Abstract: A flexible metal seal assembly for isolating one or more fluids in an operative region of a machine comprises a first flexible metal seal and a second flexible metal seal arranged in series, allowing the additional exertion of a spring bias. The inner surface of the first flexible metal seal is restrainably and hermetically attached to the outer surface of a metallic coupler, while the outer surface of the second flexible metal seal is restrainably and hermetically attached to the inner surface of the metallic coupler. Amongst other applications, the assembly may be used in a valve seal, or in an engine fuel pump, where it serves to isolate lubricating oil from fuel, or one fluid from a region, where one fluid may be present on an actuator that reciprocates within the second flexible metal seal or outside of the first flexible metal seal.

Abstract: Vacuum chambers having inflatable slit valve opening seals are described herein. In one example, a vacuum chamber includes a chamber body, a first inflatable seal, and a first slit valve door. The chamber body has a top, a bottom, and sidewalls. A first slit valve opening is formed in the sidewalls. The first inflatable seal is sealingly coupled to the sidewall and circumscribes the first slit valve opening. The first inflatable seal has a base coupled to the sidewall and a hollow tubular portion that can move laterally relative to the base. The first slit valve door is moveable between a close state that contacts the first inflatable seal to provide a vacuum seal between the first slit valve door and chamber body, and an open state that positions the first slit valve door clear of the first slit valve opening.

Abstract: A valve mounting system includes an upper plate including an upper inlet, an upper outlet, and an upper exhaust. A lower plate includes a lower inlet, a lower outlet, and a lower exhaust that are aligned with the upper inlet, the upper outlet, and the upper exhaust, respectively to define an inlet, an outlet and an exhaust, respectively. A spoon moves about an axis to control a flow of fluid through an opening. The opening is one of the inlet, the outlet and the exhaust.

Abstract: A convertible check valve having a pair of valve body sections, each of which includes a central passageway extending through it is disclosed. Each passageway terminates at an elliptical port. A moveable flapper is located within the check valve between the valve body sections and is movable between a between a closed state and an opened state, and vice versa, to effect the selective closing and opening of the ports. The valve body sections are configured to be rotated 180 degrees with respect to each other so that they are in an either an axially aligned state or in an elbow state. The interface between the passageways is formed by two elliptical shaped planar surfaces, each extending at an angle of 45 degrees to the central axis of the associated passageway. The valve also includes a pressure relief assembly.

Abstract: A valve including a valve housing, a casing, a spring guide, and a retaining cup. The casing may be disposed within the valve housing and may include a bore. The spring guide may be disposed within the bore and the retaining cup may be disposed partially around the casing to engage and retain the spring guide at least partially within the bore of the casing.

Abstract: A valve assembly can include a valve body and a stuffing box attached to the valve body, the stuffing box comprising a stuffing box body and a lifting lug extending from the stuffing box body. A method for lifting a valve assembly can include attaching a lifting mechanism to a lifting lug of the valve assembly and lifting the valve assembly with the lifting mechanism.

Abstract: A solenoid operated valve includes a valve block defining a valve lumen, a poppet slidably disposed within the valve lumen, a solenoid including a core defining a core lumen aligned with the valve lumen, and an armature assembly. The armature assembly includes an armature disc, an armature guide having a hollow cylindrical body defining an armature guide passage, and an armature stud disposed within the armature guide passage. The armature stud is in communication with the poppet so that axial movement of one is translated into axial movement of the other. The valve further includes a coil cover enclosing the solenoid, and a guard disposed to prevent contact between the armature assembly and an adjacent component of the valve. A method of assembling a solenoid operated valve includes placing a shim between the armature disc and the core, and pressurizing and energizing the valve.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electromagnetic actuator and a valve having such an actuator. The actuator has a first magnetic coil and a second magnetic coil, as well as at least one permanent magnet and an anchor that can be moved axially by the magnetic coils and the permanent magnet between a first and a second position, on which at least one spring device acts in the axial direction. The first and second magnetic coils as well as the first permanent magnet are disposed axially behind one another thereby, such that the first permanent magnet is disposed coaxially between the first and second magnetic coils.

