Abstract: ABSTRACT METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR GENERATING AND USING LOCALISATION REFERENCE DATA 5 Methods and systems for improved positioning accuracy relative to a digital map are disclosed, and which are preferably used for highly and fully automated driving applications, and which may use localisation reference data associated with a digital map. The invention further extends to methods and systems for the generation of localisation reference data associated with a digital map.

Abstract: A system, including: a radar including a transmitter and a receiver, the transmitter configured to transmit an electromagnetic wave; a reflector placed a predetermined distance away from the radar, the reflector configured to reflect the transmitted electromagnetic wave back to the receiver; and a control unit coupled to the radar and configured to measure a magnitude of the reflected electromagnetic wave received at the receiver from the reflector by measuring Doppler signal corresponding to the predetermined distance, wherein the control unit is configured to measure a reference value of the magnitude of the reflected electromagnetic wave when no intrusions are occurring, and wherein the control unit is configured to trigger an alarm when the magnitude of the reflected electromagnetic wave changes from the reference value.

Abstract: A system and method for generating high-resolution imagery using electromagnetic signals includes a moveable vehicle and a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system carried by the vehicle. The MIMO radar system includes an antenna array having a plurality of antenna elements. One or more of the antenna elements transmits electromagnetic signals towards a target area and one or more of the antenna elements receives back-scattered electromagnetic signals reflected from the target area. The system generates high-resolution three-dimensional imagery based on back-scattered electromagnetic signal data with system performance characterized by: (a) down range resolution ?R; (b) cross-range resolution ?X; and (c) vertical resolution ?H. The system exploits effective synthetic apertures to improve cross-range resolution ?X and vertical resolution ?H based on, at least in part, the movement of the vehicle along the trajectory and a width and height of the antenna array relative to the target area.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a safety system for a user vehicle including a controller, a display, an inter-vehicle wireless communication module coupled to the controller to receive GPS data of other vehicle around the user vehicle. A surrounding object pattern generator is coupled to the controller to generate a surrounding object pattern based on the GPS data of the other vehicle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing an ultrasound sensor (20) for a motor vehicle, in which method, for the ultrasound sensor (20), a diaphragm (23) for emitting ultrasound signals in an emitting direction (21) and a sensor housing (24) are provided, in and/or on which sensor housing the diaphragm (23) is fastened, wherein the sensor housing (24) has a front side (25), which points in the emitting direction (21) of the diaphragm (23), and a rear side (26), which points in a rearward direction (27) which is opposite to the emitting direction (21), and wherein, on the front side (25), the sensor housing (24) is formed with a front-side opening (28) for the diaphragm (23), wherein the front side (25) of the sensor housing (24) is connected to a cap (52) which is composed of a foil and by way of which the front-side opening (28) of the sensor housing (24) is covered in the emitting direction (21), wherein the diaphragm (23) is inserted at least regionally into a receptacle (53) of the cap (52) and, he

Abstract: A laser radar system capable of active polarization comprises a signal processing unit for sending a control signal; a laser emitting unit for emitting a first laser to a target after receiving the control signal, wherein the laser emitting unit comprises a liquid crystal polarization driver and a liquid crystal polarization component group, and the liquid crystal polarization driver controls a phase delay of the liquid crystal polarization component group to therefore change a polarized state of the first laser; and a laser receiving unit for receiving a second laser reflected off the target and analyzing polarization information of the second laser through the signal processing unit to evaluate surface characteristics of the target.

