Abstract: A laser device according to the present invention may comprise: a pumping laser supply unit for emitting a pumping laser having a nano-second pulse width; and a laser output unit disposed at one side of the pumping laser supply unit and generating an output laser which is pumped by the pumping laser to have a nano-second pulse width corresponding to the pulse width of the pumping laser.

Abstract: An electro-mechanical-type handpiece is specially designed to be used with a laser Generator, particularly those that use a CO2 laser and provide a laser beam in fractional mode. The fractional mode laser beam is provided in a pattern of homogeneous points aligned in rows, columns or diagonally, and such a pattern allows internal tissue along an entire length of a vagina of a patient to be treated and a pelvic floor of the patient to be retracted, such that a urinary bladder of the patient is elevated and, owing to the change in angle thereof, slight or moderate losses of urine are resolved or improved. In addition, the device can be used to treat the inner surface of the vagina of the patient, reducing vaginal laxity caused by childbirth and age.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to the assessment and treatment of vessels, including for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). For example, some embodiments of the present disclosure are suited for identifying the available intervention technique(s) suitable to achieve a desired outcome selected or input by a user. For example, in some implementations a method comprises receiving pressure measurements obtained by one or more intravascular pressure-sensing instruments positioned within a vessel of a patient; receiving an input from a user regarding a desired pressure value for the vessel of the patient; identifying an available treatment option based on the received pressure measurements and the desired pressure value; and outputting, to a display device, a screen display including a visual representation of the available treatment option. Related devices and systems are also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system 1 for planning a treatment of a subject 2. A treatment planning device 39 determines a treatment position of a treatment device like a needle or catheter which comprises an energy delivery element not completely encircling the treatment device. The determined treatment position is a position in a four-dimensional space being representable by three Cartesian coordinates and an angular coordinate defining the angular orientation of the treatment device with respect to a rotation around its longitudinal axis. The treatment device is then arranged in accordance with the treatment position. Since not only the three-dimensional position of the treatment device is determined, but also a rotational position of the treatment device with respect to a rotation of the treatment device around its longitudinal axis, the energy delivery can be very accurately planned, leading to a reduction of unwanted therapy side effects.

Abstract: Methods for aligning bone segments using custom jigs are disclosed. In one technique, bone segments are aligned using interaction elements, imaging, virtual fracture alignment, and a custom jig. The custom jig can be generated using a rapid fabrication method such as via the use of a three-dimensional printer. The methods can be minimally invasive or noninvasive. The interaction elements can be percutaneous interaction pins or noninvasive interaction elements.

Abstract: A system stores clustering information obtained by clustering multiple sets of viewpoints relative to teeth of a three-dimensional model of a patient and projection images of a head including the teeth from the respective viewpoints. At the time of a surgery, the system creates comparative images from a photographed image taken by a monocular camera and searches for any viewpoint having a projection image similar to the comparative image sequentially from a first hierarchy to a final hierarchy in the clustering information. The system sets a representative viewpoint based on the viewpoint of the final hierarchy, restores position and posture of the teeth of the patient relative to the monocular camera as position and posture of the teeth of the three-dimensional model relative to the representative viewpoint, and generates and outputs a navigation image based on position and posture of surgical information relative to the teeth after the restoration.

Abstract: The invention relates to a modular fluoro-navigation instrument (1) comprising: a base (10) made of a substantially radiotransparent material, the base being intended to be rigidly secured to a patient's bone (B); a tracker (20) rigidly attachable to the base (10); characterized in that said instrument further comprises a registration phantom (30) separate from the tracker (20) comprising a plurality of radiopaque fiducials (31) and in that the base (10) and the registration phantom (30) comprise respective fixation means (12, 32) for reproducibly attaching the registration phantom to the base.

