Abstract: Ridge vents configured to cover an open ridge of a roof and allow a flow of air to exit from the open ridge through the ridge vents are provided. The ridge vents include a center portion having a length and a plurality of grooves. Left and right portions are connected to the center portion. The center portion is configured to flex along it's length, thereby forming a ridge vent angle between the left and right portions. The formed ridge vent angle is configured to correspond with a slope between roof decks defining the open ridge.

Abstract: A thermostat includes a control unit, a plurality of connection ports, and a user interface operatively coupled to the control unit an having an electronic display. The control unit may be configured and programmed to operate the wire insertion sensing circuits to identify a set of the plurality of connection ports into which corresponding ones of the plurality of HVAC wires have been inserted; cause the electronic display to display a photograph of the plurality of connection ports as they actually appear to a user; and cause the electronic display to visually highlight the set of the plurality of connection ports into which the corresponding ones of the plurality of HVAC wires have been inserted.

Abstract: A system for developing HVAC system configurations for a building may develop suggested HVAC system configurations based, at least in part, on obtained building information. A user interface may accept building information that at least partially defines an interior or exterior of a building. The building information may include, among other information, current HVAC system configuration information for an HVAC system of the building including current locations of register vents within the building. A processing module in communication with the user interface may determine one or more suggested HVAC system configurations based, at least in part, on building information accepted at the user interface. The user interface may display the suggested one or more HVAC system configurations to a user.

Abstract: An intelligent control system includes intelligent thermostats and controls an environment, such as a residential living space, commercial building, or another environment. The intelligent control system obtains information related to the controlled environment by collecting sensor data, obtaining data from users during interactive information-exchange sessions, and by directing information queries to users on one or more user devices.

Abstract: A wireless device may be used to communicate with and control one or more components of an HVAC system from a remote location. The wireless device may be configured to display building control information on the display of the wireless device, wherein the building control information that is displayed may be adapted based, at least in part, on an identified pattern of user actions with the wireless device. The identified pattern may be at least partially based on user actions with associated geo-locations, times, and/or other conditions. The information that is to be displayed on the display of the wireless device may be determined based, at least in part, on a current time, a current geo-location of the wireless device, or other current condition in view of the identified pattern in user actions.

Abstract: A mode selection unit selects a continuous operation mode when a dehumidifying operation is started. When an indoor temperature is less than or equal to a set first temperature threshold and indoor humidity is greater than a set humidity threshold in the continuous operation mode, the mode selection unit selects an intermittent operation mode. When the indoor temperature is less than or equal to a set second temperature threshold that is greater than the first temperature threshold and the indoor humidity is less than or equal to the set humidity threshold in the intermittent operation mode, the mode selection unit selects an operation stop mode.

Abstract: Method to automatically manage and provide energy control and estimated energy savings for duty cycled HVAC&R equipment in an improved manner as compared to operation with hysteresis on/off thermostat control itself, wherein a time delay for control signals is determined which can provide selected energy savings and can be applied to control signals to a load unit. An electronic controller can be used as an add-on device in HVAC&R systems with thermostat control which automatically manages and provides the energy control for estimated savings for duty cycled HVAC&R equipment.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed with regard to a transition used in air conditioning systems. One embodiment may include an AHU, which may include a furnace, a motor and a blower. Further, the system may include a transition having at least one removable access panel, wherein the transition has a first opened end and a second opened end located opposite of the first opened end, wherein the first opened end securably aligns with an opened end of the furnace. Further still, the system may include a housing unit housing evaporator coils, wherein the second opened end securably aligns with one opened end of the box, further wherein the evaporator coils and the heat exchanging components of the AHU are accessible via the removable access panel.

Abstract: A compact, on-demand system to produce high pressure (?5,000 psig) and high temperature (?450° C.) water or other liquids which maintains single-phase flow throughout the system utilizing low-cost, thick-wall tubing and thereby negate the requirement to design the unit as a boiler or adhere to coded pressure vessel design requirements. This design can also replace a conventional boiler for the generation of hot water as well as low and high pressure steam.

