Abstract: There is provided a vehicle display device capable of simplifying a configuration for a passenger. A ring member is provided to be closer to the front side (opposite to the passenger) than a half mirror, and thus the configuration for the passenger can be further simplified than the half mirror, thereby achieving a simple appearance. The ring member is visually confirmed through the half mirror thereby to display the ring member and an image in combination like a configuration in which a decorative member is provided to be closer to the passenger than the display as conventionally.

Abstract: An optical aperture multiplier includes a first optical waveguide (10) having a rectangular cross-section and including partially reflecting surfaces (40) at an oblique angle to a direction of elongation of the waveguide. A second optical waveguide (20), also including partially reflecting surfaces (45) at an oblique angle, is optically coupled with the first optical waveguide (10). An image coupled into the first optical waveguide with an initial direction of propagation at an oblique coupling angle advances by four-fold internal reflection along the first optical waveguide, with a proportion of intensity of the image reflected at the partially reflecting surfaces so as to be coupled into the second optical waveguide, and then propagates through two-fold reflection within the second optical waveguide, with a proportion of intensity of the image reflected at the partially reflecting surfaces so as to be directed outwards from one of the parallel faces as a visible image.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a lens for a wearable projection system. The lens includes a lens blank and a holographic optical element. The holographic optical element can be removably attached to the lens. The holographic optical element is aligned to a position on the lens surface based on temporary alignment marks projected onto the lens.

Abstract: A display element includes a projection screen for a head-up display and a pivot apparatus for adjusting an inclination of the projection screen about a horizontal inclination axis. The pivot apparatus includes an eccentric unit for adjusting the inclination. The eccentric unit is mechanically coupled directly to the projection screen. The eccentric unit includes a first gearwheel and an eccentric element which is formed eccentrically with respect to the first gearwheel and is fastened on the first gearwheel. The eccentric element is in the form of a disk and an area of a narrow side of the disk-shaped eccentric element is arranged eccentrically with respect to the first gearwheel.

Abstract: A position and rotation information acquisition unit 730 acquires information relating to a position and a rotation of the head of a user who wears a head-mounted display unit 100. A coordinate transformation unit 740 and a panorama image processing unit 750 generate an image to be displayed on the head-mounted display unit using the information relating to the position and the rotation acquired at a certain point of time by the position and rotation information acquisition unit 730. A correction processing unit 780 corrects the generated image using updated information relating to the position and the rotation at a different point of time.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for receiving image content from an emissive display toward a first filter stack, the first filter stack adapted to be oriented in a first direction from an optical axis of a first lens, and toward the first lens, transmitting the image content through a curved lens parallel to the optical axis of the first lens, wherein the curved lens transmits a portion of the image content to at least one optical element and to a second filter stack, the second filter stack being adapted to be oriented in a second direction from the optical axis of the first lens, and receiving the portion from the second filter stack and providing at least some of the portion to the first lens for viewing by a user.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods for combined angle- and wavelength multiplexing in holographic optical elements (“HOE”) are described. An angle- and wavelength-multiplexed HOE includes multiple angle-multiplexed sets of wavelength-multiplexed holograms. Each set of wavelength-multiplexed holograms includes at least two holograms that are each responsive to a different wavelength of light. Each angle-multiplexed set of wavelength-multiplexed holograms includes a respective set of wavelength-multiplexed holograms that are all responsive to light that is incident thereon with and angle of incidence that is within a particular range. An example application is described in which an angle- and wavelength-multiplexed HOE is used as a holographic combiner in a wearable heads-up display, where angle-multiplexing provides multiple spatially-separated exit pupils in the eyebox of the display and wavelength-multiplexing provides multiple colors to each respective exit pupil.

Abstract: A lens defined by a first lens surface and a second lens surface opposite to the first lens surface is disclosed. A first portion of the first lens surface is defined by a smooth surface profile function, and a second portion of the first lens surface is defined by a Fresnel surface profile function. The second portion of the first lens surface is around the first portion of the first lens surface. Also disclosed is a display device that includes the lens and an array of light emitting devices coupled with the lens for outputting light through the lens.

