Abstract: A vehicle seat is provided. The vehicle seat includes a side frame, a tilt arm, a cushion panel, a receiving surface, and a pad support. The tilt arm extends from a coupling portion coupled to the side frame to a seat front side. The cushion panel is coupled to a front end portion of the tilt arm and support a front end portion of the cushion pad. The receiving surface supports the cushion pad from below. The pad support has a flange that extends downward from both ends in a seat-width axis of the receiving surface. The receiving surface is a substantially strip-shaped continuous surface. The flange is continuous within a range in which the receiving surface is provided.

Abstract: A backrest release system is provided for a seat having a seat bottom, a pivotable backrest, and a releasable latch for locking the backrest relative to the seat bottom. The system comprises a first portion that is mountable to a support structure of the backrest. The first portion includes a carrier and a retainer that is attachable to the carrier so that the retainer is pivotable relative to the carrier. Furthermore, the retainer is connectable to the latch. The system also includes a second portion including a cover mountable on a back panel of the backrest, and a handle configured to be pivotally attached to the cover. The second portion is configured to be attached to the back panel prior to positioning the back panel on the backrest support structure, and the second portion is alignable with the first portion so that the handle may be attached to the retainer.

Abstract: An attachment member allowing a connected state between the attachment member and a guide member to be more easily checked is provided. The attachment member for attaching a stay cloth, which guides a deployment direction of an airbag module, to a seat back frame has a holding portion which includes a holding space for housing an attachment portion of the stay cloth. The holding portion is inserted into an attachment hole to be fitted into the attachment hole that is formed in the seat back frame. A through-hole which allows the attachment portion of the stay cloth in the holding space to be exposed in a penetrating direction of the attachment hole is formed in the holding portion.

Abstract: A lock for a pivoting member in a vehicle comprising: a button having a depressed position and an undepressed position; a cam abutting the button having a rotated position and an un-rotated position; and a rod operably connected to the cam having an extended position and a retracted position; wherein, when the button is in the depressed position, the cam is in the rotated position, and the rod is in the retracted position. The pivoting member can be an armrest or a seatback, among other things. The rod includes a first grooved section. The cam includes a first finger adjacent to the first grooved section. As the cam transitions from the un-rotated position to the rotated position, the first finger of the cam interacts with the first grooved section of the rod to cause the rod to transition from the extended position to the retracted position.

Abstract: A vehicle seating assembly is provided herein. The vehicle seating assembly includes a seatback coupled to a seat-base. A head restraint is connected to the seatback. A display is disposed within the head restraint. A visor is configured to extend over a top portion of the display. The visor may be movable between a stowed position and a deployed position.

Abstract: Various seating arrangements for a vehicle are described. Generally, the vehicle includes an electromagnetic array featured on a floor of the vehicle. The chair includes base having a plurality of magnets featured thereon. The vehicle generates signals for the electromagnetic array to generate a wave and impart a force on the chair in a determined direction via the plurality of magnets.

Abstract: An improved conveyance seat is configured by an overlapping part of a skin material being hung in a recessed portion formed at a boundary position between a support portion and an intersecting portion of the cushion material when the cushion material divided into pieces is covered by the skin material having the overlapping part configured by two skin material fragments overlapping each other. The skin material fragments inserted into the recessed portion have first and second parts satisfying the following conditions: (1) The first parts are welded to contact each other on a back side of the recessed portion behind an opening of the recessed portion and parts of the first parts are crushed, (2) The second parts adjacent to the first parts and closer to the opening of the recessed portion than the first parts are separated from each other.

Abstract: A seat cover made of leather for a vehicle seat is disclosed. The seat cover has two or more blank parts as first blank parts, wherein the first blank parts are joined to each other on at least one joining edge. At least one first blank part has a width that is at least equal to the width of a following blank part of a follower and the first blank part has a length that is at least equal to the length of the following blank part of the follower.