Abstract: A water heater of a latent heat recovery type adapted to an exhaust suction system includes a drainage water discharge path. The drainage water discharge path includes a drainage water tank having a water-seal mechanism, and the drainage water tank has a first chamber and a second chamber communicating with the first chamber through a hole. The second chamber is capable of storing drainage water up to a storage water plane located at a position higher than an upper end of the hole, and the first chamber senses a fluid level in the first chamber reaching a prescribed sensing plane. A height difference between the sensing plane in the first chamber and the storage water plane is greater than a height of a water head obtained by converting a difference between atmospheric pressure and a minimum pressure at the drainage water inlet to the water head.

Abstract: An electrical water heater adapted for energy management and a method of controlling the consumption of electrical power from the power supply grid of a utility is described. The bottom resistive heating element of the water heater is a dual element resistive heating element which has a high power rated resistive heating element to heat water and a further low power rated resistive heating element. The power rating of the low power resistive heating element is calculated to be lower than the supply grid diversified mean load. A controller has a communication link with a utility which manages the power supply grid. The utility can control the resistive heating elements of the dual element in such a way, and depending on conditions of the grid, to conserve energy and regulate its frequency thereby resulting in a cost saving to the consumer and the utility. The low power rated resistive heating element is also connectable to an alternative power source.

Abstract: A water heater has a tank defining an interior volume, a heating element disposed within the interior volume, and a temperature sensor disposed with respect to the heating element so that the temperature sensor detects temperature of an area ambient to the heating element in the interior volume. The heating element is actuated at a predetermined actuation rate and for a cumulative actuation period so that the predetermined actuation rate maintains the heating element below a predetermined maximum temperature in air and so that the actuation period contributes a predetermined amount of energy to the ambient area when the heating element is immersed in water.

Abstract: The solar heating apparatus has a base box and a main axle mounted on the base box. At least one mirror support arm is mounted orthogonal to the main axle and supports a plurality of mirrors. In a first embodiment, a circular plate on the side of the base box rotates the main axle to bank the mirrors to track azimuth and a belt or chain drive rotates the mirror support arms to track elevation. In a second embodiment, the main axle is a beam mounted on a rotating circular plate on top of the base box to track azimuth and bevel gears drive a belt or chain drive that rotates the mirror support arms to track elevation. In a third embodiment, the mirror support arms are driven to rotate by bevel gears and the main axle through belt or chain drives.

Abstract: The invention discloses an expansion compressor apparatus and an air conditioner having the same, wherein the expansion compressor apparatus includes: an expansion cylinder, a compression cylinder, and a connecting shaft, an expansion cylinder air suction passage communicated with an air suction cavity of the expansion cylinder being provided on the expansion cylinder, the expansion compressor apparatus further includes: a control cylinder, the control cylinder being provided with a control cylinder air suction passage and a control cylinder air exhaust passage, both the control cylinder air suction passage and the control cylinder air exhaust passage being provided in a radial direction of the control cylinder, and a communication passage being provided between the control cylinder air exhaust passage and the expansion cylinder air suction passage. The apparatus effectively solves the problem in the prior art that a high-pressure fluid exerts an impact force in an axial direction on a fan-shaped cam.

Abstract: A compressor uses a refrigerant containing R1123 (1,1,2-trifluoroethylene) as a working fluid, and uses a polyol ester oil as a compressor lubricating oil. In addition, a fixed scroll and a revolving scroll each having a spiral lap rising from an end plate, and a compression chamber which is formed by meshing the fixed scroll and the revolving scroll, are provided. In addition, a discharge hole which is provided at a center position of the end plate of the fixed scroll, and is open to a discharge chamber, a bypass hole which is provided in the end plate of the fixed scroll, and communicates with the compression chamber and the discharge chamber at a timing different from a timing at which the compression chamber communicates with the discharge hole, and a check valve which is provided in the bypass hole, and allows a flow from the compression chamber side to the discharge chamber side.

