Abstract: The invention deals with a method of quantitative determination of sarcosine in a biological sample with a sensitivity from 0.05 ?M to 1.00 ?M by means of anti-sarcosine antibodies and peroxidase-active gold nanoparticles or quantum dots, applying the ELISA and LFIA methods. It is based on the usage of immunised antibodies that specifically distinguish sarcosine. The subject matter of the invention is also a diagnostic strip for the determination by means of the LFIA method, which is designed for qualitative and quantitative determination of sarcosine in a biological sample. It is convenient for a routine determination of sarcosine in diagnostic laboratories, which may be performed within 2-3 hours, utilising equipment commonly available in such laboratories, and it may be also used for self-diagnostics.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions comprising chimeric polypeptides that bind to free ubiquitin proteins or free ubiquitin-like proteins with high affinity, as well as chimeric polypeptides that bind to both free and conjugated ubiquitin proteins or free and conjugated ubiquitin-like proteins, and methods of using the chimeric polypeptides to determine the amount of free or toal ubiquitin or free or total ubiquitin-like proteins in various types of samples.

Abstract: Herein is reported a method for the determination of the amount of a bivalent antibody in a serum or plasma sample obtained from a non-human experimental animal, whereby the antibody comprises one or more mutations in the Fc-region compared to the corresponding wild-type Fc-region that has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 01, 02, or 03, wherein the method comprises the following steps a) immobilizing a non-antibody polypeptide to which more than one copy of the antigen of the antibody is covalently conjugated on a solid surface, b) incubating the immobilized antigen with the sample to form an immobilized antigen-antibody complex, c) incubating the immobilized antigen-antibody complex with the antigen conjugated to a detectable label to form an immobilized ternary complex, and d) determining the amount of the antibody by determining the amount of the detectable label in the immobilized ternary complex.

Abstract: Contemplated test kits and methods for food sensitivity are based on rational-based selection of food preparations with established discriminatory p-value. Exemplary kits include those with a minimum number of food preparations that have an average discriminatory p-value of ?0.07 as determined by their raw p-value or an average discriminatory p-value of ?0.10 as determined by FDR multiplicity adjusted p-value. In further contemplated aspects, compositions and methods for food sensitivity are also stratified by gender to further enhance predictive value.

Abstract: The present application provides stable peptide-based IL-17F and IL-17A capture agents and methods of use as detection agents. The application further provides methods of manufacturing IL-17F capture agents.

Abstract: Use of glu-tubulin as a biomarker for predicting the response to a compound, preferably resistance of a disease such as cancer in a subject to said compound, wherein the compound is a furazanobenzimidazole compound of general formula (I).

Abstract: Described herein are methods and systems for the detection of anti-vinculin antibodies, for determining a presence or likely presence of a gastrointestinal motility disorder, bladder motility disorder, or fibromyalgia. Further provided are methods of selecting and/or administering a therapy based on the presence or absence of anti-vinculin anti bodies.

Abstract: Methods for detecting a cardiac condition in a human subject are provided according to aspects of the present invention which include providing an immunological reagent characterized by specific binding to: an N-terminal fragment of human cardiac troponin T (HcTnT-N69) or a neoepitope of human cardiac troponin T generated by removal of HcTnT-N69 from HcTnT (HcTnT-neo); contacting the immunological reagent with a biological sample of the human subject under binding conditions; and detecting binding of the immunological reagent with HcTnT-N69 or HcTnT-neo, wherein detection of HcTnT-N69 or HcTnT-neo in the biological sample is indicative of a cardiac condition in the subject. Antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof characterized by specific binding to HcTnT-N69 or HcTnT-neo, or a variant of either thereof, are provided according to aspects of the present invention.

Abstract: A biomarker panel including a four-panel test for clotting that detects soluble fibrin (SF), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), antithrombin III (ATIII), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). A biomarker panel including a three-panel test for glycocalyx integrity that detects syndecan-1 (SDC1), heparan sulfate (HS), and hyaluronidase (HAD). A biomarker panel including a test that detects a biomarker chosen from soluble fibrin (SF), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), antithrombin III (ATIII), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), syndecan-1 (SDC1), heparan sulfate (HS), hyaluronidase (HAD), and combinations thereof. A kit including a biomarker panel, instructions for use, materials to take and apply samples to the panel, and descriptions of biomarker levels and their meaning. Methods of detecting the presence of vascular disease, determining the stage of vascular disease, monitoring the progress of vascular disease treatments, and monitoring the efficacy of drugs during drug development.

