes, and includes an aperture diaphragm configured to pass light output from the connected one of the first and the second endoscopes, and an imaging unit configured to receive the light passed through the aperture diaphragm and convert the received light into an electric signal; and an image processing device configured to generate an image by using the electric signal generated by the imaging device. A minimum aperture diameter of the aperture diaphragm is larger than the exit pupil diameter of the first endoscope.

Abstract: The light adjustment apparatus of the present embodiment comprises a light adjustment part, a rotation axis body that supports a rotation arm that places and removes the light adjustment part in and out of a light path by swinging, and has a magnet installed therein, an electromagnetic drive source that forms a magnetic circuit including the rotation axis body on the circuit, and works an electromagnetic force on the magnet to rotate a rotational axis of the rotation axis body, and a float prevention part that magnetically restricts the rotation axis body, and prevents the rotation axis body from floating towards an axial direction of the rotational axis when the rotation axis body is rotated.

Abstract: An endoscope includes an insertion part that includes a distal end and a proximal end, a distal-end-portion body that is provided on a distal end side of the insertion part, and an ultrasound transducer that is provided on a distal end side of the distal-end-portion body. The distal-end-portion body includes a pair of walls, a standing base that is disposed in a space formed by the pair of walls and connected to a treatment tool outlet, an observation window that is disposed on one wall of the pair of walls, and a nozzle that is provided on the flat surface opposite to the space across the observation window and ejects washing water to the observation window. The wall surface of the other wall of the pair of walls is positioned on an extension of an ejection direction of the washing water to be ejected from the nozzle.

Abstract: Systems are methods are provided for heating an endoscope to defog or avoid from fogging of lens. The endoscope heater may have an elongated body that attaches to the shaft of an endoscope with a controller to operate a heating element disposed on the body. The controller may maintain the heating element at a predetermined temperature. In use, the controller may be operated to energize the heating element and warm the endoscope above ambient temperature prior to introduction into the patient's body.

Abstract: A probe device (50), for a resectoscope (10) or another microinvasive instrument for working or manipulating tissue, includes a probe shaft (60) with a cylindrical portion (66) for arrangement in an instrument shaft (20) and with a distal end for arrangement near a distal end of the instrument shaft (20), an effecting device at the distal end of the probe shaft (60), and a sealing device (70) with a probe shaft channel (76) in which the cylindrical portion (66) of the probe shaft (60) is arranged. The probe shaft (60) is movable relative to the sealing device (70) parallel to the longitudinal axis of the probe shaft (60) and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the probe shaft channel (76). The sealing device (70) is formed from metal or ceramic or from another non-elastic material and is connected permanently to the probe shaft (60).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for monitoring an eye of a subject, comprising: a transparent carrier for being in contact with the eye of the subject; and a photosensor facing the eye of the subject for receiving light reflected from the eye of the subject and for determining a light intensity of the received light, wherein the photosensor is arranged on the transparent carrier; and wherein the photosensor includes one of: a plurality of photodetectors arranged in the form of a two-dimensional array and spaced apart from one another for allowing incident light to pass between the photodetectors to enter the eye of the subject wherein the plurality of photodetectors is arranged in a plurality of rows of photodetectors or in a plurality of concentric circles substantially covering the iris and the pupil of the eye of the subject; and a single large area photodetector covering an iris and a pupil of the eye of the subject.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes systems and method for generating surgical maps that provide a surgeon with information regarding the placement of features of interest. More particularly, the system is configured to display optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to a medical professional. The medical professional can select anatomical features, biomarkers, and other features of interest within each of the OCT images. The system can then translate the location of the features of interest within the OCT images to an en face image to generate a map of the features that the medical professional can use for surgical guidance.

Abstract: A system for preliminary diagnosis of ocular diseases is proposed, in which from capturing a plurality of images of the eyes of a person, a final image, corrected by processing the images by a computer application, is obtained. The already mentioned application calculates the percentage of the colors composing the pupillary reflex of each eye, and compares the results with previous reference pictures obtained from normal cases and clinical cases of ocular diseases.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device and to a method for the quantitative detection of disorders in the field of vision of an eye of a test subject, in particular in the case of eye diseases which are associated with macular edema, wherein a square grid is displayed on a display device whose grid lines which are perceived by the test subject as curved can be modified by the subject in such a way that the subject can view an orthogonal reticule again. Such lines perceived as curved can be modified by input signals which modify the boundary curves defined by the boundary functions in such a way that the originally displayed linear reticule is perceived again, wherein the geometric deviations caused by transformation of the regions of the square reticule perceived as curved from the originally present squares are determined quantitatively as the sum of the absolute values of the horizontal deviations and as the sum of the absolute values of the vertical deviations.