Abstract: A system and a method for an insertion device positioning guidance system comprising: an electromagnetic field generator configured to generate an electromagnetic field covering a treatment area; a plate sensor configured to be positioned within the treatment area in a location defining an orientation of a subject; a reference sensor configured to be positioned, within the treatment area, on the subject's torso, the reference sensor is configured to define a reference coordinate system representing the position and orientation of the subject's torso relative to said field generator; a registration sensor configured to mark at least a first and a second anatomic locations relative to the reference coordinate system; and a processor configured to operate said field generator, read signals obtained from said the plate sensor, said reference sensor and said registration sensor, calculate a position and orientation thereof relative to said field generator, generate a 3D anatomic map representing the torso of the s

Abstract: Provided herein are expandable devices, rail systems, and motorized devices. In one embodiment, an expandable device comprises an expandable sac having a tool housed therein. The expandable device is optionally configured for operation while inside a body cavity. The expandable device optionally comprises at least one rail in the sac, and at least one railed device coupled to the rail for movement there on. Movement of the railed device on the rail is provided by, for example, a motor such as an electromagnetic motor or an inch-worm type motor. Expandable devices can be used, for example, to perform minimally invasive medical procedures requiring access to a body cavity. Expandable devices can also be used, for example, to provide safe and stable transport of instruments to the body cavity.

Abstract: A mobile surgical robotic cart assembly includes a vertical column supporting a robotic arm thereon, a base, and a plurality of casters each having wheels and each being attached to the base thereby allowing the surgical robotic assembly to move. Each of the plurality of casters has a wheel alignment assembly configured to lock each of the respective wheels in a plurality of orientations.

Abstract: A reaction torque transducer for mounting a motor of an instrument drive unit includes a motor plate, a mounting plate, and a flex ring. The motor plate is fixed to the motor and the mounting plate is fixed to a fixed structure. The flex ring is positioned between the motor plate and the mounting plate. The flex ring includes a body having a first end and a second end that are moveable relative to one another. The first end of the body is fixed to the motor plate and the second end of the body is fixed to the mounting plate. The body is configured to flex in response to the first and second ends moving with respect to one another. A strain gauge is positioned on the body of the flex ring and is configured to measure flexation of the body.

Abstract: A surgical system (200) includes a surgical instrument (260) that is sensitive to backlash that would adversely affect the transmission of controlled torque and position to the surgical instrument. The surgical instrument (260) is coupled to motors in a surgical instrument manipulator assembly (240) via a mechanical interface. The combination of the mechanical interface and surgical instrument manipulator assembly (240) have low backlash, e.g., less than 0.7 degrees. The backlash is controlled in the surgical instrument manipulator assembly (240). From the drive output disk (545) in the surgical instrument manipulator assembly to the driven disk (964) of the surgical instrument, the mechanical interface has zero backlash for torque levels used in surgical procedures.

Abstract: Robotic and/or surgical devices, systems, and methods include kinematic linkage structures and associated control systems configured to control movement of passive or under-actuated joints by coordinated joint braking of the under-actuated joints concurrent with driving of one or more driven joints. In one aspect, the methods include driving a set-up structure by pivoting an orienting platform supporting multiple manipulators back-and-forth in opposite directions while selectively braking the under-actuated joints to inhibit passive joint movement away from a reference joint state and releasing braking to facilitate movement of the joints toward the reference until each of the under-actuated joints of the multiple manipulators are at the respective reference states. In another aspect, a joint brake controller is provided that receives a motor torque input and converts the input to a brake control input by determining an impulse applied variable braking to deplete the impulse over time.

Abstract: A foot pedal assembly for controlling a robotic surgical system includes a foot pedal assembly base including an axle, a foot pedal slidably and pivotally coupled to the axle, and a sensor arrangement configured to detect an axial position of the foot pedal along the axle and a pivoted position of the foot pedal around the axle. Different combinations of different detected axial positions and detected pivoted positions are correlateable to different functions of the robotic surgical system.

Abstract: A robot control system includes a controller device (120) mountable on a medical instrument and including a housing with a trackpad configured to interact with a printed circuit board therein to create electronic signals corresponding with movement of the trackpad. The electronic signals include a point signal and a click signal. An adapter is formed on the housing and is configured to detachably connect the controller device to the medical instrument. A display (118) is responsive to the point signal of the controller device to permit a cursor to be moved on the display to indicate a position to be imaged or moved to. A robot system (144) is configured to respond to the click signal to move one of a robot directly or an instrument held by the robot in accordance with the position to be imaged or moved to.

Abstract: A drape maintains a sterile state of a surgical microscope by covering the surgical microscope that enlarges and observes a minute portion of an observation object, and includes: a main body portion that is folded in an unused state and expanded in an in-use state to cover the surgical microscope; and a handle portion that promotes a state change of the drape from the unused state to the in-use state.