Abstract: The invention relates to a headrest having two rods (2), at least one having a locking detents, a housing with two channels and two sets of bearings, each set comprising a top bearing and a bottom bearing. Each bearing set is mounted in a corresponding channel by fitting these bearings into receptacles The bearings have openings in which the rod can slide and a locking device for locking the housing relative to the rods in a plurality of vertical positions. The device includes at least one locking projection movable relative to the housing between a locking position and an unlocking position. The two rods are part of a frame formed by a metal tube bent to take the general shape of an inverted U with the rods corresponding to the legs of the U.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for attaching a first device to a second device. The method includes providing an attachment structure for attaching the first device to the second device that includes a fastener that is movable from a first position to a second position within the attachment structure, moving the first device into position to be attached to the second device with the fastener in the first position, obscuring an attachment detection window with a window barrier fixed to the fastener, securing the first device to the second device by sliding the fastener from the first position to the second position, locking the fastener in the second position, revealing the attachment detection window when the fastener is locked in the second position, and reading the attachment detection window to detect that the first device has been properly attached to the second device.

Abstract: Provided is an assist grip handle storing an escape hammer. The handle is to be attached to an interior space of a vehicle, and includes a bar-shaped grip portion; a curved portion continuous with at least one end of the grip portion; and an attachment portion continuous with the curved portion and attached to an interior member of the vehicle. Since provided inside the grip portion is a storage portion continuous with an opening section formed at the curved portion side, and an escape hammer is stored in the storage portion, the hammer can be stored in the handle in a compact manner. Since there are provided a biasing member biasing the hammer toward the opening section side; a regulation portion for regulating the hammer; and a push button for releasing the restriction by the regulation portion, the hammer can be easily installed in and removed from the handle.

Abstract: A cup holder assembly for a console assembly of a vehicle includes a cover, a housing, a light source, and a support frame. The cover includes an exterior surface, an opposite interior surface, and an opening extending between the exterior surface and the interior surface. The housing includes an open ended receptacle defined by a floor and at least one sidewall. The at least one sidewall includes a slit. The housing is connected to the interior surface of the cover such that the opening of the cover permits access to the open ended receptacle. The support frame is connected to at least one of the cover and the housing. The light source is mounted to the support frame such that the light source is positioned adjacent the slit in the at least one sidewall to illuminate an interior of the receptacle.

Abstract: A vessel for a vehicle may include a housing configured for connection with said vehicle and configured to receive a plurality of consumer items. The vessel may include a cover connected to the housing. The cover may include a closed position in which the cover restricts vehicle occupant access to the plurality of consumer items and/or may include an open position in which the cover permits vehicle driver access to the plurality of consumer items. A width of the housing may be less than or substantially equal to a distance between seats of said vehicle. A vessel may include a connecting member connected to the housing and configured to connect the housing with a center console of said vehicle. A vessel may include one or more lights disposed in the housing and configured to illuminate the plurality of consumer items.

Abstract: Vending systems for use in a vehicle are disclosed. In some embodiments, the systems include the following: a product housing positioned in a vehicle, the product housing including an exposed surface having a product delivery opening; a removable inventory cartridge; a product dispensing mechanism including a product dispensing opening, the product dispensing mechanism being configured for dispensing a product from the removable inventory cartridge in the product housing to the product dispensing opening; a product delivery conduit including a first end and a second end, the first end being joined with the product dispensing opening and the second end defining a product delivery opening, which is formed in the exposed top surface of the product housing and positioned in a passenger compartment of the vehicle; and an lifting mechanism positioned within the product delivery conduit for mechanically lifting the product dispensing opening to the product delivery opening.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a construction machine having at least one material receiver that is adjustable by means of at least one hydraulic actuator for unloading, with the required feed pressure for the actuator actuation being able to be provided by a hydraulic circuit of the construction machine and with the feed pressure being able to be limited to a limit pressure by means of at least one pressure limiting device, wherein the construction machine comprises a weighing system for determining the current load weight of the material receiver; and a control for the hydraulic circuit is provided that adapts the limit pressure of the pressure limiting device in dependence on the determined load weight.

Abstract: A control system is operable to control an autonomous machine for autonomously applying one or more products to a jobsite in accordance with a set of operation instructions. The products are stored in one or more interchangeable containers which are initially located on a station. The control system broadly includes an alignment sensor and a machine processor. The alignment sensor is configured to sense and generate alignment data regarding a relative position of the station and a particular container that contains a particular product.

Abstract: A tank trailer may include a plurality of hoppers and a tension bar assembly extending between the hoppers.