Abstract: An optical measurement instrument performs a series of wavefront measurements to obtain a plurality of sets of wavefront aberrometry data for an eye, and performs a series of corneal topography measurements to obtain a plurality of sets of corneal topography data for the eye. Each set of wavefront aberrometry data is obtained at a corresponding different point in time, and each set of corneal topography data is obtained at a corresponding different point in time. The wavefront aberrometry data and the corneal topography data are processed to produce combined tear film breakup data as a function of time. The combined tear film breakup data may be employed as a metric for evaluating a level of tear film breakup of the eye as a function of time.

Abstract: The invention relates to an interferometric method, in which the light scattered by an object is imaged onto an electronic camera, wherein a sample light component is assigned to scattering sites on a sectional face in the interior of the object. This sample light component can he separated from the contributions of the other sample light components by processing of the camera image and leads to a sectional image. A particular advantage of the invention lies in the fact that multiple parallel sectional faces can be exposed sequentially at predetermined intervals from each other in the interior of the object. Such a sequence of sectional images can be used to calculate a solid model of the object. The invention is applicable in particular to the live retina and allows a three-dimensional retina scan within a few seconds with a cost-effective and, if necessary, hand-held device. Application options are in the fields of ophthalmology and in biometry.

Abstract: A system and method for diagnosing and treating glaucoma is presented. The system imparts pressure on the anterior chamber of a eye using a coupling mechanism, while capturing three-dimensional imagery of the eye using optical coherence tomography angiography. Applying pressure in various areas of the eye, imparts changes that can help detect parts of the eye, or diagnose certain disorders related to the drainage of aqueous humor. A controller coupled to the optical coherence tomography angiography scanner may be used to guide a laser for excision of the trabecular meshwork for enhancing aqueous humor drainage thus lowering intraocular pressure and preventing glaucoma.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a user device, server, and computer program for determining vision information. The computer program is stored in a computer-readable storage medium including encoded instructions. When executed by one or more processors of a computer system, the computer program causes the one or more processors to perform operations, the operations comprising the operations of: allowing the operation of a lighting unit to be controlled in response to a photographing request; allowing a photographing unit to acquire an image of a pupil of a user in response to the photographing request; allowing intensity profile information regarding the diameter of the pupil to be acquired from the image of the pupil; allowing crescent length information to be determined from the intensity profile information; and allowing the vision information of the user to be determined at least partially based on the crescent length information.

Abstract: Provided are a method and system for detecting time-domain cardiac information, the method comprising: obtaining moving images of a pupil from a subject; extracting a pupil size variation (PSV) from the moving images; calculating R-peak to R-peak intervals (RRIs) in a predetermined frequency range from the PSV; and obtaining at least one time-domain cardiac parameter by processing the RRIs.

Abstract: Aspects of the embodiments are directed to systems, methods, and devices for eye gaze tracking. In embodiments, a projective surface, such as a virtual reality display screen or augmented reality projective surface, can project light towards a wearer's eyes. The light can be light representing the shape of the projective surface or can be a displayed shape. The light can be reflected from a cornea. The reflected light from the cornea can be received. A distortion of the shape of the projective surface or displayed shape can be used to determine an eye gaze position.

Abstract: A gaze detection apparatus includes a light source configured to irradiate an eyeball of a subject with detection light, a position detection unit configured to detect positions of pupil centers indicating centers of pupils of right and left respective eyeballs and positions of corneal reflection centers indicating centers of corneal reflexes of the right and left respective eyeballs from an image of the eyeball irradiated with the detection light, a curvature radius calculation unit configured to calculate corneal curvature radii of the right and left respective eyeballs from a position of the light source and the positions of the corneal reflection centers, a gaze detection unit configured to detect gaze directions of the right and left respective eyeballs from the positions of the pupil centers and the corneal curvature radii, a viewpoint detection unit, an output control unit, and a determination unit.