Abstract: A medical safety device for holding and protecting medical circuitry connected between a medical patient and medical equipment is provided. The device can include an outer shell with an exterior sidewall and an interior sidewall defining an open interior. The outer shell can include a door that can be opened to allow access to the interior of the shell. The outer shell can include at least one latch for selectively securing the door in a closed position. The exterior shell can include connecting components for connecting the device to a hospital or surgical bed frame. The interior of the outer shell can include a grooved section having one or more grooves. The grooves can be configured to hold and retain different types of medical circuitry, such as cords, wires, tubes and the like.

Abstract: An infection mitigation device providing a temporary, disposable sterile barrier between a sterile field and the non-sterile, light-emitting region of surgical lightheads. A surgical team member can easily apply and remove the protective barrier when needed. The device minimizes the opportunity for biohazardous materials from being transmitted between patients, thereby reducing the chance of infection, and ultimately providing patients with improved clinical outcomes. The center region of the barrier can be adapted to receive and/or cover (partially or completely) one or more types of centrally located surgical lighthead adjustment handles. The device can be manufactured with a unitary or composite construction. Depending on the specific composition of the barrier and application, a supportive carrier device may provide additional geometric stability for the barrier while it is maneuvered into its operational location on the lighthead.

Abstract: An electrode lead is provided having a distal side and a circumferential surface, the electrode lead comprising a plurality of interlocked filaments having a conductive core coated with a nonconductive coating and at least one 3D distinct conductive mass at the distal end, wherein the filaments in the conductive mass are having an exposed conductive core and wherein a portion of the filaments with the exposed conductive core are disposed on the circumferential surface. The 3d pattern of spaced-apart regions along or within the electrode lead, each one is a network of spaced-apart conductive segments determining together critical parameters of: directionality of the region and electrical property of the region.

Abstract: Roll control is provided for a device by controlling the roll-angle offset about the device roll axis in correspondence to a specified rotation of a reference frame for the device. This specified rotation may correspond to a roll-free rotation of the reference frame to align a corresponding reference roll axis with the device roll axis. In applications to robotics generally, the device may be characterized as a robotic element or a robotically-supported instrument. In specific applications to robotic surgery in a computer-assisted medical system, the device may include a spar or cannula that is configured to support a surgical instrument.

Abstract: Cranial fixation devices are provided. For example, a cranial fixation device may include positive stops that provide visual and tactical feedback when a predetermined compression is applied once a medical device is inserted therein and placed in position.

Abstract: A neuro-surgical clamp device that has a semi-circular track that partially circles the patient's head. A C-clamp clamps securing to the patient's head, with the semi-circular track clamped to the C-clamp with a vice-clamp with at least one moving jaw. The C-clamp is coupled to a base bar though a series of three arms and four rotatable joints so that the semi-circular track can be tilted and rotated to any angle with respect to the patient's head. Instrument attaches can be clamped anywhere along the semi-circular track.

Abstract: The invention provides an adjustable means for supporting the breast from beneath the nipple during a prone breast biopsy procedure. By increasing or decreasing the volume of air or fluid within the pillow, the clinician can apply a controlled amount of compression on the breast, thereby increasing or decreasing the compressed area of the breast. The invention is believed to have utility for all modalities of breast biopsy; however, it is believed to be especially useful for a prone MRI breast biopsy procedure.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for illuminating the eye. This illumination may be by lamellar illumination, scleral scatter and retro illumination or a combination thereof. The apparatus comprises a speculum assembly and at least one light emitter assembly. The speculum assembly is adapted for magnetic attachment and includes a pair of flexible retractor arms extending from a speculum handle, each retractor arm including a retractor located distally from the speculum handle. The light emitter assembly is adapted for magnetic attachment and includes at least one flexible extension extending from a battery and circuit housing. The flexible extension includes a terminal optic emitter for adjusting the angle of inclination of light emitted therefrom. The speculum assembly and the light emitter assembly are magnetically mated together at one or more points of magnetic contact.

