Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described herein for repositioning a tether attached to a prosthetic heart valve. In some embodiments, a method includes inserting a distal end portion of a snare device through an incision at a first location in a ventricular wall of a heart and within the left ventricle of the heart. A tether extending from a prosthetic mitral valve, through the left ventricle and out an incision at a second location on the ventricular wall of the heart is snared with the snare device. The tether is pulled with the snare device such that a proximal end of the tether is moved back through the incision at the second location on the ventricular wall and into the left ventricle. The snare device is pulled proximally such that the tether is pulled proximally through the incision at the first location in the ventricular wall of the heart.

Abstract: A suturing system including apparatus and methods for disposing stitches in a substrate comprising a thread carrier which inserts a thread in the substrate at a first location and withdraws the thread from the substrate at a second location.

Abstract: A surgical suturing device has an elongate shaft has a proximal end, a distal end, and a longitudinal axis between the proximal and distal ends. An actuator is connected to the proximal end of the elongate shaft. A circular needle applier is on the distal end of the elongate shaft. The circular needle applier has an arced needle and a needle driver operatively connected to the actuator to rotate the arced needle in a circular path. A joint is positioned between the proximal and distal ends of the elongate shaft. The joint is operatively connected to the actuator to selectively articulate the shaft. A bearing is on the shaft positioned distally of the joint. The bearing is operatively connected to the actuator to selectively rotate the circular needle applier about the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A surgical instrument is disclosed. The instrument includes a handle assembly, an endoscopic portion, a pair of jaw members, and a plurality of staples. The endoscopic portion defines a longitudinal axis. The pair of jaw members is disposed adjacent a distal end of the endoscopic portion and extends generally distally therefrom. Each of the jaw members is longitudinally curved with respect to the longitudinal axis. At least one of the jaw members is movable with respect to the other between an open position and an approximated position for engaging body tissue therebetween. The plurality of staples is disposed at least partially within a second jaw member. Each of the staples includes a pair of legs depending from a backspan. Each leg includes a staple tip defining a first angle ?1 between about 25° and about 35°.

Abstract: A surgical fastening device provides a mechanism for manually retracting the drive shaft, drive beam, and associated components in the event of a jamming or misfiring condition. The device includes a handle housing from which an elongate shaft extends and an end effector at a distal end of the shaft. The end effector has a cartridge jaw and an anvil jaw in a pivoting arrangement. A drive shaft actuates a drive beam, which acts to drive fasteners from the cartridge jaw into tissue. The device include a first retraction mechanism configured to move linearly and proximally to retract the drive beam and drive shaft, and a second retraction mechanism that likewise is able to retract the drive beam and drive shaft.

Abstract: A clip used to repair the tissue of a heart valve leaflet may include a shaft having a barb and a plurality of legs connected to the shaft. The plurality of legs may extend away from the barb in a first condition, and may extend towards the barb in a use condition. The clips may be delivered to the heart valve leaflet and applied to the same in a minimally invasive procedure using a transcatheter device. The device may be used to apply a single clip to the leaflet tissue or multiple clips.

Abstract: A surgical clip applier is provided including a housing; at least one handle pivotably connected to the housing; a channel assembly extending distally from the housing; a plurality of clips loaded in the clip carrier; a drive channel translatably supported in the housing and the channel assembly, the drive channel being translated upon actuation of the at least one handle; and a counter mechanism supported in the housing, the counter mechanism including indicia visible through the housing, wherein the indicia corresponds to a quantity of clips loaded in the clip applier, wherein the indicia decrements upon each firing of the clip applier resulting in a reduction in the quantity of clips remaining of the plurality of clips.

Abstract: The invention concerns delivering paired magnetic anastomosis devices to either side of tissues to be joined. The magnetic anastomosis devices are coupled to a guide element that facilitates delivery and manipulation of the devices when using minimally-invasive techniques such as endoscopy and laparoscopy. Elongated manipulators and guide tubes are also disclosed that improve a user's dexterity with the devices during placement.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a connection stent and a method of manufacturing the stent. The connection stent includes: a body configured to form a plurality of cells through the intersection of wires, and provided in a hollow cylindrical shape; an upper head formed to extend from one end of the body to have a diameter larger than that of the body; and a lower head formed to extend from a remaining end of the body to have a diameter larger than that of the body. The upper head and the lower head are respectively placed to come into contact with insides of heterogeneous tissues. Accordingly, according to the present invention, there can be manufactured a stent which can connect heterogeneous tissues and form a bypass and which can provide sufficient expansion force and minimum axial force for the maintenance of the bypass formed as described above.