Abstract: In a luminous flux diameter expanding element, a light guide body includes an incident-side diffraction grating (first incident-side diffraction grating) provided on a surface thereof and an exit-side diffraction grating (first exit-side diffraction grating) provided on another surface thereof. The incident-side diffraction grating and the exit-side diffraction grating have the same grating direction and the same grating period. The diffraction angle of a positive first-order diffracted light and the diffraction angle of a negative first-order diffracted light of a beam incident on the incident-side diffraction grating are greater than or equal to a critical angle determined by the refractive index of the light guide body. The positive first-order diffracted light and the negative first-order diffracted light of the beam diffracted by the incident-side diffraction grating propagate in opposite directions along a y-direction within the light guide body and are emitted from the exit-side diffraction grating.

Abstract: An apparatus of structured light generation is equipped with a light source and a lens unit. The lens unit is installed in a compact housing of the apparatus of structured light generation. Moreover, the lens unit constructed two different optical path lengths within the housing. By the lens unit, light beams from the light source are collimated and converted into linear light beams. The linear light beams are locally overlapped or globally overlapped. Consequently, the light beam from the light source is shaped into a linear structured light or a linearly-overlapped structured light for detection.

Abstract: Provided is a laser device including N semiconductor laser array stacks, a prismatic optical system that shifts optical axes of luminous fluxes respectively output from the N semiconductor laser array stacks so as to decrease intervals among the luminous fluxes, and an imaging optical system that causes the luminous fluxes to be condensed and deflected for each luminous flux. The imaging optical system causes the luminous fluxes to be deflected so that the luminous fluxes overlap each other at a predetermined position and generates a light-condensing point of the luminous fluxes between the imaging optical system and the predetermined position.

Abstract: A remotely directable luminaire with an improved color LED homogenization system for LED luminaires employing a plurality of LED arrays where an array employs a plurality of discrete peak LED groups and dichroic mirrors maximized for transmission/reflection of around the groups of LED's discrete peaks to generate a directional homogenized color light beam with additive color mixing.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a beam splitter, a laser generator and an excimer laser annealing apparatus, which relate to field of display technology, and reduce probability of pollution of the beam splitter to some extent and increase homogeneity of the laser beam that is passed through the beam splitter. The beam splitter includes a transmission region configured as a through-hole and a reflective region arranged at a periphery of the through-hole, wherein the through-hole is configured to be transmitted by a first laser beam that is received; and the reflective region is configured to reflect the first laser beam that is received. The beam splitter may be used in a laser generator to perform a scanning annealing process.

Abstract: A 3D grating, a color filter substrate, a display device and a control method thereof are provided. The 3D grating comprises: a first transparent electrode layer; a second transparent electrode layer; and an electrochromic material layer formed between the first transparent electrode layer and the second transparent electrode layer; wherein the first transparent electrode layer comprises a pattern of strip-shaped electrodes, which comprises a plurality of strip-shaped electrodes and an electrode wire electrically connected with each of the strip-shaped electrodes in the pattern; and wherein the electrochromic material layer is configured to be non-transparent when it is in an electric field and to be transparent when it is not in an electric field, or the electrochromic material layer is configured to be transparent when it is in an electric field and to be non-transparent when it is not in an electric field.

Abstract: A non-mechanical beamsteerer can be provided to adjust an angle of a light beam, such as to scan the light beam over a field of regard. The non-mechanical beamsteerer can include a first collection of steering elements that are smaller than a size of a light beam. The first collection of steering elements can adjust the angle of the light beam by diffracting the light beam. The non-mechanical beamsteerer can also include a second collection of steering elements that are larger than a size of the light beam. The second collection of steering elements can adjust an angle of the light beam by refracting the light beam. The non-mechanical beamsteerer can operate without a compensation plate, such as to provide a reduced size of the beamsteerer and an increased acceptance angle of the beamsteerer.

Abstract: A diffractive optical element (1) includes a first diffraction grating (21) including a first grating surface (21a) and a first grating wall surface (21b), a second diffraction grating (31) including a second grating surface (31a) and a second grating wall surface (31b), and a thin film (11) provided between the first grating wall surface and the second grating wall surface and being in contact with both of the first and second grating wall surfaces, an extinction coefficient of the thin film with respect to a wavelength ? in a use wavelength band is not greater than 0.0005, and with respect to the wavelength ?, refractive indices of materials of the thin film, the first diffraction grating, and the second diffraction grating, a relative diffractive index difference of the thin film and the first diffraction grating, and a width of the thin film satisfy predetermined conditions.