Abstract: In a rotary actuator comprising a housing containing a piston and having a cover and a base, thread-like guide grooves in the piston, a shaft having a transverse axis and being rotatable about an axis of the rotary actuator which transverse axis engages into the guide grooves, and torque support engaging into guides in the piston, which torque supports are anchored in the housing, wherein the transverse axis on both ends comprises bushes contacting raceways of the guide grooves, each bush is cambered and each raceway is configured with an undercut corresponding to the cambering.

Abstract: Implementations described herein protect a chamber components from corrosive cleaning gases used at high temperatures. In one embodiment, a chamber component includes at least a bellows that includes a top mounting flange coupled to a bottom mounting flange by a tubular accordion structure. A coating is disposed on an exterior surface of at least the tubular accordion structure. The coating includes of at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene, parylene C, parylene D, diamond-like carbon (DLC), yttria stabilized zirconia, nickel, alumina, or aluminum silicon magnesium yttrium oxygen compound. In one embodiment, the chamber component is a valve having an internal bellows.

Abstract: The electronically switchable MEMS valve includes a housing formed from soft magnetic material and defining a fluid flow path therethrough. A magnetic field generating member is mounted within the housing and connected to a source of electrical power. A MEMS valve portion is mounted within the magnetic field generating member, has a valve closing member movably mounted therein, and defines a portion of the fluid flow path therethrough. The valve closing element is movable between a closed position wherein the fluid flow path is blocked, and an open position wherein the fluid flow path is not blocked. When an electric current is removed from the magnetic field generating member, the valve closing element is configured to move to and remain in the one of the closed position and the open position to which the valve closing element is the closest when the electric current is removed.

Abstract: A support for a pipe which comprises a body which comprises a through-orifice for the pipe. The through-orifice has a diameter which is greater than an external diameter of the pipe. At least one base of the support is configured so as to be in contact with and connected to a fixing surface. A first ring and a second ring each have an eccentric orifice and are configured so as to be fitted one into the other in the orifice of the body about the pipe when the support is put in position. By rotating at least one of the first and second rings, the position of the axis of the pipe may be adjusted radially relative to the support.

Abstract: An elongate hollow structure and method of constructing the hollow structure is described, whereby the hollow structure includes a radially inner portion and a radially outer portion adapted to be merged together to form a tubular wall structure. The method includes providing the radially inner portion, providing the radially outer portion about the radially inner portion, wherein a space exists between the radially inner and outer portions, the space containing a gas therein, and expanding the inner portion. The gas within the space between the inner and outer portions is arranged to be expelled as the inner portion is expanded.

Abstract: A composite pipe including an inner liner layer, a reinforcement layer, a structural layer, and an outer protection layer. The inner liner layer, the reinforcement layer, the structural layer, and the outer protection layer are arranged in that order from the inside out along the radial direction of the pipe. The reinforcement layer includes wound bamboo strips; the structural layer includes a wound planed board; and the reinforcement layer and the structural layer are sandwiched between the inner liner layer and the outer protection layer.

Abstract: A flame resistant hose assembly is disclosed. The hose assembly comprises a tubular inner layer and a flame resistant layer. The tubular inner layer has an interior radial surface and an exterior radial surface and defines a longitudinal axis. The flame resistant layer is disposed about and covers the exterior radial surface of the tubular inner layer. The flame resistant layer is formed from a flame resistant material comprising a polymeric binder and expandable graphite in an amount of from about 5 to about 40 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the flame resistant material. The flame resistant layer expands when heated to a temperature of about 220° C. or greater and maintains a post-expansion coverage of the exterior radial surface of the tubular inner layer of greater than about 95%.