Abstract: Devices and methods for determining a propensity to diabetic and/or macular degeneration in a subject by measuring certain featured from a captured retinal image from a subject are described.

Abstract: In one implementation, a multi-vital-sign smartphone system detects multiple vital signs from sensors such as a digital infrared sensor, a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor and at least one micro dynamic light scattering (mDLS) sensor, and thereafter in some implementations the vital signs are transmitted to, and stored by, an electronic medical record system.

Abstract: A vital sign monitoring apparatus is configured to measure a vital sign of a subject. The vital sign monitoring apparatus includes a wireless communication section configured to transmit and to receive various data including audio data, and a determining section configured to determine whether a given condition is met and to switch the wireless communication section from a power saving mode to a high performance mode when it is determined that the given condition is met. In the power saving mode, a processing related to the audio data is partially restricted. In the high performance mode, the restriction of the processing related to the audio data is removed.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to non-invasive medical devices, systems and methods for the detection of anatomical or physiological conditions. In an embodiment, a handheld coronary artery disease (CAD) detection device is used in a non-invasive manner to determine whether an internal coronary artery blockage, calcification or diffuse disease is present. In an embodiment, a data transfer system comprises a hand-held CAD detection device or other data collection device, and a networked or local computer system for storing and processing the recorded data. Supplemental devices such as a data portal device, hub, or dongle can facilitate data transfer between the data collection device and networked or local computer system.

Abstract: An electronic device and method are disclosed herein. The electronic device includes an image sensor, a radio frequency (RF) sensor, and a processor. The processor implements the method, including capturing an image including at least one object using an image sensor, determining an interest area of the at least one object included within the captured image, transmitting a radio frequency (RF) signal to at least a portion of the interest area using an RF sensor, receiving the transmitted RF signal reflected from the at least the portion of the interest area using the RF sensor, and obtaining biometric information for the at least one object based on the reflected RF signal.

Abstract: A vibration detection apparatus is disclosed. The vibration detection apparatus comprises a body configured to have internal space, and a vibration sensor formed on the body and configured to sense vibration from a measuring object. Here, a space exists between the vibration sensor and a surface opposed to the vibration sensor of the body.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system (10) for monitoring a vital sign of a first subject (12), for example, a neonate, which is in proximity or in contact with a second subject (14), for example, a parent. The system comprises an imaging unit (16) for monitoring the first subject (12) from a distance, to obtain an imaging signal related to a first vital sign of the first subject (12), this imaging unit (16) might be, for example, a camera. The system further comprises a sensing unit (18) for obtaining a sensor signal related to a second vital sign of the second subject (14). The sensing unit (18) is arranged in proximity or at the second subject (14). The first vital sign is of the same type as the second vital sign, thus an analyzing unit (20) can be used for deriving the first vital sign of the first subject (12) from said imaging signal by taking into account said sensor signal.

Abstract: An imaging system is configured for generating vibration region caused by ultrasound wave thereby to obtain a plurality of optically-sectioned images. In the imaging system, a stage is operable to be moved along a plurality of scanning imaging positions, and applied to deposit an object with at least one scattering material. When the object receives an ultrasound wave, a shear wave is generated to displace the scattering material thereby to form a vibration region. A laser generating device is configured to transmit a laser beam, which penetrates the vibration region to form a speckle pattern and focused at a focusing position. An optical imaging device is set at the focusing position to receive the laser beam to generate a plurality of scanning optically-sectioned images with respect to the scanning imaging positions.

Abstract: A device, system and method for measuring free gas in a cavity of a subject. The device, system and method include a light source for emitting light with a wavelength associated with an absorption band of the free gas, an optical fibre connected to the light source and adapted to be inserted using an introducing member for internal illumination, and a detector adapted to be positioned on a skin surface for detecting light transmitted through the tissue. The device, system and method further includes a control unit for evaluating the detected transmitted light for determining the free gas, or a distribution of the free gas, or concentration of the free gas.