Abstract: A LIDAR system includes a scanner; a receiver; and one or more processor devices to perform actions, including: scanning a continuous light beam over the field of view in a first scan pass; detecting photons of the continuous light beam that are reflected from one or more objects; determining a coarse range to the one or more objects based on times of departure of the photons of the continuous light beam and times of arrival of the photons at the receiver; scanning light pulses over the field of view in a second scan pass; detecting photons from the light pulses that are reflected from the one or more objects; and determining a refined range to the one or more objects based on times of departure of the photons of the light pulses and times of arrival of the photons at the receiver.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a lidar system includes a light source configured to emit pulses of light and a scanner configured to scan at least a portion of the emitted pulses of light across a field of regard. The lidar system also includes a receiver configured to detect at least a portion of the scanned pulses of light scattered by a target located a distance from the lidar system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for vehicle recognition are provided, which are combined with a radar apparatus scanning a detection area with electromagnetic waves. Data derived from reflection waves are outputted from the radar apparatus to the vehicle recognizing apparatus to detect a vehicle in the detection area. The vehicle recognizing apparatus is provided with a processor performing a process for the recognition on calculation of the received data for the recognition of vehicles. In the process, weak-refection directions providing weak-reflection points on a vehicle are determined which are defined as radiation directions of the electromagnetic waves in which the reflection waves have intensities lower than a threshold. A common reflection point group defined as a group of reflection points belonging to the same vehicle is supplemented with the weak-reflection points for completing the common reflection point group.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a measurement system 1 comprising an angle measuring unit 2 having at least one sensor 3, a reflective element 4 opposite to the angle measuring unit 2, at least one first light source 5 arranged on the side of the angle measuring unit 2 and at least one second light source 6, 6? arranged on the side of the reflective element 4. The at least one first light source 5 is designed to emit light via the reflective element 4 to the at least one sensor 3. The at least one second light source is designed to emit light to the at least one sensor 3. The angle measuring unit 2 is designed to determine at least one angle of incidence ?1 of the light of each first light source 5 on the at least one sensor 3 and at least one angle of incidence ?1, ?1? of the light of each second light source 6, 6? on the at least one sensor 3 and to calculate positioning information of the reflective element 4 from the determined angles of incidence ?1, ?1, ?1?.

Abstract: An apparatus for improving a pointing capability of an optical pointing system includes a star tracker attitude control system for maintaining an alignment between the optical pointing system and a target, a beam steering mirror controlled by the star tracker attitude control system to direct an optical signal to impinge on the target, a fixed optical assembly configured to direct a portion of the optical signal from the bean steering mirror into a field of view of a star tracker telescope of the star tracker attitude control system, and a detector array for detecting the portion of the optical signal superimposed over a location in a current star scene in the star tracker telescope field of view, where the star tracker attitude control system is configured to operate the beam steering mirror to maintain the optical signal on the target by maintaining the superimposed signal on the location in the star scene.

Abstract: A system and method for forming a range estimate for a target with a laser detection and ranging system. The system includes a laser transmitter and an array detector. The method includes: transmitting a plurality of laser pulses; for each transmitted laser pulse: detecting, with the array detector, a plurality of ladar return photons from the laser pulse, each detection producing an electrical pulse; identifying, for each of the electrical pulses, a time bin of a plurality of time bins corresponding to the laser pulse, within which the electrical pulse was produced; forming a one dimensional range histogram array having, for each of a subset of the plurality of bins, an element with a value equal to the number of electrical pulses produced in the array detector during a time interval corresponding to the bin; and forming an estimated range rate for the target.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer programs are presented for cloud-offloaded position calculation with on-device acquisition. One method includes operations for collecting raw global positioning system (GPS) signals for a set of positions, and storing in memory the raw GPS signals. The method further includes processing the raw GPS signals in batch mode at the computing device to obtain acquisition data for the positions, where the processing includes identifying tasks for parallel processing by a graphics processing unit (GPU), performing, by the GPU, the tasks in parallel by assigning each of the tasks to a core processor within the GPU, and combining results from performing the tasks to obtain the acquisition data. Additionally, the method includes an operation for transmitting the acquisition data to a server for calculating locations for the set positions at the server, the server storing the locations and making the locations available for location-tracking applications.

Abstract: A portable locator includes a locator housing having a display head that supports a display. A GPS module includes a frame and an antenna arm extending from a side margin of the frame. The frame defines a display aperture such that the frame is removably installable on the display head of the portable locator with the display visible through the display aperture. An electrical interface provides for electrical communication with the portable locator with the frame removably installed thereon.

Abstract: A baseband tracking channel in a GNSS receiver is provided. The baseband tracking channel comprises: a code generator to generate a local signal correlating with an incoming signal received by the GNSS receiver; a multiplier that multiplies the local signal with a baseband signal corresponding to an incoming signal received by the GNSS receiver to generate a code removed signal; a prompt correlator including at least one integration register that integrates samples of the code removed signal corresponding to a first portion of each pseudorandom noise code chip of the code removed signal to provide a first integration register output, and integrates samples corresponding to a second portion of each PRN code chip to provide a second integration register output; and a side peak tracking detection module that generates information indicating when side peak tracking is occurring based on the first integration register output and the second integration register output.