Abstract: The invention is an implantable magnetic anastomosis device having an exoskeleton that directs self-assembly. The design allows the device to be delivered in a linear configuration using a minimally-invasive technique, such as endoscopy or laparoscopy, whereupon the device self-assembles into, e.g., a polygon. A coupled set of polygons define a circumscribed tissue that can be perforated, or the tissue can be allowed to naturally necrose and perforate. The device can be used to create anastomoses in a variety of tissues, such as tissues found in the gastrointestinal, renal/urinary, and reproductive tracts. New procedures for using anastomoses, e.g., surgical bypass are also disclosed.

Abstract: Surgical clips, clip appliers, and applications thereof, configured for controlled deployment of the clips in a subject's body. The clips and clip appliers are shiftable through several configurations, including a stowed configuration in which clip arms are in proximity and unlocked, a deployed configuration in which clip arms are distant and become lockable, and a locked configuration in which the clip arms are in proximity and locked. In exemplary embodiments, a first clip arm adjoins the other with a flexible extension, optionally curved with an inflection point, and the other clip arm adjoins the first clip arm with a rigid extension. A clip interconnecting mechanism for connecting to another clip may be configured for autonomous release when ejecting from the clip applier.

Abstract: A vaso-occlusive treatment system includes a delivery assembly; and a vaso-occlusive device detachably coupled to the delivery assembly by a delivery assembly junction. The vaso-occlusive device includes a braided portion formed out of one or more composite wires, a coiled portion coupled to the braided portion, and an intra-device junction coupling the braided portion to the coiled portion. Each composite wire includes a core made from a core metallic material, and an external layer made from an external metallic material different from the core metallic material. One of the core and the external layer has a greater radiopacity and a lesser stiffness, respectively, than the other one of the core and the external layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an in vivo indwelling member which has a shape complicatedly curved in various directions and can easily spread inside an aneurysm, while adhering to an inner wall of the aneurysm to prevent falling off therefrom, improving an indwelling density, and maintaining good operability. Shapes of two or more three-dimensional portions (middle solid 4A, large solid 4B) are provided in a primary coil 11. Each three-dimensional portion is formed by continuously providing at least four curved parts (51a to 51e/52a to 52f) over four planes. Normal directions of the four planes each have a relationship perpendicular to a predetermined common axis (a1/a2) direction. Each of the at least four curved parts (51a to 51e/52a to 52f) is formed on any of the respective planes of a quadrangular virtual cylindrical body as seen from the common axis (a1/a2) surrounded by the four planes.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention includes an expandable implant to endovascularly embolize an anatomical void or malformation, such as an aneurysm. An embodiment is comprised of a chain or linked sequence of expandable polymer foam elements. Another embodiment includes an elongated length of expandable polymer foam coupled to a backbone. Another embodiment includes a system for endovascular delivery of an expandable implant (e.g., shape memory polymer) to embolize an aneurysm. The system may include a microcatheter, a lumen-reducing collar coupled to the distal tip of the microcatheter, a flexible pushing element detachably coupled to an expandable implant, and a flexible tubular sheath inside of which the compressed implant and pushing element are pre-loaded. Other embodiments are described herein.