Abstract: Pipe elements have circumferential grooves. The grooves have a first side surface contiguous with a first floor surface. The first side surface and the first floor surface together subtend a first 90° circular arc when viewed in cross section. The grooves also have a second side surface contiguous with a second floor surface. The second side surface is in spaced relation to and in facing relation with the first side surface. The second side surface and the second floor surface together subtend a second 90° circular arc when viewed in cross section. A third floor surface is contiguous with both the first and second floor surfaces and is a flat surface. A coupling used to connect the pipe elements has arcuate projections which engage the grooves of the pipe elements. The arcuate projections have a semi-circular cross section. Relief grooves are positioned adjacent to each arcuate projection.

Abstract: A resin-made pipe joint enhancing sealing property between a joint body and a sleeve. The joint body and the sleeve are produced by using a fluorine resin. A sealing portion which seals between the inner circumferential surface of an inserting portion of the sleeve and the outer circumferential surface of the inner cylinder portion is formed by press-inserting the inserting portion into a groove portion of the joint body. When, with respect to the inserting and groove portions, an insertion rate of the inserting portion to the groove portion is indicated by X, and a multiplying factor of the radial width of the inserting portion to the radial width of the groove portion is indicated by Y, the resin-made pipe joint has the insertion rate and multiplying factor which are within a range defined by following Expressions (1) and (2): Y=?0.218X+1.218??(1) and Y=?0.67X+1.67.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods of coupling plain end pipes. One system includes a coupling sleeve having opposing upper and lower ends and a plurality of axially extending slots defined in each end, wherein the upper end is configured to receive an end of a first pipe and the lower end is configured to receive an end of a second pipe, an upper sliding ring disposed about the coupling sleeve and axially movable in a first direction to force the upper end into gripping engagement with an outer surface of the first pipe, and a lower sliding ring disposed about the coupling sleeve and axially movable in a second direction to force the lower end into gripping engagement with an outer surface of the second pipe.

Abstract: A foldable drain pipe for draining effluent from a decanter in a settling tank in a water treatment system, comprising a plurality of pipe sections sealingly connected together end to end by pivotable elbow coupling pairs to form an articulated drain foldable in a vertical direction. The drain pipe is attachable at an upper end to the decanter and at a lower end to a tank outlet in the tank wall. The drain pipe can support its own weight and cannot come into contact undesirably with any other portion of the tank wall. The pipe unfolds upward as needed when the decanter and effluent level are high, and folds compactly between the decanter and the tank outlet when the decanter and effluent level are low. Multiple hobble apparatus options may be selected as defined herein to prevent rotational hyperextension of any of the elbow coupling pairs to assure that the pipe folds correctly.

Abstract: A fluid coupler includes: an outer body; an end connector being at least partially received inside the outer body and configured to receive pressurized fluid; an inner body received inside the outer body, the inner body being moveable with respect to the outer body; a seat holder and a valve seat both located inside of the inner body, the valve seat being configured to press against an inner surface of the inner body to close the fluid coupler; a connector partially housed within the inner body, the connector comprising a first end secured to the seat holder and a second end. The fluid coupler defines a pressurized fluid flow path enabling pressurized fluid to contact and pressurize the end connector, the inner body, the seat holder, and the connector without contacting and pressurizing the outer body.

Abstract: A duct connection including a first flange configured to couple with a first duct and a slip fit attached to the first flange. The slip fit has a first portion extending from the first flange substantially perpendicular with respect to the first flange and a second portion extending from the first portion of the slip fit substantially parallel with respect to the first flange. The slip fit and the first flange form a receiving area structured such that a portion of a corresponding flange included on a second duct can slide into the receiving area.

Abstract: A quick coupling element with discharge member and coupling member comprising such an element are disclosed. The coupling element comprises a tubular body defining an inner channel for the passage of a pressurized fluid and a longitudinal axis, and a relief member of the inner channel, movable between a first position, closing off a relief passage connecting the inner channel to the outside of the body, and a second forward position where it does not close off this relief passage. The relief member is a ring that is that is movable between two positions around a central member. The relief ring defines, at least in part, the relief passage. In the first position, the relief ring seals the central member over a first sealing circumference, and against the peripheral part over a second sealing circumference. The coupling element further comprises an elastic return member for returning the relief ring toward its first position.