Abstract: A utility vehicle has a frame that is separable at a location passing through an operator compartment of the vehicle into front and rear sections with the seat base and seat assembly of the operator compartment remaining with the rear section and the rest of the operator compartment remaining with the front section. A seat extension kit is provided having a frame extension, a seat module, and a floorboard module that may be inserted between the split front and rear sections with the frame extension being fastened to such sections using pre-existing fastener holes in the vehicle frame and the frame extension. When so inserted, the seat module forms a new front row of seating with the floorboard module extending between the seat module and the original seat base and seat assembly, which now form a rear row of seating. This expands the vehicle seating capacity from two people to four people.

Abstract: An autonomous traveling unit is provided with a pair of toggle mechanisms. The toggle mechanisms respectively have displaceable bodies provided with cam followers. A workpiece loading unit is provided with a member in an X shape to be clamped. The cam followers are respectively advanced to a pair of opposing corners (a first crossing portion and a second crossing portion) of the member to be clamped. When advancing to the pair of opposing corners, the cam followers are respectively brought into abutment on the member to be clamped, whereby the workpiece loading unit is restrained on the autonomous traveling unit.

Abstract: An adaptive forward lighting system for a vehicle includes a camera having a field of view in a forward direction of travel of the vehicle. A control includes an image processor that processes image data captured by the camera to determine presence of an object in the field of view of the camera. The control receives vehicle data via a communication bus of the vehicle, with the vehicle data including vehicle trajectory data. The image processor processes captured image data to determine presence of lane markers in the field of view of the camera. The control adjusts a light beam emitted by a headlamp of the vehicle at least in part responsive to determination of the presence of the object in the field of view of the camera. Adjustment of the light beam of the vehicle headlamp may depend, at least in part, on trajectory of the vehicle.

Abstract: A vehicle lamp includes a light source, and a light guide body, wherein the light guide body has a first light guide section disposed to have one surface facing the light source, and a second light guide section formed to protrude from a second end surface and a third end surface of the first light guide section, the first light guide section includes an incidence section, a first reflective section provided on a surface facing the incidence section, a second reflective section and a third reflective section provided on an end surface that constitutes a profile of the first light guide section.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for preventing a restricted individual from operating a motor vehicle. The system monitors a speed of the individual via a smart device associated with the individual. The system activates a monitoring function based on a detected speed of the device, which may evidence the individual riding in a motor vehicle. The system them verifies that the user of the device is the restricted individual through a variety of different identification methods. Once identified, the system accesses various data sources associated with one or more ride applications running on the smart device in order to determine whether the restricted individual has requested a ride from a third party during a relevant time period. After analyzing the data, a determination is made as to whether the individual is driving, or whether more information is needed.

Abstract: A car body element which forms an outer surface of an automobile includes a device for illuminating the license plate, characterised in that the illumination device includes a diffusing light guide connected to a light source and formed by a plurality of optical fibres arranged to form sheets, such that the illumination device emits a luminous flux at all points of an illuminating part of the diffusing light guide.

Abstract: A cup holder assembly for a console assembly of a vehicle includes a cover, a housing, a light source, a support frame, and a light emitting assembly. The cover includes an exterior surface, an opposite interior surface, and an opening extending between the exterior surface and the interior surface. The housing includes an open ended receptacle. The housing is connected to the interior surface of the cover such that the opening permits access to the open ended receptacle. The support frame is connected to at least one of the cover and the housing. The light emitting assembly is positioned between the interior surface of the cover and the support frame. The light emitting assembly is oriented to emit light outwardly away from the exterior surface of the cover.

Abstract: In location-based geo-feature implementations, messages for conveyance on an industrial vehicle are determined based on a current operating state of the industrial vehicle, information about a zone with expected operating conditions, and the industrial vehicle's location. When the industrial vehicle enters the zone, the current operating state of the industrial vehicle is compared to the expected operating state, which determines the message for display. Further, the current operating state may change the way the message is displayed. In vehicle-based implementations, vehicle data is collected and analyzed to generate messages upon the triggering of predetermined events. The detection of an event can be combined with vehicle position data to create an event record that captures location. Tools are also provided for setting up, managing and using the above capabilities.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus for a vehicle includes an additional-image generation portion generating an additional image to be added to a captured image, an output image generation portion generating an output image including the captured image and the additional image. The additional image includes a first marking image indicating a first line being away from an end portion of a vehicle in a vehicle width direction by a vehicle width of the vehicle or longer, the first line being along a vehicle front and rear direction.