Abstract: A zoom lens includes in order from an object side, a first lens unit having a positive refractive power, a second lens unit having a negative refractive power, a third lens unit having a positive refractive power, and a first lens component in the predetermined lens unit moves perpendicularly with respect to an optical axis and is fixed at the time of zooming, and a second lens component is disposed, leaving an air space on an image side of the first lens component, and a sign of a refractive power of the second lens component differs from a sign of a refractive power of the first lens component, and the following conditional expression (1) is satisfied. 3.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a camera lens module. The camera lens module in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention includes a vibration correction carrier, a rolling unit disposed in parallel to a direction vertical to an optical axis and configured to support the vibration correction carrier, a lens barrel carrier disposed on a side opposite the vibration correction carrier based on the rolling unit, and a base configured to mount the vibration correction carrier and the lens barrel carrier on the base.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a lens moving apparatus including a bobbin in which a lens is mounted, a first coil and a magnet configured to electromagnetically interact with each other so as to move the bobbin, a housing configured to accommodate the bobbin therein, an elastic member including an inner frame coupled to the bobbin, an outer frame coupled to the housing, and a frame connection portion configured to connect the inner frame and the outer frame to each other, and a support member connected to the elastic member and configured to support the housing, and the outer frame includes a first coupling portion coupled to the housing, a second coupling portion coupled to the support member, the second coupling portion being spaced apart from the first coupling portion, and a single connection portion configured to connect the first coupling portion and the second coupling portion to each other.

Abstract: Modular spectacles that are assembled and disassembled without the use of tools are disclosed. The modular spectacles comprise a pair of lenses, a middle frame element including a pair of rims for accepting the pair of lenses and a slot on each side, a front frame element with a slot on each side of the front frame element, wherein portions of the front frame element extend over portions of the pair of rims of the middle frame element, a rear frame element similar to the front frame element, and a pair of temples with compressible ends that fit securely within the slots, wherein the lenses are placed within the rims, the middle frame element is placed between the front and rear frame elements, and the temples are inserted into the slots, such that the frame elements are secured together, and the lenses are held in place by the frame elements.

Abstract: A system and a method of cast molding toric contact lenses permits aligning first and second mold sections at multiple rotational positions. Each mold section includes a set of alignment features that engage with complementary alignment features on the other mold section.

Abstract: Described is an electro-optical apparatus and method for correcting myopia that includes at least one adaptive lens, a power source, and an eye tracker. The eye tracker includes an image sensor and a processor operatively connected to the adaptive lens and the image sensor. The processor is configured to receive electrical signals from the image sensor and to control the correction power of the adaptive lens to correct myopia, with the correction power dependent on a user's gaze distance and myopia prescription strength. A lower-power-consumption method of eye glint tracking is further described.

Abstract: A system includes glasses for executing a process to correct the alignment of an eye if a misalignment condition is detected. The glasses include lens that change opacity as instructed by a processor. The system determines that an eye is not aligned correctly based on data captured by one or more sensors in the glasses. Data is captured periodically and compared to a baseline set of data. If a deviation is detected, then the appropriate lens is turned “ON” to shade the aligned eye, thereby forcing the misaligned eye to properly align itself.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a myopia prevention device. A myopia prevention device of the present invention comprises a light transmission part selected from a group consisting of an eyesight correcting tool, an eye protection tool, a face protection tool, a sunshade, a display device, a window, a wall, a light source covering, and a coating material. The light transmission part of the device transmits light having a wavelength within a range of 350 nm to 400 nm inclusive and thus suppresses the occurrence and progression of myopia. Further, a myopia prevention device comprises a light emission part selected from a group consisting of lighting equipment, a display device, and a light irradiation device. The light emission part of the device emits light having a wavelength within a range of 350 nm to 400 nm inclusive and thus suppresses the occurrence and progression of myopia.