Abstract: A method of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) acquisition comprises: computing a line of sight (LOS) angle between a LOS vector of a first satellite and a LOS vector of a second satellite, wherein each LOS vector is the LOS vector between a receiver and the respective satellite; computing a maximum Doppler difference, wherein the maximum Doppler difference is computed between the first satellite and the second satellite based on the LOS angle and a maximum velocity vector attainable by the receiver, wherein Doppler is induced at least by movement of the receiver; determining a final frequency search range based on the maximum Doppler difference computed between the first satellite and the second satellite, wherein the frequency search range includes a center frequency equal to the first frequency at which the first satellite is found; acquiring a GNSS signal from the second satellite at a second frequency.

Abstract: In a method for determining a position, in particular of a vehicle, a first position determination entity is defined as the active position determination entity. The position determined by the active position determination entity is output as the currently determined position. A further position determination entity is started and determines a position on the basis of the received sensor data. If the further position determination entity has reached a stable status, it is defined as the active position determination entity.

Abstract: Various vehicle technologies for improving positioning accuracy despite various factors that affect signals from navigation satellites. Such positioning accuracy is increased via determining an offset and communicating the offset in various ways or via sharing of raw positioning data between a plurality of devices, where at least one knows its location sufficiently accurately, for use in differential algorithms.

Abstract: A smart dosimeter coupled to a legal dosimeter and used as if they were incorporated into one structure. A sensor, provided in the smart dosimeter, detects a worker is wearing the legal dosimeter. An instantaneous exposed dose value can be checked, in real time, to assist a worker with performing an operation or task. A motion detection unit detects a motion; a legal dosimeter detection unit checks whether the legal dosimeter is coupled to the smart dosimeter; a wearing check unit checks whether the worker is wearing the legal dosimeter based upon motion information; a G-M detection unit detects a real-time exposed dose of the worker; and a data communication unit transmits the exposed dose, detected by the G-M detection unit, to a management server and receives warning situation information from the management server.

Abstract: Provided is a vehicle gate monitor including a gate on which a detector group is mounted, the detector group including: a first detector, which is arranged in a manner that allows vertical and horizontal movement, and is configured to measure radiation levels of both side surfaces of the vehicle; a second detector, which is arranged in a manner that allows vertical, rotational, and horizontal movement, and is configured to measure radiation levels of a front surface, a rear surface, an upper surface, and a cargo bed surface of the vehicle; and a third detector, which is arranged in a manner that allows vertical and horizontal movement, and is configured to measure a radiation level of an inner-side side surface of the cargo bed, the gate including a control unit configured to identify, while moving the gate with respect to a stationary vehicle, presence/absence of a contaminated place.

Abstract: An embodiment of a system is described that comprises an ionization chamber electrically coupled with a charge amplifier circuit by a reed switch. The reed switch of the embodiments described herein produces substantially no leakage current and electrically insulates the charge amplifier from the ionization chamber.

Abstract: An X-ray detection device is a device detecting X-rays having transmitted through a test subject, and comprises a filter member including a filter that attenuates some of X-rays, a detector that detects the X-rays partially attenuated by the filter, and a housing that places the detector therein. The housing includes a principal surface including a slit capable of going through the X-rays, and a side surface including an opening which extends in the direction orthogonal to the principal surface and through which the filter can be inserted. The filter of the filter member is disposed in the housing so as to cover a line sensor of the detector and a scintillator in a state of being apart from the detector.

Abstract: Calibration systems and methods are described. According to one aspect, a calibration system includes a light source configured to emit light, and drive circuitry coupled with the light source, and wherein the drive circuitry is configured to apply a drive signal to the light source to cause the emission of the light from the light source which corresponds to a light emission from a scintillator resulting from exposure of the scintillator to a radioactive source.