Abstract: An embolic occlusion device for the treatment of aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations comprises expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). The ePTFE permits ingrowth of cells with connective tissue deposition to promote adherence of the aneurysm wall to the embolic device thereby preventing continued growth or re-growth of the aneurysm as well as blocking blood flow into an aneurysm. An occlusion device is also described which comprises an embolic element and a polymeric pre-formed component.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an in vivo indwelling member which has loop-shaped parts, and a shape complicatedly curved in various directions. The in vivo indwelling member easily spreads inside the aneurysm during development due to strength thereof, is hardly entangled, and is easy to unravel, even if the in vivo indwelling member is concentrated in an overlapping manner. The in vivo indwelling member can maintain good operability and prevent the rupture and damage of the aneurysm. The in vivo indwelling member includes a plurality of loop-shaped parts (R01, R11, R21 to R23), each of which extends one turn or more to form a loop, the plurality of loop-shaped parts formed of loop-shaped parts with at least two different loop lengths from a tip end side of a primary coil toward a base end side of the primary coil.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compressive band and hemostatic dressing system and related methods of use to provide rapid, non-occlusive bleeding control, arterial injury treatment, and injury protection comfortably and reliably after vascular access procedures. The present invention may comprise some or all of the following elements: a positioner assembly, a compressive cushion component, a compression plate, a strap with a flexible hinge assembly, and a hemostatic dressing. In a preferred embodiment, the systems and methods are applied to treat and ameliorate vascular injury in a transradial percutaneous access procedure and protect against underlying vascular injury; however, the systems and methods described herein may be applied to any vascular access procedure including arm or leg vascular approaches such as the femoral, brachial, dorsalis pedis or tibial blood vessels in arterial or venous line or sheath removal or trocar removal, and in hemodialysis.

Abstract: A tool bit for an ultrasonic osteotome includes a bit body, an arbor fixed to the bit body, and a flat end portion fixed to the arbor. A toothed edge extends linearly along a length direction of an end portion of the tool bit, and recesses are distributed evenly on the toothed edge to form teeth spaced apart from each other. The toothed edge extends linearly along a length direction, and the cutting edges of teeth are distributed linearly, e.g., instead of having a sharp structure, thus will not scrape and hurt other tissues during cutting. Since the thickness of the cutting edge is the same as that of the back edge, when cutting bone tissues, the incision is wide, thus the end portion is not easy to be clamped by bone tissue, which effectively prevents the end portion from breaking and reduces occurrence chances of surgery accidents.

Abstract: A rongeur for cutting bone and other tissue includes a first shaft terminating in a footplate and a second shaft having a cutting edge. The first shaft and the second shaft are capable of reciprocal motion relative to one another, such that the cutting edge and footplate are moveable from a maximally-separated open position to a closed position. In the closed position, the cutting edge and the footplate may be in contact. The rongeur further includes a flange extending outwardly from either the footplate or the second shaft, or includes a first flange extending outwardly from the footplate and a second flange extending outwardly from the second shaft.

Abstract: A rotary surgical tool is provided and has an effector or cutter that is usable to remove or otherwise modify tissue such as bone. The tool includes a motor coupled to the effector with a single piece shaft that is integral with the effector and also serves as the motor output shaft.

Abstract: A guide provides for placing a suture anchor into an outer rim of a glenoid cavity of a patient adjacent an edge of a glenoid labrum. The guide comprises an elongated guide tube having an axial lumen with a distal opening a rim engagement member pivotally attached to the elongated tube adjacent the distal opening. The rim engagement member has a first contact surface and a second contact surface each of which are distal of the guide tube and are separated from each other and disposed on opposite lateral sides of the guide tube whereby to allow placement of the contact member over the glenoid rim, with subsequent angular positioning of the guide tube and passage of an instrument down the lumen to the labrum.

Abstract: Various surgical devices and methods are disclosed herein. Also disclosed is multi-component prosthesis, which can be used as an ankle prosthesis. One of the disclosed surgical alignment systems includes a guide arm, a ratchet arm frame configured to be coupled slidably to the guide arm, a ratchet arm configured to be coupled to the ratchet arm frame, and a sagittal sizing guide body configured to be coupled to the ratchet arm. The sagittal sizing guide body includes a first radiopaque object disposed at a first position and a second radiopaque object disposed at a second position that is spaced apart from the first position.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for performing total hip arthroplasty with patient-specific guides. Pre-operative images of a pelvic region of a patient are taken in order to predefine the structure of the guides and corresponding implants. From the obtained image data an insertional vector for implanting an acetabular implant or component into an acetabulum of the patient is determined, wherein the insertional vector is coaxial with a polar axis of the acetabular component. Also from the obtained image data, a superior surface of the guides and implants can be shaped to match the acetabulum of the patient. A nub portion extending outwardly from the superior surface of the guides and implants is shaped to substantially match the shape of a fovea of the acetabulum. A guide portion of the guides forming a slot has a longitudinal axis coaxial with the determined insertional vector of a corresponding acetabular component.