Abstract: The present invention provides LMNA gene products as biomarkers for the determination of the vulnerability of an individual to an adverse health outcome when the individual is submitted to a stressor. As herewith provided, a decreased expression of a lamin A/C polypeptide, an increased expression in a lamin precursor polypeptide or a decreased ratio between the lamin A/C polypeptide/lamin precursor polypeptide is observed in individuals who are more vulnerable to an adverse health outcome upon the introduction of a stressor. In some embodiments, these susceptible individuals are considered as frail. The present application provides methods for using this biomarker to assess the risk associated thereto, antibodies, commercial packages for performing the methods, software products as well as associated systems.

Abstract: A method for detection or monitoring status of traumatic brain injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury (SCI) in a subject is provided. In one embodiment, the method comprises contacting a specimen of bodily fluid obtained from the subject with reagents for assaying for a marker of TBI selected from aldolase C (ALDOC) and brain lipid binding protein (BLBP), or a trauma-specific break down product (BDP) of ALDOC or BLBP. The method further comprises measuring the amount of marker present in the specimen as compared to a control sample, and determining the presence of TBI or SCI when an elevated amount of marker is present in the specimen compared to the control sample. The method can comprises measuring the amount of glutamine synthetase (GS), astrocytic phosphoprotein PEA-15 (PEA15), ?B-crystallin (CRYAB/HSP27), a cleavage product of ALDOC, GS, PEA15, or CRYAB, or a combination of two or more thereof.

Abstract: Extraction and separation methods that can be used to quantify the absolute concentrations of one or more low abundance biomolecules present in biological fluids and tissues, without the need for antibody enrichment or reliance on an antibody for quantification are provided. These biomolecules can be biomarkers used to diagnose and monitor disease progression. As an example, these methods are applied to human plasma and CSF, and used to quantify Alzheimer's disease biomarkers.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods that aid in the diagnosis and evaluation of a human subject that has sustained or may have sustained an injury to the head, such as mild or a moderate, severe, or moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), by detecting levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and one or more early biomarkers which are not cTnI, such as ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or a combination thereof, in biological samples taken from a human subject at time points within about 24 hours of injury after the subject has sustained or may have sustained the injury to the head.

Abstract: A method includes estimating a value of a parameter indicative of an age or lifespan of a population of red blood cells of a subject, estimating a value of average glucose (AG) of the subject based on (i) the value of the parameter and (ii) a value indicative of an amount of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of the subject, and providing information for treatment or diagnosis of a hyperglycemia condition of the subject based on the estimated value of AG.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and compositions for diagnosing and treating subject having a bleeding disorder. The disclosed methods comprise contacting a sample, e.g., a blood or plasma sample obtained from the patient, with an activation mixture comprising an activated coagulation factor and a phospholipid mixture, wherein the activation mixture is dried onto a solid substrate. Also provided is a global hemostasis test based on the integration of clotting time (Ct) and pharmacokinetics data. The methods and compositions presented can be applied to point-of-care diagnostic systems.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for locating and selecting a colony of microorganisms on a culture dish and identifying microorganisms in said selected colony using MALDI. The method comprises the automated steps of locating and selecting a colony of microorganisms on a culture dish; obtaining a sample of said selected colony of microorganisms; depositing at least some of said sample of said selected colony of microorganisms on a target plate; and transferring said target plate with said sample in an apparatus for performing MALDI for identification of said sample of said selected colony of microorganisms. A sample of a colony of microorganisms is automatically deposited on a depositing spot such that the sample covers at most approximately half of said one of the depositing spots of the target plate.

Abstract: This disclosure concerns a method and a system for quality evaluation of a handheld analytical device, wherein the device is operable by a human user in a sequence of handling steps to test an analyte in a sample fluid applied on a test element, the method comprising the steps of (a) programming a handling cycle for a robot having at least one robot arm in order to mimic the sequence of handling steps, (b) operating the device in at least one handling cycle by means of the robot, (c) monitoring the operation in step (b) by a control unit to evaluate at least one parameter influencing the quality of the device.