Abstract: The invention relates to doping capsules which have a substance which displays a decreasing transparency with increasing temperature within a defined temperature range due to physicochemical interactions with the polymer matrix to be doped. Likewise, the invention relates to composite systems which have a polymer matrix doped with the doping capsules. The capsules according to the invention are used for sun protection or heat reflection.

Abstract: An optoelectronic device and method of making the same. The device comprising: a substrate; a regrown cladding layer, on top of the substrate; and an optically active region, above the regrown cladding layer; wherein the regrown cladding layer has a refractive index which is less than a refractive index of the optically active region, such that an optical mode of the optoelectronic device is confined to the optically active region.

Abstract: A quantum interference device (atomic oscillator) includes: an atom cell that encapsulates an alkali metal; a first light source portion that emits light including a resonance light pair, the resonance light pair being circularly polarized in the same direction and causing the alkali metal to resonate; a second light source portion that emits light including adjustment light, the adjustment light being circularly polarized in a direction opposite to the resonance light pair and causing the alkali metal to resonate; and a light receiving portion that receives the resonance light pair having passed through the atom cell, in which the adjustment light is FM-modulated.

Abstract: The present invention provides an array substrate comprising a transparent substrate and a polarizer attached on the transparent substrate, the polarizer comprises a first protective layer in contact with the transparent substrate, and a relational expression is satisfied between the first protective layer and the transparent substrate, 0?|C|?1.0×10?13, wherein C is defined by the equation C = C 100 ? ? 100 ? d 100 ? 100 ? d 100 + ? 200 ? d 200 + C 200 ? ? 200 ? d 200 ? 100 ? d 100 + ? 200 ? d 200 .

Abstract: An example optical polarization controller can include a substantially planar substrate and a waveguide unit cell formed on the substantially planar substrate. The waveguide unit cell can include a first out-of-plane waveguide portion and a second out-of-plane waveguide portion coupled to the first out-of-plane waveguide portion. Each of the first and second out-of-plane waveguide portions can respectively include a core material layer arranged between a first optical cladding layer having a first stress-response property and a second optical cladding layer having a second stress-response property. The first and second stress-response properties can be different such that each of the first and second out-of-plane waveguide portions is deflected by a deflection angle.

Abstract: A metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) optical modulator including a doped semiconductor layer having a waveguide structure, a dielectric layer disposed over the waveguide structure of the doped semiconductor layer, a gate region disposed over the dielectric layer, wherein the gate region comprises a transparent electrically conductive material having a refractive index lower than that of silicon, and a metal contact disposed over the gate region. The metal contact, the gate region, and the waveguide structure of the doped semiconductor layer may be vertically aligned with each other.

Abstract: A device substrate manufacturing method includes forming a debonding layer on a carrier substrate. An inorganic adhesive layer is formed on at least a portion of the debonding layer. A process substrate is formed on the carrier substrate. A device is formed on the process substrate, and the process substrate is separated from the carrier substrate.

Abstract: A curved display device includes a display panel which is curved with respect to a central axis of the curved display device to define a display surface which is curved with respect to the central axis of the curved display device; a first adhesion member attached to an edge area of a bottom surface of the display panel; a mold frame which is curved with respect to the central axis of the curved display device, the mold frame defining a stepped portion on which the display panel is seated; and a second adhesion member attached to a top surface of the stepped portion and to the first adhesion member which is attached to the edge area of the bottom surface of the display panel.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display device that may include a backlight unit including a light guiding plate with a light-incidence portion and an optical sheet portion disposed on the light guiding plate; and a panel support member for supporting a rear edge portion of a liquid crystal display panel, and preparing an air gap between the light guiding plate and one edge portion of the optical sheet portion disposed on the light-incidence portion, wherein it is possible to prevent defects of front luminance in the light-incidence portion with a small bezel width, and to improve mechanical reliability.

Abstract: A fast detachable placement seat structure for a display, that comprises: a flat panel display and a placement seat. The placement seat includes: a support plate, a bottom seat, a cable placement portion, and a fast detachable mechanism. The fast detachable mechanism includes at least a fastening portion, and at least a locking portion. The flat panel display is disposed in an electronic device. The bottom base is connected to the support plate to form an angle with the support plate, and is used for receiving circuits. The flexible design mentioned able is able to achieve fewer components required, simple structure, easy assembly/detachment, to save time for assembly and repair, and reduce production cost significantly. As such, that fast detachable placement seat structure for a display can be used in various electronic products having flat panel displays.