Abstract: An improved tapping sleeve assembly (114) comprising a sleeve (115) configured to clamp a main fluid conduit (116) oriented about a longitudinal axis (x-x), the sleeve having a first member (134), a second member (140) separate from the first member, and a connection assembly (121) between the first member and the second member, the first member having a branch aperture (123) configured to communicate with a branch fluid conduit (129), the connection assembly configured and arranged to tighten the first and the second members to the main fluid conduit, a gasket (132) disposed between the first member and the main fluid conduit, the gasket comprising a flexible sheet (133) and a thickened aperture seal (122) configured to extend around the branch aperture between the sleeve and the main fluid conduit, the gasket comprising an inwardly protruding circumferential seal bead (137a) extending substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis and intersecting an inwardly protruding portion of the aperture seal, the

Abstract: A fluid pipe device is provided, which includes a pipe member forming a flow channel for flowing a fluid; a heating member for generating heat to heat the pipe member; a metal heat transfer member abutting against the heating member and conducting the heat to the pipe member; and a terminal member electrically connecting the heating member and the heat transfer member. The heat transfer member includes a first heat transfer member and a second heat transfer member, and at least one of the first heat transfer member and the second heat transfer member forms the terminal member at one portion, and the first heat transfer member is provided in the pipe member in such a way as not to be exposed inside the flow channel of the pipe member.

Abstract: A heated hose has pressure housings at or near its inlet and outlet. Heat is provided by an electric resistance heater located within the flow channel of the hose. Power feedthroughs in the pressure housings provide fluid-tight electrical power and return connections to the heater. The power feedthroughs may comprise a generally cylindrical body having a central axial bore. A conductor pin is situated within the central axial bore in spaced apart relation thereto creating an annulus. The annulus may be filled with an insulating material such as a ceramic. The power feedthroughs are retained within bores in each of the pressure housings. The bores have a circumferential groove in their inner walls which hold a seal such as an O-ring in sealing engagement with the outer surface of the generally cylindrical body of the power feedthrough.

Abstract: A method of damping pulsations produced by an engine or other driver, so that gas flow can more accurately be measured by a gas flow meter. A damping device is placed between the driver and the flow meter, and has an enclosed volume, an input tube, and an output tube. Particular dimensions of the damping device, namely the volume of the chamber and the diameter and length of the input tube, are calculated to result in a desired damping efficiency.

Abstract: An accumulator assembly for a pump system at a well site is arranged to fluidically connect to a flow line between a blender and a fracturing pump of the pump system. The accumulator assembly includes a pressurizable tank configured to contain pressurized fluid; and, a control valve fluidically connected between a discharge end of the tank and the flow line. The control valve opens and fluidically connects the tank to the flow line when a pressure on the flow line is less than a target pressure, and the control valve closes and fluidically blocks communication between the tank and the flow line when the pressure on the flow line is greater than or substantially same as the target pressure.

Abstract: Tubing everting apparatus, assemblies, and methods are disclosed herein. The tubing everting apparatus include a pressure chamber that defines an internal volume, a liner inlet port that is configured to receive a flexible tube liner into the internal volume, an inlet sealing structure that is configured to resist fluid flow therepast from the pressure chamber, and a liner outlet port that is configured to permit the flexible tube liner to extend from the internal volume. In some embodiments, the apparatus include a lubricator that is configured to apply a lubricant to the flexible tube liner. In some embodiments, the apparatus include a non-deflation valve that is configured to selectively transition between open and closed states. The assemblies include the apparatus and a cart that includes a lubricant reservoir. The methods include methods of operating the apparatus.

Abstract: The invention relates to a repair kit 10, 10? for sealing conveying lines, in particular thick-matter or concrete conveying lines, comprising at least one sealing element 12, 12?, the sealing element 12, 12? being a monolith or a composite component and having a base body 14 and a coating layer. The repair kit is characterized in that the base body 14 is dimenisionally stable and the coating layer has at least two layers, a first layer 16 and a second layer 18, the first layer 16 being arranged between the base body 14 and the second layer 18.