Abstract: A particle counting device includes a scanner probe having a first opening for receiving particles from a sample surface and second openings. Pumps produce a first airstream flowing from the first opening and a second airstream flowing to the second openings. A flow device splits the first airstream into third and fourth airstreams. A first particle detector detects particles in the third airstream. The first particle detector is capable of detecting particles within a first range of particle sizes. A second particle detector detects particles in the fourth airstream. The second particle detector is capable of detecting particles within a second range of particle sizes different from the first range of particle sizes. Control circuitry controls the flow device and the pumps to provide a first flow rate of the third airstream and a second flow rate of the fourth airstream that is larger than the first flow rate.

Abstract: An automatic analyzing apparatus includes a reagent depository, a wave radiator, a wave receiver, a switcher, and processing circuitry. The wave radiator sends a radio wave to a plurality of wireless tags. The wireless tags are comprised by respective reagent containers in the reagent depository or by respective reagent containers at a reagent retaining space. The wave receiver receives return radio waves from the wireless tags that have received the radio wave. The switcher changes a response state of one of the wireless tags. The processing circuitry specifies reagent information corresponding to the reagent container that comprises the response state-changed wireless tag, based on the return radio waves received before and after the response state is changed.

Abstract: A model-based method of classifying a specimen in a specimen container. The method includes capturing images of the specimen and container at multiple different exposures times, at multiple different spectra having different nominal wavelengths, and at different viewpoints by using multiple cameras. From the captured images, 2D data sets are generated. The 2D data sets are based upon selection of optimally-exposed pixels from the multiple different exposure images to generate optimally-exposed image data for each spectra. Based upon these 2D data sets, various components are classified using a multi-class classifier, such as serum or plasma portion, settled blood portion, gel separator (if present), tube, air, or label. From the classification data and 2D data sets, a 3D model can be generated. Specimen testing apparatus and quality check modules adapted to carry out the method are described, as are other aspects.

Abstract: Device for automatic sampling of samples for sample preparation or sample introduction for an analytical apparatus, in particular a chromatograph, with a movable holding arm for exchangeably holding at least one sampler, and with sample containers, from each of which a sample can be taken by means of a sampler that can be moved up and down, wherein, for taking up a sample of granular material, the sampler comprises a cannula as a filling space, in which a cannula plunger is displaceably arranged for opening and emptying the filling space of the cannula that is to be filled with a sample, and the cannula comprises a free lower end which, in order to introduce granular material into the filling space of the cannula, is repeatedly pushed against the bottom of the respective sample container, containing a quantity of granular material, using a predetermined pressure, which can be set by means of a pressure limiter associated with the sampler or with the sample container.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for discretizing and analyzing fluidic samples are provided. In one aspect, a microfluidic array for discretizing a fluidic sample comprises one or more flow channels and a plurality of fluidic compartments in fluidic communication with the one or more flow channels. In another aspect, a system for discretizing and analyzing fluidic samples comprises a rotor assembly shaped to receive a microfluidic device.

Abstract: A processing method of an alternating signal produced by a variable reluctance sensor, including steps consisting of a raw window signal switching toward a low voltage level, respectively toward a high voltage level, calculation of a processed window signal using a value of the switching continuation duration calculated as a function of a value of shaft rotation speed, and based on the raw window signal, measurement of the shaft rotation speed, each switching of the processed window signal triggering the locking of the processed window signal, for a duration exactly equal to the switching continuation duration, so that the switches of the raw window signal are not translated into switches of the processed window signal during the locking, the processed window signal no longer being locked once the switching continuation duration has expired.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for enabling a wind-sensing optical scope to communicate with external components to provide for a ballistic solution. Techniques may further incorporate cost saving features such as the utilization of a photo diode and/or other features. The wind-sensing optical scope may include various sensors to collect data for the ballistic solution, and/or data from external sensors may be used. Techniques may further incorporate range finding in the wind-sensing optical scope, depending on desired functionality.

Abstract: A system for calculating an internal load of a component includes an acceleration module, a skew matrix module, a center of gravity calculation module, a mass/inertia module, and an internal load module. The acceleration module may obtain a plurality of acceleration measurements associated with a component, where each acceleration measurement is associated with a response point relative to a center of gravity of the component. The skew matrix module may determine a skew matrix based on the response points. The center of gravity calculation module may calculate a center of gravity response for the component based on the plurality of acceleration measurements and the skew matrix. The mass/inertia module may determine a mass/inertia matrix based on measured mass and inertia values associated with the component. The internal load module may calculate an internal load of the component based on the calculated center of gravity response and the mass/inertia matrix.