Abstract: A microprojection array comprising a substrate with a plurality of microprojections protruding from the substrate wherein the microprojections have a tapering hexagonal shape and comprise a tip and a base wherein the base has two substantially parallel sides with a slight draught angle of approximately 1 to 20 degrees up to a transition point at which point the angle increases to from about 20 degrees to about 70 degrees.

Abstract: Methods and devices to remove thromboembolic material from the human body using rotational energy and aspiration are disclosed. A thromboembolic removal system includes an extraction device and drive unit. The extraction device is introduced to the treatment area and activated by the drive unit to separate, break apart, loosen or soften thromboembolic material and to facilitate its aspiration outside the patient.

Abstract: A lithotripter is provided that includes a lithotripsy apparatus for treatment of a urinary tract stone by fragmentation. The lithotripsy apparatus includes a lithotripsy wave guide shaft configured to transmit an energy form to at least one urinary tract stone. The lithotripter includes a sensing device configured to provide signal data for determining optimal application of energy during treatment with the lithotripsy apparatus. The lithotripter includes a processor configured to collect the signal data and provide feedback to a user. The processor has a control logic configured to determine at least one of: a) if the lithotripsy wave guide shaft is in contact with a tissue; b) if the lithotripsy wave guide shaft is in contact with a stone; c) type of stone; d) if a user is applying force in excess of a predetermined threshold; and e) physical characteristics of a stone. A method is also provided.

Abstract: An instrument includes a hand piece, a pair of jaws, and an actuator. The jaws extend from the hand piece. Each jaw includes a proximal portion and a distal portion. The actuator is in communication with both the hand piece and the pair of jaws. Movement of the actuator causes the jaws to move from an open configuration to a closed configuration. During the move from the open configuration to the closed configuration, the jaws undergo a translational movement followed by a first non-translational movement.

Abstract: A membrane removing instrument may include one or more abrasive surfaces configured to raise a portion of a membrane. A surgeon may raise a portion of a membrane by grazing the portion of the membrane with one or more abrasive surfaces of a membrane removing instrument. The surgeon may grasp the raised portion of the membrane with a first forceps jaw distal end and a second forceps jaw distal end. The surgeon may then remove the membrane by peeling the membrane apart from an underlying tissue.

Abstract: A system for intracranial access that includes a support assembly is described. The system includes a tubular probe shaft that may be advanced through a hole in the patient's skull. The tubular probe shaft houses a rotating element that cuts clot, and is connected to a vacuum source to aspirate clot fragments and blood from the site. The rotating element may have a bident shape.

Abstract: A fluid stream is directed toward tissue to generate a plurality of shedding clouds. The fluid stream can be scanned such that the plurality of shedding clouds arrive a different overlapping locations. Each of the plurality of shedding clouds can remove a portion of the tissue. In many embodiments, an apparatus to ablate tissue comprises a source of pressurized fluid, and a nozzle coupled to the source of pressurized fluid to release a fluid stream, in which the fluid stream generates a plurality of shedding clouds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a control mechanism for controlling a rod (210) having at least one key, the control mechanism comprising a handle comprising a sliding ring (131), a sliding shaft (132) and a drive shaft (133), each extending along a longitudinal axis (101) and comprising a central opening; and a friction reduction cannula (110) comprising an opening configured to receive the rod (210). The present invention also relates to a steerable device and a steerable system comprising the control mechanism according to the invention.

Abstract: A medical device includes an elongated sleeve having a longitudinal axis, a proximal end and a distal end. A ceramic cutting member includes both a cutting window having sharp edges and one or more flutes with cutting burrs circumferentially spaced-apart from the cutting window. An electrode may be placed between a pair of flutes and opposite to the cutting window. A motor drive is coupled to the proximal end of the elongated sleeve to rotate the ceramic cutting member cut bone with the flute(s) and soft tissue with the cutting window. The electrode provides cautery or radiofrequency ablation of tissue when the sleeve and ceramic cutting member are not being rotated.