Abstract: An image processing device includes a data capture unit configured to capture image data obtained around a vehicle, and an image processor configured to apply image processing to a display image based on the image data. The display image is constituted of an n×m number of pixels arranged in a matrix on a display screen having first to n-th horizontal lines (n is an integer of 3 or more) extending in a horizontal direction and first to m-th perpendicular lines (m is an integer of 3 or more) extending in a perpendicular direction. The display image includes a first image area constituted of the pixels in the first to (k?1)th horizontal lines (k is an integer satisfying 2?k<n), and a second image area constituted of the pixels in the k-th to n-th horizontal lines. The image processor applies image compression processing to the second image area.

Abstract: In a vehicle door mirror device, an attachment wall, a sliding wall, a swivel wall, a reinforcing plate, and a reinforcing cylinder reinforce a mirror. Moreover, plating is formed on surfaces of the attachment wall, the sliding wall, the swivel wall, the reinforcing plate, and the reinforcing cylinder. This enables the attachment wall, the sliding wall, the swivel wall, the reinforcing plate, and the reinforcing cylinder to effectively reinforce the mirror, and enables the rigidity of the mirror face to be increased.

Abstract: A side mirror assembly for a vehicle includes a housing defining an interior volume and a mirror aperture, primary and secondary mirrors coupled to the housing and extending across the mirror aperture, and a support coupled to the housing and at least one of the primary mirror and the secondary mirror. The primary mirror has a first outer surface, and the secondary mirror has a second outer surface. The primary mirror and the secondary mirror are reflective and provide different fields of view. The primary mirror and the secondary mirror are arranged such that the primary mirror is at least partially superimposed on the secondary mirror, thereby defining an overlapped area of the second outer surface. A visible reflective area of the first outer surface is a larger than a visible reflective area of the second outer surface.

Abstract: A display mirror assembly having a mount operably coupled to a vehicle interior. The mount includes one of a ball and a socket extending forwardly therefrom. An engagement plate is pivotally coupled with the mount via the other of a ball and a socket extending rearwardly from the engagement plate. The engagement plate includes a first support member and a second support member pivotally coupled to the first support member. A carrier plate is operably coupled with the engagement plate. The carrier plate supports a rear housing on a rear portion thereof. A glass element is operably coupled with the carrier plate. A display module is configured to be turned to an on state and an off state. An actuator device is disposed on a bottom surface of the housing and is operably coupled with the glass element. The actuator device is adjustable to tilt the glass element.

Abstract: A vehicle seatback assembly includes a cavity disposed in a seatback of a vehicle and a storage system. The storage system is movable between a first position in which the storage system is stowed in the cavity and a second position in which the storage system extends from the cavity.

Abstract: A glove compartment (10) has a housing (11) and a cover (12) that is shiftable relative to the housing (11) to open or close a storage tray. A locking unit (13) either prevents or permits movement between cover (12) and housing (11). The locking unit (13) has a locking clip (14) mounted pivotably on the housing (11) and has free ends (18) that interact with locking elements (19) of the cover (12). The locking unit (13) also has an actuating element (20) mounted on the housing (11). In a first state, the actuating element (20) transfers the locking clip (14) into an unlocking position, and, in a second state, the locking clip (14) is transferable into a locking position. The locking unit (13) has an activation element (22) for the actuating element (20) to transfer the actuating element (20) between the first state and the second state.

Abstract: A component for a vehicle interior is disclosed. The component may comprise a base, a shaft, a seat for the shaft and a bin installed in the base for rotation relative to the base between closed and open positions. The bin may be installed by coupling of the shaft to the seat. The seat may comprise an aperture for the shaft and a tab to retain the shaft in the aperture for rotation of the bin by rotation of the shaft. The tab may comprise at least one of a flange; a flexible tab; a guide. The tab may comprise a flexible projection to retain the shaft into the aperture of the seat. The seat may comprise a slot; the tab may comprise a flexible guide adjacent the slot to nest the shaft in the aperture. The bin may comprise a sunglass holder; the component may comprise an overhead console.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cargo rack enabled to get installed on an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) for providing an increased amount of cargo that an ATV can carry quickly and easily, by simply sliding the cargo rack into place. The cargo rack herein comprises a sleeve section integrally housed onto an at least one end portion of an ATV frame structure, wherein the sleeve section is further enabled to receive a collapsible U-shaped extension section made up of plurality of hollow tubes, wherein each of the plurality of hollow tubes has a longitudinal pocket enabled to receive yet another hollow tube which further enables providing a collapsible U-shaped extension section.