Abstract: A vibration sensor having a moveable mass being suspended in a suspension member and being adapted to move in response to vibrations or accelerations. The moveable mass and the suspension member are rigidly connected across one or more gaps formed by respective opposing surfaces of the moveable mass and the suspension member. The vibration sensor includes a damping arrangement having a damping substance. The moveable mass is arranged to interact directly or indirectly with the damping substance in order to reduce a mechanical resonance peak of the vibration sensor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an interface circuit for a capacitive accelerometer sensor for measuring an acceleration value sensed by the sensor. The interface circuit comprises a plurality of electrical switches and three programmable capacitors. Two of the programmable capacitors are arranged to implement gain trimming of the interface circuit, while one of the programmable capacitors is arranged to implement acceleration range selection.

Abstract: System and method for optical alignment of a near-field system, employing reiterative analysis of amplitude (irradiance) and phase maps of irradiated field obtained in back-scattered light while adjusting the system to arrive at field pattern indicative of and sensitive to a near-field optical wave produced by diffraction-limited irradiation of a tip of the near-field system. Demodulation of optical data representing such maps is carried out at different harmonics of probe-vibration frequency. Embodiments are operationally compatible with methodology of chemical nano-identification of sample utilizing normalized near-field spectroscopy, and may utilize suppression of background contribution to collected data based on judicious coordination of data acquisition with motion of the tip. Such coordination may be defined without knowledge of separation between the tip and sample. Computer program product with instructions effectuating the method and operation of the system.

Abstract: The atomic force microscope has evolved from purely a qualitative apparatus that measures the topography of a sample into a quantitative tool that also measures mechanical properties of a sample at the nanoscale. Prior technologies that attempt to measure the bulk parameters must characterize the geometry of the atomic force microscope cantilever tip in a separate experiment before being able to measure the mechanical properties of the sample. This is the single biggest obstruction to the accuracy and expediency of quantitative atomic force microscopy methodologies. Present techniques are also unable to probe the full set of viscoelastic properties of a material as they do not include any method to measure the damping of samples. We propose a method herein that simultaneously circumvents the need for a separate experiment to characterize the tip geometry and measures the full set of viscoelastic properties of a material.

Abstract: In order to meet the needs of the semi-conductor industry as it requires finer lithography nodes, a method of feedback control for scanning probe microscopy generates a microwave frequency comb of harmonics in a tunneling junction by irradiating the junction with mode-locked pulses of electromagnetic radiation. Utilizing power measurements within one or more harmonics, the tip-sample distance in the tunneling junction may be regulated for maximum efficiency and avoid tip crash when used with resistive samples. Optionally, no DC bias is required to use the method. Utilization of this method contributes to true sub-nanometer resolution of images of carrier distribution in resistive samples such as semi-conductors.

Abstract: A socket assembly for a microelectronic device can include a body and a plurality of arm. The body can include a central socket configured to receive a microelectronic device therein. The plurality of arms can each be adjacent to the central socket, where each of the plurality of arms can be rotatably coupled to the body and each of the plurality of arms can be translatable relative to the body to move between an open position and a closed position. The arms can retain a microelectronic device within the central socket when the arms are in the closed position.

Abstract: A multilayer circuit board 3a includes a core substrate 7; a resin section 8, which covers the side surface and a lower surface 12 of the core substrate 7; and a plurality of metal pins 11, which are disposed within the resin section 8. The core substrate 7 includes a ceramic multilayer section 9, which is disposed on the mother-substrate side of the core substrate 7; and a resin multilayer section 10, which is stacked on a main surface 13 on a side of the ceramic multilayer section 9, the side being opposite to the mother substrate. The resin section 8 includes the plurality of metal pins 11, and a through-hole 22, which extends through the resin section 8 in its thickness direction. A fastening part 24 penetrates the through-hole 22, to mount the multilayer circuit board 3a on the mother substrate.