Abstract: A radiation detector that improves accurately a fluorescence emission-time. A limiter circuit instead of a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter removes a noise component of the amplifier output. The limiter circuit blocks passing through the amplification signal when the amplification signal output from the amplifier a is lower than the limit level. Accordingly, a noise component output not related to the fluorescence detection from the amplifier a is blocked by the limiter circuit L and is unable to reach to the addition circuit. When the amplification signal output from the amplifier a is larger than the limit level, the limiter circuit L passes through such amplification signal; so that the signal, which is related to a fluorescence detection, that the amplifier a outputs can be absolutely input into the fluorescence emission-time calculation element.

Abstract: Embodiments include a device, comprising: a column line; a plurality of pixels; each pixel coupled to the column line; a comparator having an input coupled to the column line and configured to compare a signal from the column line to a threshold; and control logic coupled to the pixels and configured to selectively couple each pixel to the column line after a sampling period for each pixel.

Abstract: The presently disclosed seismic acquisition technique employs a receiver array and a processing methodology that are designed to attenuate the naturally occurring seismic background noise recorded along with the seismic data during the acquisition. The approach leverages the knowledge that naturally occurring seismic background noise moves with a slower phase velocity than the seismic signals used for imaging and inversion and, in some embodiments, may arrive from particular preferred directions. The disclosed technique comprises two steps: 1) determining from the naturally occurring seismic background noise in the preliminary seismic data a range of phase velocities and amplitudes that contain primarily noise and the degree to which that noise needs to be attenuated, and 2) designing an acquisition and processing method to attenuate that noise relative to the desired signal.

Abstract: A system and method for a distributed earthquake analysis and reporting system are provided. The system includes a facility control system at a facility that obtains earthquake information sent from one or more seismic sensors, and sends the earthquake information over a network directly or indirectly to other facility control systems. The facilities which include the facility control systems can be owned/operated by different business organizations or by the same organization, in examples. The facility control system at each facility responds to received earthquake information from the other facility control systems by configuring building systems such as public address systems to warn building occupants, industrial machine controllers to stop machinery, and elevator controllers to stop elevators at a nearest floor and open its doors, in examples.

Abstract: The disclosure herein generally relates to a device for use in marine seismic surveying. A displacement apparatus has a base and an actuated head. The actuated head is coupled to an actuation means comprising a shaft, a cam, and a motor. The cam is coupled to the shaft at a radial position from the center of the cam. A vacuum piston is optionally coupled to the actuation means. A variable resonance spring, such as an air spring, is coupled to the actuated head in order to tune the apparatus to operate in resonance at a range of frequencies.

Abstract: A test system for a microseismic test of rock mass fractures provided by the present invention includes at least one microseismic sensor, a push rod provided at two ends of the microseismic sensor through a connecting mechanism for feeding the microseismic sensor into a monitoring hole , an introducing mechanism mounted on the push rod for introducing the microseismic sensor into the monitoring hole, a hydraulic system providing support hydraulic oil for the microseismic sensor, a microseismic monitoring computer connected with the signal of microseismic sensor through; the microseismic sensor includes a microseismic probe, a holding component holding the microseismic probe, a support plate and a hydraulic support mechanism; the connecting mechanism can make the push rod swing relative to the microseismic sensor, and the introducing mechanism is three-rollers introducing mechanism.

Abstract: Method and flush module for connecting streamer sections to an external device. The flush module includes a housing; a first end connector attached to the housing and configured to connect to a first element of the streamer spread; a second end connector attached to the housing and configured to connect to a second element of the streamer spread; and an external connector attached to the housing and configured to connect to a third element of the streamer spread. The external connector is configured to pivot between (a) a close position during which the external connector is entirely located within the housing, and (b) an open position during which a distal end of the external connector is located outside the housing.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a microseismic monitoring system, which includes at least a microseismic sensor, a push rod set at both ends of the microseismic sensor through the first connecting mechanism for sending the microseismic sensor into a monitoring hole, a guide mechanism installed on the push rod for guiding the microseismic sensor into the monitoring hole, and a microseismic monitoring computer connecting with the microseismic sensor signal. The microseismic sensor is reusable. The first connecting mechanism can make the push rod swing relative to the microseismic sensor. The guide mechanism is a three-roller guide mechanism. The present invention can satisfy the need of monitoring different locations in monitoring holes with large depths for multiple microseismic sensors, and solve problems of effective contact coupling between the microseismic sensors and monitoring holes, which improves the accuracy of microseismic monitoring and reduces the cost of a microseismic monitoring system.