Abstract: A carrier assembly includes a hitch post configured to be received by a vehicle trailer hitch. A first track assembly includes a first member and a second member. A second track assembly includes a third member and a fourth member. The first and third members are coupled to the hitch post to define a platform and the second and fourth members are rotatably coupled to the respective first and third members to define a rotatable ramp. A third track assembly is positioned on the ramp between the second and fourth members. An arm extends between the third and fourth members.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electronic box for a vehicle comprising: a storage housing having at least two tray brackets and a front aperture; a removable tray having (a) a channel having channel slots; (b) at least one engagement member that fits into the channel and (c) at least one latch mechanism; wherein (i) a tray slot is included in each of the at least two tray brackets; (ii) the at least one engagement member engages with the tray slots via the channel slots thereby forming a hinged mechanism when the electronic box in a closed configuration; and (iii) the at least one engagement member disengages with the tray slots when the electronic box is an opened configuration and allows the removable tray to open via the front aperture. The present invention also provides a method for attaching the above-described electronic box to a vehicle.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a cable harness. The cable harness may include a female connector, a male connector, main wires, and branch wires. The female connector and the male connector may each comply with a Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J1962 standard and may each have a plurality of pins. Each of the main wires may electrically couple a respective one of the pins of the male connector to a corresponding respective one of the pins of the female connector. Each of the branch wires may electrically couple to a respective one of the main wires via a respective T-splice. A first pair of the branch wires may provide a branch connection to a first Controller Area Network (CAN) bus wire combination. A second pair of the branch wires may provide a branch connection to a second CAN bus wire combination.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are disclosed for cameras and camera housings for vehicle trailers. An example camera for vehicle trailers includes a casing. The casing defines a cavity and includes a first face defining a first window and a second face defining a second window. The example camera also includes a core including a lens and coupled to the casing within the cavity via an axle. The core rotates to enable capturing of images through the first window and the second window. The example camera also includes gears within the cavity to facilitate rotation of the core.

Abstract: Apparatus are disclosed for cameras and camera housings for vehicle trailers. An example camera housing for vehicle trailers includes a first body defining an aperture and a second body coupling to the first body to define a cavity. The example camera housing also includes a panel that slides along the first body toward an open position to expose the aperture as the cavity receives a camera and toward a closed position to cover the aperture as the camera is removed. The example camera housing also includes a spring biasing the panel toward the closed position.

Abstract: A motor vehicle bodywork element including a support integrated into the bodywork of the vehicle, and a plurality of optical fibres of a given length, a first end of which rests on the side of the support oriented towards the exterior of the vehicle, the part of the optical fibres resting on the support being optically diffusing, and the optical fibres are connected by a second end to a remote light source, wherein that the optical fibres are organised into a strand over all or part of the length of same.

Abstract: An automobile console assembly comprising a center console housing, a lid assembly that mechanically interfaces with the console housing. The lid assembly is moveable relative to the console housing between an open configuration and a closed configuration. An adhesive buffer strip passes between the console housing and the lid assembly with the lid assembly in the closed configuration.

Abstract: A motor vehicle soundproofing part includes a base body made from foam or felt and a surface layer, applied on the base body. The base body has shaping reliefs and the surface layer includes a plurality of through perforations and airtight regions between the perforations. Each perforation has a transverse dimension smaller than 1.5 mm, advantageously smaller than 1 mm and, in particular, between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm.

Abstract: An automobile electrical system, intended to solve the problem that the existing automobile bus system has low efficiency and poor security in terms of the communication of different bus modules. For this purpose, the automobile electrical system comprises a gateway and a plurality of CAN buses connected to the gateway in parallel, wherein at least one module is connected to each of the CAN buses in parallel; and the automobile electrical system further comprises an ICAN isolation bus, wherein the ICAN isolation bus is arranged between at least two buses of the CAN buses and is used for connecting a module on one CAN bus to a module on another CAN bus. Further disclosed are an isolation system for an automobile electrical system and a method for isolating an automobile electrical system.