Abstract: A main feed thru unit configured as a service equipment or a main service disconnect is provided for distributing power in modular metering mains. The main feed thru unit comprises an enclosure having a back side, a first side, a second side, a top side and a bottom side and a bus assembly. The bus assembly includes a feed thru bus assembly including a plurality of feed thru bus bars configured to receive line power at feed line terminals and pass thru power to feed thru terminals, a cross bus assembly including a plurality of cross bus bars extending between the first side and the second side and a main breaker coupled between the feed line terminals and the plurality of cross bus bars to feed power thru and output power via the plurality of cross bus bars. The enclosure is configured to allow electrical connection to the plurality of cross bus bars through an opening in at least one of the first side and the second side.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for automatically adjusting the hold-off time of a DSO based on real-time cycle measurements of the system trigger signal: obtaining a cycle sequence by measuring the system trigger signal, the maximum cycle and minimum cycle, then judging the difference of the maximum cycle and minimum cycle: if the difference is greater than a threshold set by user, setting the hold-off time to the maximum cycle, the minimum cycle or the median cycle, then returning; otherwise terminating the adjustment of the hold-off time. At this point, the hold-off time is correctly set. Therefore, the present invention reduces the complexity and time consumption of the hold-off adjustment, and allows the test signal to be quickly and stably displayed on screen of DSO, meanwhile, which makes the trigger adjustment of DSO more convenient.

Abstract: A smartphone-connectable multimeter having an automatic measurement target detection function, a measurement system including the same, and a measurement method using the same is provided. The smartphone-connectable multimeter includes: a housing; a pair of lead wires equipped with probes, and drawn from the housing; a range module configured to rectify and transform an electric signal, and installed in the housing; a voltage module configured to generate electricity and apply current to the measurement target; and a process module configured to receive instruction data, to generate analysis data by converting the electric signal, processed by the range module, into a corresponding digital signal suitable for an electrical characteristic according to settings of the instruction data and analyzing the digital signal, and to perform control so that the voltage module applies current when an electric signal is not received from the measurement target, and installed in the housing.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a power management apparatus of a vehicle and a method of controlling the same, for determining whether a power circuit of a vehicle controller is abnormal. The power management apparatus includes a battery, a battery sensor configured to acquire voltage information of the battery, and a controller configured to receive the voltage information of the battery, to compare a second voltage and a third voltage with preset reference information, and to determine whether power is abnormal, wherein a first voltage is measured by the controller, the second voltage is adjusted by converting the first voltage into a digital signal, and the third voltage is measured by the battery sensor.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing an indication of an output current of a voltage regulator applied to a load at an indicated time to a processor. An indication of the output current of a voltage regulator is determined in response to a clock signal received from a clock source and a frame number of a frame is determined from the clock source. The indication of the current output and the frame number of the associated frame are provided to the processor.

Abstract: A system for detecting theft of electricity from a utility includes a controller configured to receive electricity readings from an upstream metering device configured to sense electricity flowing therethrough and electricity readings from a first downstream metering device that is electrically downstream from the upstream metering device and configured to sense electricity flowing to a first load. The controller is further configured to compare the electricity readings from the first downstream metering device to the electricity readings from the upstream metering device. The controller is additionally configured to calculate a level of interference with an electrical path through the upstream metering device based on an extent that the electricity readings from the first downstream metering device deviate from the electricity readings from the upstream metering device and to output to the utility the level of interference with the electrical path.

Abstract: A system for detecting electricity theft with an integrity checks analysis includes a graphical user interface (GUI) configured to display information related to a flow of electricity within a power distribution system and a controller in communication with the GUI. The controller is configured to receive electrical readings taken by a plurality of electricity meters and examine the electrical readings of the plurality of electricity meters for electricity theft indicators. The controller is also configured to determine a probability that electricity is being stolen at each of the plurality of electricity meters according to any electricity theft indicators affiliated therewith and output each probability to the GUI for display.

Abstract: A solid state analog device resistant to cyber security hacking is described herein. In one example, the device may include a signal input circuit, a comparator and driver circuit, and a display. The signal input circuit may be configured to detect loss of the input signal and the comparator and driver circuit may be configured to generate a voltage output and a reference power supply voltage from the input signal, wherein the comparator and driver circuit provides for a hardware-only design of the solid state analog device without digital assets, thus reducing cyber security hacking risks of the solid state analog device.