Abstract: A method of visualizing a body cavity during a surgical procedure including positioning an elongated body of an angled endoscope in a first position within a body cavity of a patient, rotating the elongated body about a longitudinal axis in response to a command point, capturing a plurality of images with an image capture device positioned within the elongated body as the elongated body is rotated, and generating a panoramic view of the body cavity from the plurality of images. In the first position of the elongated body, a surgical site is within a field of view of the image capture device. The field of view of the image capture device capturing a first volume of the body cavity, including the surgical site, when the angled endoscope is in the first position.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to apparatus and methods for improving visualization of biopsy site markers under ultrasound. In some implementations, the method for detecting a biopsy site marker in tissue may comprise inserting a biopsy site marker having a textured and/or irregular surface into the tissue, imaging the biopsy site marker using Doppler sonography, and identifying the marker based on twinkling artifact appearing on the Doppler sonography. In other implementations, the apparatus of the present disclosure may comprise a biopsy site marker for placement into human tissue, the marker having at least one textured or irregular surface capable of creating twinkling artifact when imaged using Doppler sonography.

Abstract: A robot-based system for processing racks used for transportation of articles in connection with an inactivation procedure, such as sterilization, disinfection, and decontamination. Robots are used to move full and empty racks between a plurality of a locations within soiled and clean areas of a workspace, including, but not limited to, a loading station where soiled medical instruments are loaded on the racks, washer/disinfectors for processing the medical instruments, and an unloading station where clean medical instruments are unloaded from the racks for sorting into trays.

Abstract: A medical, particularly a dental or dental surgical, ultrasonic treatment device for generating ultrasonic vibrations and transmitting the ultrasonic vibration to a tool, which can be connected to the ultrasonic treatment device, the medical ultrasonic treatment device having: an ultrasonic vibration generator with a plurality of piezoelectric elements to which an electric voltage can be applied, and a circuit board to supply the plurality of piezoelectric elements with the electric voltage. Furthermore, a method for manufacturing a corresponding medical ultrasonic treatment device is described.

Abstract: An ultrasonic root end retro-preparation endodontic apical surgical instrument. The instrument has a double-angled shape with a length of between about 1-2 in (2.5-5.1 mm), and is made of a metal which safely and effectively propagates ultrasonic energy from a base segment to a bent distal tip with a length of between about 0.08-0.15 in (0.20-0.38 mm). The instrument includes a swivel segment that permits rotation of the bent distal tip of up to 360°. By allowing the bent distal tip to be swiveled, the instrument may be used for all quadrants, anterior and posterior teeth without switching out the instrument for another one.

Abstract: A cartridge having a plunger cylinder with an external diameter smaller than a piston cylinder internal diameter. The cartridge has a plunger cylinder adapted to fit within a breach opening of a syringe. The piston cylinder having a larger internal diameter than the external diameter of the plunger cylinder, the cartridge is capable of holding a larger volume of material in the piston cylinder than could be held in the plunger cylinder fitted within the syringe breach opening. A piston placed in the piston cylinder has a concave surface.

Abstract: A custom tool for forming a dental restoration in a mouth of a patient includes a one-piece mold body providing for a customized fit with at least one tooth of the patient, the one-piece mold body including an occlusal portion forming an occlusal surface corresponding with an occlusal surface of the tooth, a mesial proximal portion forming a mesial proximal surface corresponding with a mesial proximal surface of the tooth, and a distal proximal portion forming a distal proximal surface corresponding with a distal proximal surface of the tooth. The mold body is configured to combine with the tooth of the patient to form a mold cavity encompassing missing tooth structure of the tooth.

Abstract: An adjustable protective mouth assembly and method for protecting the surroundings adjacent to the oral cavity of a patient is provided. The adjustable protective mouth assembly includes a channeled body comprising first and second legs spaced and integrally coupled by a connecting portion. The channeled body is for inserting into the oral cavity of a patient during use. The channeled body further comprises first and second ends, such that the channeled body of the first end is constructed to be received and nest within the channeled body of the second end, forming a connection therebetween.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods and apparatuses for recommending tooth leveling (e.g., one or more of anterior leveling, posterior leveling, and arch-shape recommendations) for orthodontic devices and methods for patients. Factors involved in the leveling of teeth can include symmetry, doctor preferences, preferences regarding gender, the country in which the patient is being treated, and other issues related to the aesthetics of the mouth and arch shape. The device can comprise an aligner configured to fit over a patient's teeth. Methods of designing and manufacturing aligners based on leveling recommendations are also provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides intraoral devices for repositioning the relationship between upper and lower dental arches, particular those in a Class III relation. The devices are attached to appliances on molar teeth of each arch and can be reactivated without removal or replacement of substantial components of the device.