Abstract: Methods and systems for generating an image of a subterranean formation from recorded seismic data obtained in a marine seismic survey of a subterranean formation are described. Methods and systems compute a volume of migrated seismic data obtained from the recorded seismic data. Spectrally enhanced traces of the migrated seismic data are computed in overlapping windows of the volume of migrated seismic data. The spectrally enhanced traces of the volume of migrated seismic data are used to generate a spectrally enhanced image of the subterranean formation.

Abstract: A data acquisition program, which includes core, image log, microseismic, DAS, DTS, and pressure data, is described. This program can be used in conjunction with a variety of techniques to accurately monitor and conduct well stimulation.

Abstract: Determining a similarity based on a coherence function can include receiving a first set of seismic data and a second set of seismic data, generating a coherence function using the first and the second sets of seismic data, storing the coherence function, determining a similarity between the first and the second sets of the seismic data based on the generated coherence function, and based on the determined similarity, detecting a future error or absence of a future error associated with the first and the second sets of seismic data.

Abstract: Post-stack seismic data is received. Transformed seismic data is created from the received post-stack seismic data, including performing a super-resolution radon transform on the post-stack seismic data. Signal and noise regions are separated using the transformed seismic data, including using a defined muting function to remove unwanted noise. An inverse radon transform is performed using the separated signal and noise regions, outputting only signals.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to geophysical surveying. In some embodiments, a marine survey vessel tows multiple sensor streamers in addition to vibratory sources deployed relative to the sensor streamers. In some embodiments, the vessel tows vibratory sources emitting energy within different frequency bands in different deployment zones. In some embodiments, one or more sources are driven with different sweep functions, different activation patterns, and/or different sweep lengths. Various disclosed techniques for manufacturing a geophysical data product may potentially simplify equipment used for towing sources, reduce survey complexity without reducing resolution, increase resolution without increasing survey complexity, improve energy content recovered from deep reflections, and/or reduce the environmental impact of emitting seismic energy.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to an apparatus and method of transferring seismic equipment to and from a marine vessel and subsurface location. In one embodiment, a marine vessel is provided. The marine vessel includes a deck having a plurality of seismic sensor devices stored thereon, two remotely operated vehicles, each comprising a seismic sensor storage compartment, and a seismic sensor transfer device comprising a container for transfer of one or more of the seismic sensor devices from the vessel to the sensor storage compartment of at least one of the two remotely operated vehicles.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a helical conveyor for underwater seismic exploration. The system can include a case having a cylindrical portion. A cap is positioned adjacent to a first end of the case. A conveyor having a helix structure is provided within the case. The conveyor can receive an ocean bottom seismometer (“OBS”) unit at a first end of the conveyer and transport the OBS unit via the helix structure to a second end of the conveyor to provide the OBS unit on the seabed to acquire the seismic data. The system can include a propulsion system to receive an instruction and, responsive to the instruction, facilitate movement of the case.

Abstract: A foreign object detection sensor includes an outer cover formed in a longitudinal hollow shape, the outer cover including an insulating property and an elasticity, the outer cover including an attachment portion at an outer surface, a first electrode and a second electrode each including a conductivity and the elasticity, the first electrode and the second electrode extending along a longitudinal direction of the outer cover in a state of being spaced apart from each other inside the outer cover, the second electrode being disposed at a position away from the attachment portion relative to the first electrode, the second electrode including a coefficient of elasticity lower than the first electrode, and the first electrode and the second electrode detecting a foreign object by coming in contact with each other in accordance with an elastic deformation of the outer cover by a pressurizing force from the foreign object.

Abstract: Inversion of enhanced-sensitivity controlled source electromagnetic data can include combining measured controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) data onto a common set of virtual receiver positions for each of a plurality of positions of a source along a survey path, determining a steering vector that enhances a sensitivity of the measured CSEM data to a subsurface resistivity variation, and performing an inversion using the measured CSEM data and modeled CSEM data, each having the steering vector applied thereto as a data weight, to better identify the subsurface resistivity variation.

Abstract: Various implementations described herein are directed to a method for surveying a wellbore. A statistical estimation process that combines magnetic survey measurement data and gyroscopic survey measurement data to form error estimates in a magnetic survey system is applied. The error estimates are used to correct magnetic survey data provided by the magnetic survey system. Magnetic only survey data is used when convergence of the error estimates has occurred. Information that facilitates drilling the wellbore is provided.