Abstract: Discussed herein are a sensor-network system and a method thereof for detecting and isolating faults occurring in sub-systems and sensors included in the network. The sub-systems and the sensor measurements are subject to noise and disturbances. A bank of Kalman-filters (KF) is used to detect and isolate the faults. Each KF is driven by either a pair of consecutive sensor measurements or a pair including a reference input and a sensor measurement. The KF residual is computed for each measurement pair and is a reliable indicator of a fault in subsystems and sensors located in the network.

Abstract: Methods and systems to prevent relay misoperation and enhance relay dependability during ultrasaturation is disclosed. An ultrasaturation detection system may identify an ultrasaturation condition by comparing a differential current to a first and second derivative of the differential current. When an ultrasaturation condition is determined to be present, the ultrasaturation detection system may provide parameters to a relay to prevent misoperation and enhance relay dependability.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electronic device. The electronic device includes: a USB interface, including a first power wire and a signal wire, in which the USB interface is configured to receive a power signal via the signal wire, when the USB interface is coupled to a second electronic device, the first power wire is configured to output the power signal received to the second electronic device, and the signal wire is configured to acquire a voltage of a power wire of the second electronic device; a controller, configured to acquire the voltage of the first power wire and a voltage of the signal wire in the USB interface through a coupling between the USB interface and the second electronic device, to determine whether the interface coupling is abnormal according to the voltage difference.

Abstract: A concomitant impedance protection method for a half-wavelength power transmission line includes that: three-phase currents and three-phase voltages of a relay protection device mounting position at an M side and a relay protection device mounting position at an N side of the half-wavelength power transmission line are acquired respectively; it is judged whether starting amounts of an M side and an N side meet starting conditions or not; a failure point F is determined according to a time difference when the starting amounts of the M side and the N side meet the starting conditions; and a relay protection action of the half-wavelength power transmission line is started according to concomitant impedance of the half-wavelength power transmission line.

Abstract: There is provided mechanisms for detecting a fault of a transmission line (20) in a power system (10) comprising at least one of an extreme weak system (10a) and an extreme strong system (10b). A method comprises obtaining travelling wave polarities from two terminals (21a, 21b) of the transmission line during occurrence of the fault, the travelling wave polarities being defined by two current polarities and two voltage polarities. The method comprises determining the obtained travelling wave polarities to be detectable and the obtained travelling wave polarities to be non-detectable. The method comprises detecting the fault to be internal based on the detectable travelling wave polarities and the non-detectable travelling wave polarities. There is also provided an arrangement configured to perform such a method.

Abstract: Systems and methods to combine line fault location probabilities. A first and second location probability distribution are received for a location of an line fault along an electrical line based upon at least electrical current measurements reported by a first electrical current monitor at a first location and at least a second electrical current measurements reported by a second electrical current monitor at a second location. The second electrical current measurements being made within a time interval of the first electrical current measurements. A composite location probability distribution is determined for the location of the line fault along the electrical line based on an algorithm processing the first location probability distribution and the second location probability distribution. The composite location probability distribution is provided.

Abstract: Systems and methods to combine line fault location probabilities. A first and second location probability distribution are received for a location of an line fault along an electrical line based upon at least electrical current measurements reported by a first electrical current monitor at a first location and at least a second electrical current measurements reported by a second electrical current monitor at a second location. The second electrical current measurements being made within a time interval of the first electrical current measurements. A composite location probability distribution is determined for the location of the line fault along the electrical line based on an algorithm processing the first location probability distribution and the second location probability distribution. The composite location probability distribution is provided.

Abstract: Methods and systems for measuring degradation includes measuring an initial electrical characteristic of a test device in a ring oscillator that includes multiple oscillator stages and a test stage having a delay stage and the test device. The ring oscillator is operated for a period of time. The electrical characteristic of the test device is measured after operating the ring oscillator. A level of degradation in the test device is determined using a processor based on the measurements of the electrical characteristic of the test device.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a bus, first and second bus drivers that drive the bus, and a control circuit that controls the first and second bus drivers. The control circuit controls the first and second bus drivers in such a way that the first and second bus drivers supply logic signals different from each other to the bus.

Abstract: A system and computer-implemented method for calculation and display of a fault propagation path. The method identifies with a computing device a fault location in an electrical circuit under test, identifies with the computing device an observation point in the electrical circuit under test, computes with the computing device a fault path from the fault location to the observation point, and displays in a waveform viewer all signals in the fault path from the fault location to the observation point in order of their creation.