Abstract: A positioning system is provided, comprising a support beam for attachment to an individual's jaw, and a removable denture comprising a bottom surface formed with a recess configured for receiving therein the support beam, the support beam and the recess being configured to preclude movement therebetween when the support beam is fully received within the recess. The support beam or the recess comprises one or more positioning grooves extending parallel to a path of insertion of the denture, and the other comprises one or more positioning protrusions laterally projecting therefrom and configured to be slidingly received within a corresponding positioning groove to provide at least a partially snug fit. The one or more positioning grooves and the corresponding one or more positioning protrusions are configured on one or more of a labial, lingual, or an face extending between the labial and lingual faces, of the recess and the support beam.

Abstract: Dental implant assemblies and methods of implanting the same ease and simplify implantation procedures while also reducing the risk of errors during implantation. One implant assembly includes a male-to-male connector to allow for use of a female locking nut that is larger than a typical locking screw during fixation of the dental implant. Another implant assembly combines use of the male-to-male connector with an abutment to improve alignment and fixation. Yet another implant assembly includes an adapter that surrounds the male-to-male connector to make the advancement of the dental implant to the implant site easier and more user-friendly. With such implant assemblies, dental prostheses can be more easily advanced and properly positioned at desired implant sites, while implantation processes are made safer and more simplified.

Abstract: The present invention innovates within the method and system which enable a dentist to treat and rehabilitate a patients jaw, whereas the method is enabled by a first part which includes a bridge-rod, whereas to this rod part coordinators are threaded which include in their configuration a clamp which enables the sliding of the coordinators upon the rod to different locations on the rod, and whereas the second part which is the coordinator component includes a clasping method such as a screw which could screw onto a part external to the coordinator, and whereas a screw such as the coordinator is screwed and connected to the implant, and whereas a number of coordinators are connected to a number of implants, the coordinators settle in coordination upon the part of the rod, the first part, and whereas the dentures are supplied with a connecting mechanism which are connected to the dentures in their inner part and are coordinated to clasp the dentures upon the rod, the first part.

Abstract: A dental assembly includes a prosthesis having a base and a plurality of artificial teeth, and at least one connecting element coupled to the prosthesis and configured to facilitate coupling of the dental assembly to a patient's oral cavity. The at least one connecting element includes a cylinder with a body having a first end, a second end, and a passageway extending between the first and second ends. The connecting element further includes an opening through a sidewall of the cylinder that is open to the passageway. The slot allows access to a fixation screw positioned in the cylinder from a direction that is angled relative to an axis of the cylinder. A method of making a dental assembly is also disclosed.

Abstract: A dental instrument and method for imaging the three-dimensional topography of one or more teeth in the oral cavity of an individual is provided. The instrument includes a probe insertable into the oral cavity to receive the image of these surfaces which can then be processed. Combined with the probe is an auxiliary which projects an air stream toward the surface to be imaged by the probe and acts to evaporate and remove from these surfaces a liquid film coating formed by saliva and other fluids present in the oral cavity, to render these surfaces dry and to enhance their reflectivity and in doing so, provide clearer images.

Abstract: Certain configurations of methods which can be used to produce removable oral devices are described. In some instances, the removable oral devices can be produced using molding, digital scanning, on demand printing and/or other processes. In certain examples, the produced removable oral device can be used in weight management, athletic performance or in other applications.

Abstract: The invention relates for producing permanent dentures without using any implants (screws) on the gum or using glue but using the vacuum of suction cells (suckers), between the natural gum and dentures, but using flexible thin plastic (approved by FDA) sheath between the gum and the dentures using suckers (similar to octopus) made on upper and lower surfaces of the sheath the upper sheath surface will have the same shape of the normal denture lower surface, similarly the lower sheath surface will have the same shape of the gum, the shape of the plastic sheath will always have the same shape of the gypsum modeled cast at the dentist clinic, for the gum surface, all the suckers will be (squeezed) pressed and create vacuum to hold the dentures to the gum and the dentures

Abstract: A disposable dental valve device is disclosed having a valve body having an interior, a tip receiving end for receiving a tip, a socket hose receiving end for receiving a tube having a beaded end, a lumen formed between the tip receiving end and the socket hose receiving end, and a partial opening formed in the valve body, a rotatable valve sealing body adapted to be inserted into the partial opening, and the rotatable valve sealing body having a bore for alignment with the lumen formed between the tip receiving end and the socket hose receiving end.