Abstract: Electromagnetic (EM) inversion includes determining an electric field associated with EM data within a predetermined sensitivity area around each of a plurality of source positions, iteratively inverting the electric field for a subsurface resistivity EM model indicative of a subterranean formation for each of a plurality of EM electrical resistivity data cells within each of the predetermined sensitivity areas, and storing results of the iterative inversion. A linear system of equations comprising a Jacobian matrix is generated based on the iterative inversion, the linear system of equations is stored, and the linear system of equations is solved at each iteration of the iterative inversion to update the subsurface resistivity EM model until a convergence criterion is met. A resistivity map based on the updated subsurface resistivity EM model can be produced.

Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring a characteristic of a fluid are provided. The system includes a plurality of waveguides embedded in a substrate, and an exposed surface of the substrate comprising a portion of a side surface of at least one of the plurality of waveguides. The system also includes a sensitized coating in the at least one of the plurality of waveguides. The exposed surface is curved in a direction perpendicular to a light propagation in the waveguide. A method of fabricating a system as above is also provided.

Abstract: A method is useable for operating a sensor assembly for determining relative humidity in radiosondes. The sensor assembly includes a humidity sensor, a temperature sensor and a heating element. It is determined whether humidity is at or above a predetermined humidity limit selected as the limiting humidity with respect to saturation over ice. The humidity sensor is heated, at least temporarily, wherein in a temperature range below 0° C., the humidity sensor is at least temporarily heated by the heating element based on it having been determined that the humidity is at or above the predetermined humidity limit.

Abstract: A constellation of individual satellites are employed to concurrently collect occultation data from multiple GPSS originating signals that pass through atmospheric sections of interest. By coordinating the collection and processing of the data using state of the art receivers on a constellation of low earth orbit satellites and networked processing, highly accurate calculation of atmospheric conditions and related future weather events are possible.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method including: receiving satellite weather data for a macro-location that includes a first micro-location; receiving mobile-sensor data from mobile devices associated with users, the mobile-sensor data sensed by the mobile devices at the first micro-location or a second micro-location included within the macro-location; and forecasting, based on the mobile-sensor data and the satellite weather data, a future micro-climate for the first or the second micro-location.

Abstract: One embodiment of a lens module includes a first lens including a fluid so as to absorb incident light; and a second lens forming an interface with a part of the first lens, the second lens including a fluid so as to permit passage of the incident light therethrough, wherein the second lens defines a first optic path in a center part thereof to permit passage of the incident light therethrough, and the first light path is changed in a cross-sectional area as the interface varies, and wherein a second optical path is formed at a portion of the first lens that is located adjacent to the first optical path.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an antireflection film including: a hard coating layer in which center line average roughness (Ra) of the surface is 1.2 nm or less and surface energy is 34 mN/m or less; and a low refractive index layer which is formed on the hard coating layer.

Abstract: A long-wave infrared anti-reflective laminate includes a silicon substrate and an anti-reflective composite layer. The anti-reflective composite layer is disposed on the silicon substrate and has at least one first anti-reflective membrane. The at least one first anti-reflective membrane includes a first silicon nitride layer and a first silicon dioxide layer. The first silicon nitride layer is disposed between the silicon substrate and the first silicon dioxide layer. The thickness ratio of the first silicon nitride layer to the first silicon dioxide layer ranges from 175 to 225. The anti-reflective composite layer can be applied on the optical instrument to raise the transmitting rate of the silicon substrate. The transmitting rate of the long-wave infrared anti-reflective laminate is over 90% within the wave band from 8 ?m to 12 ?m.

Abstract: A gas barrier film has a support, an inorganic layer and an organic layer on one surface of the support, and a light diffusion layer containing a binder and a light diffusion agent on the other surface of the support. The binder has a graft copolymer which has an acryl polymer as a main chain and a urethane polymer or a urethane oligomer having an acryloyl group terminal as a side chain, an acryl polymer which has methacrylate as a side chain, and a graft copolymer which has an acryl polymer as a main chain and a urethane polymer or a urethane oligomer having a polycarbonate group terminal as a side chain.