Abstract: A LCD device having a large pixel holding capacitance includes opposedly facing first and second substrates, and liquid crystal between them. The first substrate includes a video signal line, a pixel electrode, a thin film transistor having a first electrode connected to the video signal line and a second electrode connected to the pixel electrode, a first silicon nitride film formed above the second electrode, an organic insulation film above the first silicon nitride film, a capacitance electrode above the organic insulation film, and a second silicon nitride film above the capacitance electrode and below the pixel electrode. A contact hole etched in both the first and second silicon nitride films connects the second electrode and the pixel electrode to each other. A holding capacitance is formed by the pixel electrode, the second silicon nitride film and the capacitance electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a display device which exhibits superior surface flatness of an upper electrode substrate and excellent sealing effects by performing sealing such that an end of a barrier formed in a front electrode is inserted into the upper electrode having a gel-state, and a method of producing the same. The display device includes a first electrode module comprising a first electrode, a second electrode module including a second electrode, the second electrode module facing the first electrode module, a plurality of barriers formed on the first electrode module, each barrier having an end inserted into the second electrode, a plurality of cavities formed by the first electrode module and the barriers, and an electric field-dependent layer formed in each of the cavities, the electric field-dependent layer having properties changed by an electric field applied between the first electrode module and the second electrode module.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a first substrate, a second substrate facing the first substrate, lead wirings provided on the first substrate or the second substrate and a first insulator part provided on an upper surface of the second substrate. The lead wirings are arranged in a peripheral region when seen in a plan view and the first insulator part is arranged so as to overlap a display region when seen in a plan view. Second insulator parts or spaces with a permittivity lower than a permittivity of the first insulator part are provided at sides of the first insulator part. The second insulator parts or the spaces are arranged so as to overlap the lead wirings in the peripheral region when seen in a plan view.

Abstract: An image quality of a display device is improved. The display device includes: a display unit having a display functional layer; a cover member having a front surface and a back surface positioned on an opposite side of the front surface and covering the display unit; and a polarizing plate having a front surface so as to oppose the back surface of the cover member through a space spreading along the back surface of the cover member. Also, a reflection suppressing layer reducing reflected light which is visually recognized on the display surface side is formed on either one of the back surface of the cover member and the front surface of the polarizing plate.

Abstract: A display device is provided. The display device includes a face housing, a touch device and a protective cover plate. The face housing includes a bottom wall and a side wall; a cavity is formed by the surrounding of the bottom wall and the side wall; the side wall includes a first positioning surface which is a curved surface. The touch device is within the cavity and the protective cover plate is arranged to be attached to the touch device. The protective cover plate includes a second positioning surface which is a curved surface; and the second positioning surface is attached to the first positioning surface, so that the protective cover plate is attached to the face housing. The first positioning surface is set on the face housing and curved surface, the second positioning surface is correspondingly set on the protective cover plate and curved surface.

Abstract: Certain example embodiments relate to vending machines with large area transparent touch electrode (LATTE) technology, and/or associated methods. By using the low-E Ag-based coatings described herein, it is possible to create new vending machine user interfaces that are more interesting and interactive than conventional interfaces. Touch-based user interfaces may be useful in vending, attract, and game-playing modes into which example vending machines may be placed and under which they may be operated.

Abstract: Provided is an LCD device having excellent high speed responsiveness. This LCD device contains a polymer or a copolymer in a liquid crystal composition sandwiched between two transparent substrates, at least one of which has an electrode, and the content of the polymer or the copolymer is 1% by mass or greater and less than 40% by mass of the total mass of the liquid crystal composition and the polymer or the copolymer. This LCD device can be applied to various operation modes such as TN, STN, ECB, VA, VA-TN, IPS, FFS, a ? cell, OCB, and cholesteric liquid crystals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a color purity improvement film (a color gamut enhancing film) that can improve the color purity of a liquid crystal display device, and a liquid crystal display device having the same. According to the present invention, a liquid crystal display device that blocks unnecessary wavelengths other than RGB wavelengths so as to improve color gamut and color purity may be provided by introducing a combination of dyes that absorb a particular Wavelength band to the inside of an adhesion layer or a coating layer of a as liquid crystal display device.