Abstract: A vortex tube cooling system for cooling compressed gas in air drilling assemblies comprises a gas source, a compressor, a plurality of vortex tube coolers and a drilling pipe in fluid communication with the plurality of vortex tube coolers. Each vortex tube cooler has an inlet nozzle for receiving compressed gas from the gas source into a swirl chamber. The swirl chamber is in fluid connection with a vortex tube defining a hot outlet, and a cold outlet. An inlet of the drilling pipe receives a cold air stream leaving the cold outlet of the plurality of vortex tube coolers.

Abstract: A heat exchanger and an air conditioner comprising the heat exchanger are provided. The heat exchanger includes a gaseous refrigerant heat exchange pipe (6) and a liquid refrigerant heat exchange pipe (7) provided on the same side of the heat exchanger, the heat exchanger further includes a gaseous refrigerant heat exchange branch pipe (2) and a liquid refrigerant heat exchange branch pipe (3). During installation of the heat exchanger and the air conditioner, a pipe exiting direction may be selected according to user demands without bending the pipes, a pipe routing space does not need to be reserved on the back of the whole machine, and installation is facilitated.

Abstract: An expansion valve (1) comprising an inlet opening (2) and a distributor (4) being arranged to distribute fluid medium received from the inlet opening to at least two parallel flow paths (3). At least two outlet openings (3) are adapted to deliver fluid in an at least partially gaseous state, and each outlet opening is fluidly connected to one of the parallel flow paths. A first valve part (7) and a second valve part (5) are arranged movably relative to each other in such a manner that the mutual position of the first valve part and the second valve part determines the opening degree of the expansion valve. Since the distributor (4) forms part of the expansion valve, it distributes the fluid medium to the parallel flow paths prior to or during expansion of the fluid medium, i.e. while the fluid medium is in a substantially liquid state. This makes it easier to control the distribution of fluid medium to the parallel flow paths in a uniform manner.

Abstract: A refrigeration system for a temperature-controlled storage device includes a refrigeration circuit, a cooling circuit, and a controller. The refrigeration circuit includes a compressor driven by a brushless DC motor operable at multiple different speeds, a first heat exchanger, an expansion device, and a cooling unit in fluid communication via a first working fluid. The cooling circuit includes a pump and a second heat exchanger in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger via a second working fluid such that the first heat exchanger is liquid-cooled by the second working fluid. The controller operates the brushless DC motor at multiple different speeds to accommodate multiple different thermal loads experienced by the refrigeration system. Each of the speeds corresponds to a different thermal load. The controller modulates the speed of the brushless DC motor to maintain a desired temperature of a temperature-controlled space within the temperature-controlled device.

Abstract: A clear-ice-making device that includes an insulated vessel and an ice mold that is engageable with a cavity of the insulated vessel in a manner that allows a user to rotate the ice mold about a central rotational axis to aid in removing the ice mold from the insulated vessel. In one embodiment, the ice mold includes one or more mold cavities that, when the ice mold is engaged with the insulated vessel, each fluidly communicate with a void beneath the ice mold and with an overfill region above that mold cavity. A method of making clear-ice shapes using a device having an ice mold rotatable within an insulated vessel is also disclosed, as is a method of instructing a user on how to perform the method of making clear-ice shapes.

Abstract: A cooler for maintaining food, beverage containers and/or consumable liquids in a thermally managed state. The cooler generally includes a housing having one or more cavities, a cover to selectively close or open the cavities and a plurality of tie down notches within the exterior portion of the housing to receive an elongated fastener for tying down the cooler. The cooler may include a first cavity that receives a food container and a second cavity that receives beverage containers. The first cavity may also store a liquid, such as water, that is dispensed from a spigot connected to the housing. A first cover and a second cover selectively close and open the cavities. The first cover includes a first access opening that removably receives the food container so the first cover doesn't have to be opened to retrieve the food container and its contents.