Abstract: Disclosed is a guidewire stop configured to lock a medical device onto a guidewire. The guidewire stop comprises a locking element, an actuator coupled to the locking element and a locking tube, wherein at least a section of the guidewire and at least part of the locking element or actuator pass through the locking tube. Further disclosed is that the locking tube comprises an unlocking element configured to unlock the medical device from the guidewire. The disclosed guidewire stop has at least the following three configurations:—an initial unlocked configuration in which the guidewire stop and the medical device are movable relative to the guidewire;—a first locked configuration in which the guidewire stop and the medical device are not movable relative to the guidewire; and—a first unlocked configuration in which the guidewire stop and the medical device are movable relative to the guidewire.

Abstract: A vascular filter device comprises a support; and a filter comprising one or more filter elements configured to capture thrombus passing through a blood vessel. A holder holds the filter in a closed filtering state and releases to convert the filter to an open state after a period of time. The filter is adapted to retain thrombus after said conversion. In one case the filter elements are arranged to remain in a closed state after released by the holder, because they are blocked by a retained clot from opening fully, and the filter elements are biased to the open state with a bias level which is counter balanced by force exerted by a retained clot under action of blood flow.

Abstract: A blood flow diversion device to treat an aneurysm at a bifurcation artery, the blood flow diversion device having a plurality of legs that anchors the blood flow diversion device onto a parent artery of the bifurcation artery, and a plurality of branches that extends from the plurality of legs. The plurality of branches includes a plurality of upstream branches positioned above the plurality of legs to lie on a upstream portion of an aneurysm entrance of the aneurysm and divert the blood flow towards children arteries of the bifurcation artery, and a plurality of downstream branches positioned above the plurality of upstream branches to extend within an internal volume of the aneurysm and promote thrombosis formation in the internal volume.

Abstract: A device can be used for both tissue expansion within a body of a patient as well as a permanently implanted prosthesis. Such a device can include an expandable elastomeric matrix and granules of a solute embedded within the matrix. The matrix can define boundaries of a plurality of chambers within the matrix. The device, when implanted within the body of the patient, can be exposed to fluid within the patient to create an osmotic gradient across a boundary of the device. Based on the gradient, fluid permeates the elastomer and gradually expands the chambers. The rate of expansion can be programmed to allow the body to naturally adapt to the volume, which increases until achieving a target volume in an expanded state.

Abstract: Improved breast prostheses, methods of making breast prostheses, and methods of treatment using such breast prostheses are described.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a posterior chamber intraocular lens with swivel haptics for capsulotomy fixation in an eye. The posterior chamber intraocular lens includes a circular optic and at least one pair of swivel haptics. The circular optic is configured to be positioned within a capsular bag of the eye. The circular optic includes plurality of positioning holes on a periphery. The at least one pair of swivel haptics is positioned on the circular optic. The at least one pair of swivel haptics is configured to be rotated away from the circular optic and fixed above an anterior capsule of the eye.

Abstract: An intraocular lens for providing a range of accommodative vision, an extended depth of focus, or enhanced performance through the asymmetric transfer of ocular forces to the lens. The intraocular lens contains an optic and a haptic. The shape and/or material of the haptic results in the transmission of ocular forces to particular regions in the optic. Greater forces applied to particular regions result in deformation of that region and increased power.

Abstract: An eye-implantable device including an electrowetting lens is provided that can be operated to control an overall optical power of an eye in which the device is implanted. A lens chamber of the electrowetting lens contains first and second fluids that are immiscible with each other and that differ with respect to refractive index. By applying a voltage to electrodes of the lens, the optical power of the lens can be controlled by affecting the geometry of the interface between the fluids. One of the fluids is an aqueous fluid that is isotonic relative to the aqueous humor of the eye to prevent flux of water into or out of the lens chamber. Thus, the lens chamber may be composed of water-permeable materials. Such water-permeable materials may be flexible, to permit the lens to be folded into a smaller profile during implantation.