Abstract: An object of the description is to provide a conductive wire with a small diameter. A conductive wire configured to be arranged in a vehicle and electrically connect electrical devices includes: a rigid wire having a first core wire, and a first insulating coating that covers an outer circumference of the first core wire; and a flexible wire having a second core wire that is superior to the first core wire in terms of flexibility and is connected to an end of the first core wire, and a second insulating coating that covers an outer circumference of the second core wire. A wall thickness T1 in a radial direction of the first insulating coating of the rigid wire is smaller than a wall thickness T2 in a radial direction of the second insulating coating of the flexible wire.

Abstract: A roll connector is provided with: a light-emitting body and a light-receiving body, the roll connector communicates data between the fixed part and the rotating part by optical communication of the light-emitting body and the light-receiving body; angle sensors provided to the fixed part and/or the rotating part and detecting a relative rotation angle; and a control unit for determining, on the basis of a received optical signal, the data included in the received optical signal. The control unit executes at least one of: changing, according to the relative rotation angle, the data information compared with the received optical signal; correcting the quantity of radiated light according to the relative rotation angle so that the quantity of received light is constant; and correcting the signal level of the received optical signal according to the relative rotation angle so that the signal level of the received optical signal is constant.

Abstract: A power module for a vehicle includes a first bidirectional voltage converter to convert a first voltage to a second voltage and convert the second voltage back to the first voltage. The power module includes a second bidirectional voltage converter to convert the first voltage to a third voltage and convert the third voltage back to the first voltage. The power module includes a first battery coupled to the first bidirectional voltage converter to receive the second voltage, and a second battery coupled to the second bidirectional voltage converter to receive the third voltage. The power module includes a controller to control the first and second bidirectional voltage converters and the first and second batteries. The first voltage is for supplying power to a powertrain of the vehicle. The second voltage and the third voltage are for supplying power to the first and second batteries, respectively.

Abstract: A system for a controller area network (CAN) transceiver of a motor vehicle including a main power supply, the main power supply being unregulated, a secondary power supply set above a minimum operating voltage of the CAN transceiver, the secondary power supply being regulated, a first diode, the first diode allowing the main power supply to power the CAN transceiver, a second diode, the second diode allowing the secondary power supply to power the CAN transceiver, wherein when the main power supply has a low cranking voltage below a normal operating voltage range, the first diode is reverse bias and the second diode is forward bias at the low cranking voltage, the secondary power supply powers the CAN transceivers at the low cranking voltage, thereby allowing the CAN transceiver to remain ON at the low cranking voltage.

Abstract: An electrical load management system for a vehicle power supply system having a high voltage network and a low voltage network coupled to each other by a DC-DC converter includes a controller for controlling one or more high voltage vehicle electrical systems connected to the high voltage network and one or more low voltage vehicle electrical systems connected to the low voltage network. The controller has at least one processor that receives command signals for the high and low voltage vehicle electrical systems, and a memory device having instructions stored therein. The at least one processor is configured to determine a first electrical load on the high voltage network and a second electrical load on the low voltage network in dependence on the command signals and to control operation of the high and low voltage vehicle electrical systems in dependence on the determined first and second electrical loads.

Abstract: A system for controlling the positions of a caliper and a cable of an electric parking brake (EPB) includes: an actuator driving motor used for engaging and disengaging a parking brake of an EPB system; an electronic control module for controlling the motor; and a vehicle battery for supplying power to the motor and the electronic control module, wherein the electronic control module includes a ripple measuring unit for measuring the ripple of the motor by receiving an output signal of the motor and a current measuring unit for measuring a change in the driving current of the motor.

Abstract: An electrical system for controlling coach resources for improved reliability and economy. The electrical system may comprise a plurality of smart modules networked together on a multiple channel network, one or more work modules each communicably connected with one of the smart modules, and one or more electrical devices controllably connected with one of the work modules. In one embodiment, the multiple channel network comprises multiple CAN busses and the work modules communicate to smart modules via RS422/485.