Abstract: A method for cooling a plant for superconductive cables is provided, where the plant includes two thermally insulated end closures (1, 2) and at least one thermally insulated, tubular cryostat (3) arranged between the end closures, in which at least one superconductive cable is arranged. Liquid nitrogen contained in a cooling agent supply is pumped by means of a pump (9) through a first end closure and the cryostat to a second end closure. At least one vacuum insulated tank (7) is used for the cooling agent supply, where the tank (7) contains nitrogen at operating temperature and out of which the nitrogen is pumped. For making available a quantity of liquid nitrogen necessary for operating the plant, the supply of liquid nitrogen contained in the tank (7) is supplemented during operation or is switched over to another tank (10) containing liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: A microchannel condenser includes a first header, the first header including a body defining an interior and further defining an inlet bore and a first outlet bore, and a second header spaced apart from the first header, the second header including a body defining an interior and further defining a second outlet bore. The microchannel condenser further includes a conduit in fluid communication with the second outlet bore. The microchannel condenser further includes a plurality of tubes extending between the first header and the second header, each of the plurality of tubes defining a plurality of microchannels, each of the plurality of microchannels in fluid communication with the interior of the first header and the interior of the second header, each of the plurality of microchannels having a maximum cross-sectional width of less than or equal to 5 millimeters.

Abstract: A beverage cooler (10, 100, 200) includes a heat pump (12) having a cooling element thermally coupled to a negative-heat-energy accumulator (14). The accumulator (14) includes a heat-energy dispersion arrangement (16) formed from thermally conductive material which is in thermal contact with a quantity of phase-change material (18) having a phase-change temperature above zero Celsius. A conduit (20) for the beverage defines a circuitous path thermally coupled to accumulator (14). The heat pump (12) draws heat energy predominantly from the phase-change material (18) so as to ensure that a temperature of the phase-change material is reduced by at least as much as the temperature of the beverage within conduit (20), even under zero-flow conditions. This ensures that the accumulator (14) can be fully charged during periods of low beverage dispensing demand without risk of freezing the beverage within conduit (20).

Abstract: A refrigerator includes a door having a handle groove, a grip portion located in front of the handle groove, and a front panel located in front of the grip portion. The grip portion is close to a rear surface of the front panel or is in contact with the rear surface of the front panel. The door includes at least a metal reinforcement member disposed in the grip portion.

Abstract: A refrigerator appliance includes a compartment and a door having an interior wall and at least one rail attached thereto. A harvest bin assembly is attachable to the at least one rail and includes a housing having a mount for securing the housing to the at least one rail. First pivot elements are disposed on each side of the housing. A removable bin defines a storage space and includes a plurality of holes formed in a bottom wall thereof. Second pivot elements are disposed on a side wall of the removable bin and engage a corresponding first pivot element on the housing. The first pivot elements and the second pivot elements define a pivot axis whereby the removable bin pivots between a first, closed position and a second, open position. A tray engages the bottom wall of the removable bin when the removable bin is in the first, closed position.

Abstract: A storage assembly for an appliance, such as a refrigerator appliance, is generally provided herein. The storage assembly may include a bracket attached to the appliance and a storage bin rotatably mounted to the bracket. The storage bin may rotate about a rotation axis, such as between a home position and a distal position angularly spaced apart from the home position when mounted to the bracket.

Abstract: Methods and systems for determining a temperature of goods in a temperature controlled unit are disclosed. Raw temperature data is received for a first iteration. The raw temperature data indicates an air temperature inside the temperature controlled unit at the first iteration. A property value for a good stored in the temperature controlled unit is obtained. Based on the raw temperature data for the first iteration and the property value for the good, a first adjusted stored goods temperature is determined for the good. The first adjusted stored goods temperature for the good represents a first internal temperature of the good. Additional iterations are performed, where raw temperature data is received for a second iteration. Based on the raw temperature for the second iteration and the property value for the good, a second adjusted stored goods temperature is determined.