Abstract: Disclosed are a window apparatus for obtaining a microscopic image of in vivo breast tissue and a method for using the window apparatus to obtain cell-level and molecular-level microscopic images of in vivo breast tissue while maintaining the biological environment of the in vivo breast tissue. In one embodiment, a window apparatus comprises a first chamber having a ring structure with an open window on the center, and a cover glass disposed on the upper part and breast tissue placed on the lower part; a second chamber having an opening window on the center coupled to the first chamber to support the breast tissue; and a chamber holder for fixing the first and second chambers having a tilting mount placing unit with the tilting mount placed to have the cover glass and an object lens of a confocal microscope system stay parallel to each other.

Abstract: A photoacoustic imaging method is provided that can prevent the surface of the subject from appearing in an image when a part to be observed at a position deeper than the surface of the subject is imaged. The photoacoustic imaging device includes a unit for outputting pulsed light toward the subject, and generating photoacoustic data by detecting photoacoustic waves emitted from the subject exposed to the light. The photoacoustic imaging device also includes a region detection unit that detects a near-surface region of the subject based on the photoacoustic wave detection signals, and a correcting unit that attenuates (which encompasses removing) information of the near-surface region found by the region detection unit when the part to be observed is displayed.

Abstract: In one implementation, a device detects multiple vital signs from sensors such as a digital infrared sensor, a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor and at least one micro dynamic light scattering (mDLS) sensor, and thereafter in some implementations the vital signs are transmitted to, and stored by, an electronic medical record system.

Abstract: A kinesitherapy apparatus includes a measuring instrument, a pedaled rotational mechanism, a rotating electrical machine configured to apply an assist load, which is a regenerative load or a power running load, to the pedaled rotational mechanism, and a motion control device. The motion control device performs power running operation of the rotating electrical machine so that a minus assist load is generated in a warm-up period. In a ramp loading period following the warm-up period, the motion control device raises the assist load from the minus assist load, and calculates an anaerobic threshold based on time-series data of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide emission that are obtained via the measuring instrument.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the establishment, implementation and management of a personalized information system pertinent to a user's general health, wellness and/or sport performance. A set of portable device with calorimetric, metabolic sensing, computing and communication capabilities are used for real-time measurement and display as well as long-term logging of highly accurate information about a user's metabolic state. In an aspect, the invention comprises a portable and hand-held indirect calorimetric device with the capacity to obtain the metabolic parameters of a subject by analyzing the composition of both inspired air and/or expired air of the user.

Abstract: A method of detecting a vital sign comprising at least one of a heart rate and a respiratory rate of a subject is provided. In one aspect, the method includes transmitting a radio frequency signal towards the subject; and receiving a reflected signal from the subject, wherein the transmitted signal is reflected by the subject and Doppler-shifted due to at least one of the heart rate and the respiratory rate to form the reflected signal. The method also includes mixing the reflected signal with a first reference signal; and providing a vital sign carrying signal based on the mixing to a first input of a phase or frequency comparator. The method further includes generating an adjustable second reference signal and providing the reference signal to a second input of the phase or frequency comparator; and generating an output signal, by the phase or frequency comparator.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for determining individual-specific blood flow characteristics. One method includes acquiring, for each of a plurality of individuals, individual-specific anatomic data and blood flow characteristics of at least part of the individual's vascular system; executing a machine learning algorithm on the individual-specific anatomic data and blood flow characteristics for each of the plurality of individuals; relating, based on the executed machine learning algorithm, each individual's individual-specific anatomic data to functional estimates of blood flow characteristics; acquiring, for an individual and individual-specific anatomic data of at least part of the individual's vascular system; and for at least one point in the individual's individual-specific anatomic data, determining a blood flow characteristic of the individual, using relations from the step of relating individual-specific anatomic data to functional estimates of blood flow characteristics.

Abstract: A biosensor device having a housing having an inner surface, a band extending from the housing and configured to enclose an attachment site on a user's body, and a sensor package. The sensor package includes at least one optical emitter oriented to selectively emit a respective first light from the inner surface, and a plurality of optical receivers surrounding the at least one optical emitter and configured to receive reflected light at the inner surface.

Abstract: A method of performing a surgical procedure includes generating an infrared image of tissue using a thermographic camera, analyzing the infrared images to determine blood flow characteristics of the tissue, and resecting a portion of the tissue determined to have abnormal blood flow characteristics.

Abstract: A phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) system and method employing a Hybrid One- and Two-sided Flow Encoding Only (HOTFEO) acquisition scheme for accurate blood flow and velocity measurements of three-directional-velocity-encoding PC-MRI.