Abstract: A protective panel for a display device includes a substrate and a light-blocking layer provided over the substrate. A display window is defined on a region of the substrate where the light-blocking layer is not provided. The light-blocking layer includes a first layer which comprises a first material having a first color. The protective panel further includes a hole formed through the light-blocking layer. The hole having an inner sidewall, which is clad with a cladding material having a color different from the first color.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display having a curved structure includes a plurality of pixels and a liquid crystal layer interposed between a first display substrate and a second display substrate. The first display substrate includes a first substrate, gate lines, data lines, a first subpixel electrode and a second subpixel electrode disposed in a pixel area, a first thin film transistor, and a second thin film transistor. The second display substrate includes a second substrate, a light blocking member, and a common electrode. Each pixel has a quadrangular shape including a long side and a short side. The long side of each pixel is extended in a first direction that is parallel to a direction in which the liquid crystal display is bent, and the short side of each pixel is extended in a second direction that is vertical to the first direction.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device comprises a display panel and a polarizing plate. The display panel comprises a display area, a non-display area surrounding the display area, and a light-shielding layer arranged in the display area and the non-display area. The polarizing plate is provided on a surface of the display panel, and including an end portion located in the non-display area. In this display device, the light-shielding layer opposite to the end portion of the polarizing plate is at least partially removed.

Abstract: A display device includes: a base substrate including a pixel area at which an image is displayed; a light blocking pattern on the base substrate; a thin film transistor on the light blocking pattern; a gate line connected to the thin film transistor and lengthwise extending in a first direction; a data line connected to the thin film transistor and lengthwise extending in a second direction; and a pixel electrode in the pixel area and spaced apart from the gate line in the second direction. The light blocking pattern includes: a first light blocking pattern lengthwise extending in the first direction; and a second light blocking pattern overlapping the thin film transistor. The first light blocking pattern overlaps the gate line and the pixel electrode spaced apart from each other in the second direction.

Abstract: A color filter and a manufacturing method thereof, as well as a liquid crystal display panel are disclosed. The color filter comprises a color resistance layer, a flat layer, and a first black matrix, wherein the flat layer is coated on the color resistance layer, and the first black matrix is arranged in the flat layer. According to the present disclosure, the critical angle of the color shift phenomenon of the color filter can be increased effectively, and thus the color shift phenomenon of the liquid crystal display panel under wide viewing angles can be alleviated.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first display substrate, a second display substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and second display substrates. The first display substrate further includes a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode, a first color filter and a second color filter disposed below and overlapping the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode, respectively, a first thin film transistor, and a contact portion connecting the first thin film transistor to the first pixel electrode. The first color filter and the second color filter contact each other, and one of the first color filter and the second color filter includes an indented portion partially surrounding the contact portion. A portion of the one of the first color filter and the second color filter is spaced apart from a portion of the other with the contact portion disposed therebetween.

Abstract: A display device used in the technical field of communications comprises a housing, a display panel and a light-transmitting cover plate; the display panel is disposed in the housing to form a display area constituted by the display panel and a frame area surrounding the display panel; the light-transmitting cover plate covers the housing to form the outer surface of the display device; the light-transmitting cover plate has a first light-transmitting part and a second light-transmitting part; the first light-transmitting part corresponds to the display area, and the second light-transmitting part corresponds to the frame area; the light emitted by the display panel transmits outward through the first light-transmitting part and the second light-transmitting part; the outer surface of the second light-transmitting part is provided with an optical.

Abstract: This light flux control member comprises an entry surface, a reflective surface, a circular groove containing a first circular surface and a second circular surface, and an exit surface. The circular groove is disposed in such a manner as not to intersect with the optical path of a light from the entry surface to the reflective surface, and, in such a manner as to intersect with at least a portion of the optical path of a light, from being emitted from a point other than the center of the light-emitting element, entering at the entry surface and being reflected at the reflective surface, to reaching the exit surface. The second circular surface is formed in such a manner that the width of the circular groove widens as the opening ridges of the circular groove is approached from the valley portion of the circular groove.