Abstract: A connection structure includes: a first wire; a second wire having a diameter smaller than a diameter of the first wire; a connection member configured to connect the first wire and the second wire, wherein a distal end portion of the first wire is inserted from an opening portion at one end of the connection member to be crimped, and a proximal end portion of the second wire is inserted from an opening portion at another end of the connection member to be crimped, the opening portion at the other end having a diameter smaller than a diameter of the opening portion at the one end.

Abstract: A device and method for ablating tissue is disclosed comprising the steps of acquiring an anatomical image of a patient, correlating the image to the patient, guiding an ablating member within the patient while tracking the position of the ablating member in the patient, positioning the ablating member in a desired position to ablate tissue, emitting ablating energy from the ablating member to form an ablated tissue area and removing the ablating member from the patient.

Abstract: An ultrasonic surgical tool system for actuating a handpiece with a tip. The frequency of the drive signal applied to the handpiece drivers is a function of the equivalent of current through the mechanical components of the handpiece and tip and the frequency responsiveness of these components.

Abstract: An ultrasonic surgical blade includes a body having a proximal end, a distal end, and an outer surface. The distal end is movable relative to a longitudinal axis in accordance with ultrasonic vibrations applied to the proximal end. At least a portion of the outer surface of the body comprises a lubricious coating adhered thereto. The lubricious coating has a coefficient of friction that is less than the coefficient of friction of the outer surface of the body.

Abstract: A tissue-removing catheter generally comprises a drive shaft having opposite proximal and distal ends and configured for rotation about a longitudinal axis, and an abrasive burr operatively connected to the distal end of the drive shaft such that rotation of the drive shaft about the longitudinal axis imparts rotation to the abrasive burr. The abrasive burr includes circumferentially spaced longitudinal struts defining longitudinal slots between adjacent struts, proximal and distal hubs secured to the respective proximal and distal ends of the longitudinal struts, and an abrasive exterior surface covering an abrasive longitudinal portion of each strut extending from adjacent the proximal ends of the longitudinal struts to adjacent the distal ends of the longitudinal struts. Proximal and distal longitudinal end portions of the longitudinal struts adjacent the junctions of the longitudinal struts and the respective proximal and distal hubs are free from the abrasive exterior surface.

Abstract: A guidance device for ultrasonographic guidance of percutaneous placement of an intravascular introducer in a subject adapted for placement against the body of the subject essentially at a desired percutaneous insertion site is disclosed. A directing member is oriented such that the trocar or introducer received in the directing member provides for insertion of the trocar or introducer along a first axis. The guidance device is adapted to receive and releasably hold an ultrasonographic imaging probe such that a first axis of the directing member is positioned in a plane that is essentially perpendicular to and transversely crossing the imaging plane, and the directing member is coupled to the guidance device via an attachment member such that the directing member is configured to be movable only in the plane that is essentially perpendicular to the imaging plane.

Abstract: The medical instrument comprises a proximal handle (3) for controlling a distal tool. The handle (3) comprises two grip pieces (4, 5) which are arranged in a pivotably movable manner relative to one another, are subjected to spring force and are coupled in movement to one another via a path guide (11, 14), wherein the path guide (11, 14) comprises a path component (7) which comprises a guide path (11), and a guide body (14) on a guide component (8), said guide body engaging into the guide path (11). The components (7, 8) are arranged on one of the grip pieces (4, 5) and are subjected to spring force to one another transversely to a pivoting plane of the grip pieces (4, 5). One of the components (8) is pivotably arranged on a grip piece (4, 5). At least one latching position, in which the pivoting movement of the grip pieces (4, 5) is blocked in one direction, is formed between the components (7, 8).

Abstract: Medical devices having a releasable member are described. Methods of using medical devices having a releasable member are also described. An example medical device comprises an elongate member, an intermediate member, a sheath, and a cap. Each of the intermediate member, sheath, and cap are releasably disposed on the elongate member.

Abstract: An access catheter provides access for a large bore stiff therapeutic catheter across the atrial septum from above via the superior vena cava. The access catheter has an expandable member that direct a delivery tube outwards in a radial direction to place a delivery tube opening into direct contact with the fossa ovalis. The braided expandable member allows blood flow to pass when it is expanded; the expandable member provides support against the opposite wall of the right atrium. A hollow dilator tube enters the delivery tube to form a tenting shape to the fossa and a guidewire is passed across the fossa ovalis. Standard procedure allows delivery of the therapeutic catheter over the guidewire.