Abstract: A method of liquefying a contaminated hydrocarbon-containing gas stream includes cooling the stream in a first heat exchanger and cooling the cooled stream in an expander to obtain a partially liquefied stream. The method further includes separating the partially liquefied stream in a separator to obtain a gaseous stream and a liquid stream. The liquid stream is expanded to obtain a multiphase stream containing at least a vapour phase, a liquid phase and a solid phase. The multiphase stream is separated in a separator to obtain a gaseous stream and a slurry stream. The slurry stream is separated in a solid/liquid separator to obtain a liquid hydrocarbon stream and a concentrated slurry stream. The gaseous stream is passed through the first heat exchanger to obtain a heated gaseous stream. The heated gaseous stream is compressed and combined with the contaminated hydrocarbon-containing gas stream.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the control of Ostwald Ripening phenomenon occurring in particle suspensions without the need for addition of stabilizing agents, by using high pressure homogenization at mild conditions in a way that no increase or decrease in particle size occurs, thus allowing the stabilization of the suspension during the isolation step in the form of a dried powder.

Abstract: A coal upgrade plant includes a dryer 1 that heats and dries coal before pyrolyzing the coal, and a scrubber 32 that treats a carrier gas discharged from the dryer 1 while catching a desorbed component desorbed from the coal when the coal is dried by the dryer 1. The coal upgrade plant further includes a carrier gas circulation path 22 that guides the carrier gas treated by the scrubber 32 to the dryer 1. A cyclone 28 is also provided on the upstream side of the scrubber 32. Thus, mercury and/or mercury-based substances generated in the dryer 1 can be removed.

Abstract: A dividing-wall rotary kiln device comprises a rotary kiln, an exhaust gas residual-heat power generation device, a gas recovery processing device, a cooler, a combustion fan, a feeding system and an exhaust emission system. A refractory brick unit of a kiln body is a hollow structure formed by a refractory inner cylinder and a refractory outer cylinder. A center of the refractory inner cylinder is a kiln chamber. A material channel is between the refractory inner cylinder and the refractory outer cylinder. The feeding system is connected to a feeding device via a raw material preheating compartment or a dividing-wall preheater. The feeding device is provided with a decomposition gas outlet connected to the gas recovery processing device via the raw material preheating compartment or the dividing-wall preheater. The kiln chamber is connected to the exhaust gas residual-heat power generation device via a kiln tail hood.

Abstract: An industrial tunnel oven for heat treatment of parts may include: an outer wall that defines a tunnel; at least one inner wall; and a conveying line, at least partially inside the tunnel, configured to convey the parts along the tunnel. The outer wall may have a substantially cylindrical form above a base zone of the outer wall. The walls may define at least one interspace for hot air entering, leaving, or entering and leaving the oven. The at least one inner wall may extends along sides of the tunnel in an arc so as to define openings for the hot air to flow from the at least one interspace toward the conveying line, from the conveying line toward the at least one interspace, or from the at least one interspace toward the conveying line and from the conveying line toward the at least one interspace.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device having a bottom, side walls and a ceiling, which together define a channel, as well as transportation means, extending in an axial direction of the channel from an entry port of the channel to an exit port of the channel, for transferring a metallurgical material from the entry port to the exit port.

Abstract: A method (110) for removing a quantity of slag (24) from hot metal (6) in a ladle (2) during a process of metal purification such as steelmaking using an improved skimmer paddle (100) having a system of internal piping (60) that at one end is attached to a source of gas and at a second end terminates into one or more ports (64). The improved skimmer (100) is moved along a top surface (6a) of the hot metal, though the quantity of slag, and predetermined flows of gas are forced into the piping system and expelled through the port or ports (64) to move the quantity of slag out from the back of ladle to be skimmed into a slag pot (4) to remove undesired impurities from the hot metal.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement for feeding fine-grained matter to a concentrate or matte burner (1) of a suspension smelting furnace (2). The arrangement includes a screw conveyor (3) comprising a tube means (4) having an inlet opening (6), an downward-facing outlet opening (7), and a helical screw (8) for moving fine-grained matter from the inlet opening (6) to the downward-facing outlet opening (7). The downward-facing outlet opening (7) is provided with a distribution means (10). The distribution means (10) has a free end (11) configured for feeding fine-grained matter into the downward-facing outlet opening (7). The helical screw (8) of the screw conveyor (3) extends from the direction of the inlet opening (6) at least partly over the downward-facing outlet opening (7).