Abstract: A spacer is inserted in a gap between an existing pipe and a rehabilitation pipe to adjust the position of the rehabilitation pipe inside the existing pipe. The spacer comprises first and second wedge-shaped members each having an inclined surface of the same inclination angle and being overlapped with the inclined surfaces thereof overlapped. Latching teeth are formed in the inclined surfaces of the first and second wedge-shaped members so that the second wedge-shaped member is movable relative to the first wedge-shaped member in the insertion direction of the spacer to stepwise increase an overall height thereof, but immovable in the reverse direction.

Abstract: The pipe includes at least one tubular sheath delimiting a passage for circulation of the abrasive material, at least one tensile armor layer externally positioned with respect to the tubular sheath, the armor layer including a plurality of filiform armor elements. It further includes a protective internal layer positioned inside the tubular sheath in the circulation passage, the protective internal layer including an elastomeric matrix and a longitudinal reinforcement assembly embedded in the matrix.

Abstract: Insulating molded part having an upper part and a bottom part. The upper part and bottom part are formed as an integral injection molded or die-cast part. Further, cavities, between the upper part and the bottom part, are arranged as chambers separated from one another in an air-tight manner and the upper part and the bottom part are formed in respective cuboid manners, and the upper part is offset in a diagonal direction in relation to the bottom part.

Abstract: A supporting frame is disclosed, which comprises a base, a shaft, a cantilever arm, an elastic body, a mounting unit and at least one cam. The shaft is disposed on the base. The cantilever arm has a first end and a second end. The cam is formed on the first end. The first end of the cantilever arm is pivoted on the shaft, and the elastic body is sleeved on the shaft for providing an elastic force to the cam. The mounting unit holds the display device. The cantilever arm rotates toward the base around a pivot point where the shaft is pivoted on the cantilever arm to cause the cam deforming the elastic body so that elastic force of the elastic body is increased.

Abstract: The present load support apparatus comprises an object support apparatus 10 includes a regulating device 60 that regulates movement of a support frame unit 13 with respect to a fixed frame unit 12. The regulating device includes a fixed-side slit 62 that is formed at a side frame 18, 19 of the fixed frame unit, a movable-side slit 63 that is formed at a guide frame 28, 29 of the support frame unit, and a regulating member 61 that is inserted through the slits. The regulating member is engaged with a movable-side engaging portion 71 at the movable-side slit and a fixed-side engaging portion 72 at the fixed-side slit and the regulating member is locked between the fixed-side engaging portion and the movable-side engaging portion.

Abstract: A check valve supplies fluid to a system and includes a fluid barrier protects the sealing elements and surfaces of the check valve preventing degradation from any backflow of gas and debris from the system to which fluid is supplied.

Abstract: Various embodiments may relate to a lighting device, which includes a lamp tube having two open ends, a light engine arranged in the lamp tube, a carrier supporting the light engine, and two end caps closing the open ends. The lighting device further includes a diffuser. The carrier supporting the light engine is held on the diffuser, and the diffuser is held on the inner wall of the lamp tube.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optoelectronic lamp with improved omni-directionality by using a reflector cap having an opening.

Abstract: An LED lamp A includes a plurality of LED modules 2 each including an LED chip 21, and a support member 1 including a support surface 1a on which the LED modules 2 are mounted. The LED modules 2 include a plurality of kinds of LED modules, or a first through a third LED modules 2A, 2B and 2C different from each other in directivity characteristics that represent light intensity distribution with respect to light emission directions. This arrangement ensures that the entire surrounding area can be illuminated with sufficient brightness.