Abstract: Two minimally invasive therapeutic procedures, particularly for patients with congestive heart failure, may be performed separately or together. One procedure involves providing a valved passageway through the patient's left ventricular wall at the apex of the patient's heart and advancing instruments through the valved passageway to connect the valve leaflets of the patient's heart valve, e.g. the mitral valve. The second procedure involves advancing a pacing lead and a pacing lead implanting device through a trocar in the patient's chest and implanting the pacing lead on an exposed epicardial region of the patient's heart wall. The pacing lead has a penetrating electrode which is secured within the heart wall. Improved devices for these procedures include a minimally invasive grasping device for heart leaflets, a leaflet connector with artificial cordae tendenae and a pacing lead implant instrument.

Abstract: A guide tube is used for guiding an instrument through a hole within tissue of a patient. The guide tube includes a cannula member defining a passage extending therethrough along an axis. The passage is operable to receive the instrument and guide the instrument through the hole within the tissue of the patient. The guide tube also includes an expansion member that is moveably coupled to the cannula member to selectively move radially between a retracted position and an expanded position relative to the axis of the cannula member. The expansion member is at least partially insertable into the hole when the expansion member is in the retracted position. The expansion member is operable to engage with a surface of the hole when the expansion member is in the expanded position.

Abstract: A system for flexibly stabilizing a vertebral motion segment of the facet joint by connecting a first vertebra and a second vertebra is disclosed. The system includes an elongate connection element with end portions interconnected by a flexible coupling member. The system includes first and second attachment portions for connecting the connection element to the vertebrae. A first resilient member is positioned between the first end portion and the first attachment portion, and a second resilient member is positioned between the first attachment portion and the second attachment portion.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pedicle screw, which includes a screw head, a screw body, a screw rod and a screw cap. The screw body includes a ball-liked arc-shaped buckle portion and a column-liked thread portion. The screw head includes a semi-sphere part with an arc-shaped dimple on one end and a U-shaped cavity on the other end. The U-shaped cavity connects with the arc-shaped dimple. Furthermore, the Arc-shaped dimple connects with the arc-shaped buckle portion. The Arc-shaped dimple includes an opening on its top to allow the screw body passing through. The U-shaped cavity includes an opening, which includes a female thread to fix the screw rod in the U-shaped cavity by a male thread on the screw cap.

Abstract: A coupling assembly for coupling a rod to a bone anchoring element, and including a receiving part having a first end, a second end, and an accommodation space having an opening at the second end for inserting a head of the bone anchoring element, a pressure element insertable from the first end, positionable in the accommodation space, and configured to hold the head, the pressure element having at least one spring portion extending circumferentially around the pressure element and being radially compressible, and a rod receiving element separable from the pressure element, wherein in a first position, the spring portion is configured to engage an engagement structure at an inner wall of the receiving part to prevent movement of the pressure element towards the first end, and wherein the rod receiving element is configured to move the pressure element from the first position towards the second end.

Abstract: Orthopedic fixation devices and methods of installing the same. The orthopedic fixation device may include a coupling element and a bone fastener, whereby the bone fastener can be loaded into the coupling element through the bottom of a bore in the coupling element and a retention member is configured to allow polyaxial rotation of the bone fastener and also to lock the bone fastener in place upon application of a force on a saddle and clamp in the coupling element.

Abstract: Orthopedic fixation devices and methods of installing the same. The orthopedic fixation device may include a coupling element and a bone fastener, whereby the bone fastener can be loaded into the coupling element through the bottom of a bore in the coupling element.

Abstract: A universal mono to poly axial pedicle screw and method of securing and manipulating vertebrae of a patient spine using a universal mono to poly axial pedicle screw.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an interspinous implant, intended to be implanted between two adjacent dorsal spines, each including an upper edge, a lower edge and two opposed lateral faces, wherein the implant includes at least one body with dimensions arranged so as to maintain or restore a distance between the adjacent edges of the two spinous processes and including at least two wings extending so that at least a part of each wing lies along at least a part of one lateral face of one of the two spinous processes and, additionally, at least one retainer for the implant, designed to retain the body of the implant between the two spinous processes and to be inserted from the same lateral face as the body.