Abstract: The automatic reset of an evaporative cooling water dissolved solids set point based on detection of water softener performance is provided. A controller has a sensor, or is given an input signal, which confirms that the softener is operating properly. Positive confirmation of water softener performance allows the controller to maintain a user specified high total dissolved solids set point in the evaporative cooling water. Should a failure of the softener be detected, the controller then maintains a user specified lower total dissolved solids set point.

Abstract: A heat exchanger unit includes tube units arranged within a duct unit for heat exchange with combustion gas supplied from a furnace of a thermal power plant, and heat exchanger fins longitudinally formed on outer peripheral surfaces of the tube units and having different thickness and sizes while heat exchange with the combustion gas is performed through the heat exchanger fin.

Abstract: A heat exchanger is provided that may include at least one refrigerant tube having a plurality of tube channels; a plurality of headers provided at both sides of the at least one refrigerant tube, and at least one distributor provided between one header among the plurality of header and the at least one refrigerant tube. The at least one distributor may include an opening through which the at least one refrigerant tube may be coupled to the distributor, and a shielding wall having an inlet/outlet that guides introduction or discharge of the refrigerant.

Abstract: A heating system for heating at least one of a fluid-filled conduit arrangement and a volume of air includes an internal combustion engine provided with engine coolant that flows to and from the engine and is heated thereby. A fluid heat exchanger is provided in fluid communication with a heat transfer fluid stored in a reservoir and the engine coolant of the internal combustion engine. The fluid heat exchanger receives heated engine coolant from the internal combustion engine, and transfers heat from the heated engine coolant to the heat transfer fluid to provide heated transfer fluid. A heat generator is provided in fluid communication with the fluid heat exchanger, and receives the heated transfer fluid from the fluid heat exchanger for further heating. This heated transfer fluid may then be selectively used to heat a conduit or a volume of air.

Abstract: There is provided a large-sized reboiler that can achieve space saving and reduction in plant cost. Specifically, there is provided a large-sized reboiler comprising a vessel of which a liquid is supplied from a lower part and a vaporized gas is discharged from an upper part; and a heat transfer tube group arranged in such a manner that a void penetrating in the up-and-down direction is formed in the vessel, wherein a maximum length of a cross-sectional figure of a flow path for the liquid exceeds 2 m, and the void occupies 5 to 10% of an area of the cross-sectional figure of the flow path.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for a vehicle includes a heat exchange unit in which a plurality of plates are layered to alternately form a first flow channel and a second flow channel therein and heat exchange unit having one surface fixedly mounted in an expansion valve. First and second inflow holes are formed separately at both surfaces of the heat exchange unit and connected to the first flow channel and the second flow channel, respectively. First and second exhaust holes are formed separately in a diagonal direction of the first and second inflow holes at both surfaces of the heat exchange unit and connected to the first flow channel and the second flow channel, respectively. A noise reducer is integrally connected to the heat exchange unit at another surface of the heat exchange unit and reduces noise and vibration occurring when an operation fluid that is injected through the second inflow hole moves.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the disclosure, an encapsulated phase change material (PCM) heat sink is provided. The encapsulated PCM heat sink includes a lower shell, an upper shell, an encapsulated phase change material, and an internal matrix. The internal matrix includes a space that is configured to receive the encapsulated phase change material. Thermal energy is transferrable between the encapsulated phase change material and at least one of the lower shell and the upper shell. For a particular embodiment, the upper shell is coupled to the lower shell at room temperature and room pressure.

Abstract: A work machine is provided. The work machine may include a power module configured to provide power including a battery and an engine coupled to a folding heat exchange device. The work machine may also include a drive module configured over a track roller frame with one or more motors. The work machine may also include a hydraulic module including one or more devices in a front region and one or more devices in a rear region to cut or rip encountered material.

Abstract: A bolt carrier for a firearm, including lugs on the first end to engage corresponding lugs of a barrel receiver/extension. The bolt carrier includes a cam slot within which a cam pin from a bolt is constrained to travel along a cam slot path during rotational and translational movement of the bolt. The cam slot defines (1) a first cam slot means for constraining motion of the cam pin and the bolt during engagement or disengagement of the lugs of the bolt and the corresponding lugs of the barrel receiver or extension; (2) a second cam slot means for imparting rotational movement to the cam pin and bolt during linear movement of the bolt carrier; and (3) a third cam slot means for constraining motion of the cam pin at an end of a rearward travel of the bolt and bolt carrier during an ejection cycle. The combination of the first, second, and third cam slot means yields an extension of the unlocking by over 10% and a delay of the actual unlock of the bolt by over 5% relative to TDP.

Abstract: An apparatus for adapting a firearm for supersonic and subsonic ammunition. The apparatus includes a housing with channels for receiving propellant gas for cycling the firearm and for regulating the pressure of the gas that cycles the firearm. The housing includes a piston in a chamber that constricts the flow of gas when the barrel pressure exceeds a predetermined value. The apparatus includes a spring for applying force to the piston so that the piston position adjusts based on pressure of the gas for each type of ammunition. The method includes steps for manufacturing a firearm to incorporate the apparatus.

Abstract: A firearm including a barrel, a receiver, a magazine well and a magazine can be provided. The barrel may include a breech end at which a chamber is provided. The receiver can include a forward end coupled to the breech end of the barrel and a first side having an ejection port. Further, the receiver may have a bolt movable therealong, with the bolt including a stripping lug removably attached thereto. The magazine well that can be received along and mounted externally to the receiver may include an attachment portion for attaching the magazine well to the receiver, a magazine release latch, and a feed ramp. This feed ramp may include a body that is removably mounted to an existing tubular magazine, in front of the magazine well. A magazine loading system for converting a conventional shotgun into a magazine loaded shotgun may further be provided.

Abstract: A magazine loader include a main body, a rounds abutment, and a rounds cavity in communication with a magazine cavity. A plurality of rounds are provided to the rounds cavity and are moveable along a movement plane abuttingly defined by first and second rounds cavity sides, at least one upper cavity abutment, and at least one lower cavity abutment. With a magazine positioned within the magazine cavity, as rounds are slidably moved towards the magazine cavity, pivot points of each round successively abuts a downwardly angled portion of the second rounds cavity side and pivots to angle a second round end of each round towards the magazine, so that each round successively enters the magazine.

Abstract: Broadly, the present embodiment is a magazine locking device. The present embodiment locks a magazine in the magazine well when an AR-15 style rifle's upper and lower receivers are closed together. When an AR-15 style rifle's upper and lower receivers are closed, the present embodiment will allow a magazine to be inserted into the firearm. When a magazine is fully inserted into the magazine well the magazine is fixed in place. In order to release the fixed magazine that is retained in an AR-15 style rifle magazine well by the present embodiment, the upper and lower receivers of an AR-15 style rifle must be opened, or separated. The instant the upper and lower receivers of an AR-15 style rifle are separated the fixed magazine is automatically released. The present embodiment is returned to the closed position when an AR-15 style upper receiver is closed onto the lower receiver.

Abstract: A gun part with integral spare extractor has a planar element having a first periphery and form adapted to provide a first gun part function, the planar element including an integral and detachable removable element having a periphery adapted to provide a second gun part function, and at least a portion of the periphery of the removable element being defined by an elongated articulated opening defined in the planar element such that the removable element is connected only by a limited portion that is breakable without affecting the utility of the planar element and the removable element. The removable element may be positioned away from the first periphery such that an enclosed aperture is defined by the opening upon removal of the removable element. The opening may be an articulated cut of consistent width. The removable part may be connected to the planar element by only a single span.