Abstract: A light beam control member according to the present invention comprises: an incidence surface including a first incidence surface arranged spaced apart from a center axis, and a second incidence surface arranged by surrounding the first incidence surface; an upper total reflection surface arranged opposite the incidence surface, and causing the light incident on the incidence surface to reflect in a direction away from the center axis; a lower total reflection surface arranged between the center axis and the first incidence surface and surrounding the center axis, and causing part of the light incident on the first incidence surface to reflect toward the upper total reflection surface; and an emission surface arranged outside the upper total reflection surface and surrounding the center axis, and causing the light reflected from the upper total reflection surface to be emitted to the outside.

Abstract: A lampholder and a luminaire are provided. The lampholder includes a recess, a base of which has a luminous unit installing side; and a reflecting flank, extending from the recess and having a reflecting face facing the luminous unit installing side. The luminaire includes the lampholder. With the lampholder and the luminaire, conventionally discrete lampholder and light reflecting shade are made into an integral lampholder, so that structure is more simple, and the connecting step of a light emitting shade and a lampholder is cut down. In addition, the recess configuration of the lampholder is usable for accommodating an externally arranged power supply of a luminous unit, thereby saving the storage space, and reducing the warehousing and logistics costs.

Abstract: An LED tube lamp comprises a plurality of LED light sources, an end cap, a power supply disposed in the end cap, a lamp tube, and an LED light strip. The lamp tube extends in a first direction along a length of the lamp tube, and has an end attached to the end cap. The LED light strip is electrically connected the LED light sources with the power supply. The LED light strip has in sequence a first wiring layer, a dielectric layer and a second wiring layer. A thickness of the second wiring layer is greater than a thickness of the first wiring layer.

Abstract: In a light emitting section, a phosphor layer including a first phosphor particle which receives excitation light and emits fluorescence with a first peak wavelength and a phosphor layer including a second phosphor particle which receives the excitation light and emits fluorescence with a second peak wavelength are stacked. In the light emitting section, when an upper surface is a surface from which illumination light is mostly emitted, the illumination light including the fluorescence emitted from the first phosphor particle and the fluorescence emitted from the second phosphor particle, a reflective member to reduce leakage of fluorescence is provided on a side surface of the light emitting section.

Abstract: First and second modules carrying LED circuit boards are interconnected by an interconnection mechanism which enables the modules to both pivot and move linearly with respect to one another such that the distance and angle between the modules may each be varied.

Abstract: The present invention provides an LED driver circuit, comprising a voltage converter electrically connected to a power supply and an LED string, wherein the voltage converter provides a fixed voltage to the LED string; and a current-based light-adjusting unit electrically connected to the voltage converter, wherein the current-based light-adjusting unit controls the amplitude of the current flowing through the LED string, in an analog manner and based on a duty cycle of a pulse width modulation signal.

Abstract: A light emitting diode can emit light along an axis. An optic can be positioned to direct the emitted light off of the axis. The optic can comprise a base and a projection that rises from the base towards the light emitting diode. The projection can comprise a cavity that is oriented to receive the light emitted by the light emitting diode. The cavity can be slanted relative to the axis of the light emitting diode. A convex surface disposed at the bottom of the cavity can condense, focus, or collimate light. The projection can further comprise sides that totally internally reflect light.

Abstract: A retrofit kit for a lay-in troffer LED luminaire comprising two sets of connecting beams, with a first set being arranged in a parallel orientation and a second set of connecting beams oriented in a perpendicular manner with respect to each of the first set of beams. Each set of connecting beams are engaged to connected to each other by means of multiple coupling retainers and clamping hooks matched with each other to form a quadrangular bracket capable of containing the troffer. Compressible and extendable fastening means are further placed at the lateral sides of the troffer. And the troffer is connected to the ceiling through the allocation with the bracket by making fastening means aligned with the connecting holes on the first or the second sets of connecting beams that receive the fastening means.

Abstract: A luminaire and retaining device that retains LEDs in a housing of the luminaire through the use of a mechanical interface with the housing. The retaining device has a shape that engages the housing through a ratcheting feature, and allows the LEDs and retaining device to be removably installed in such a way that manufacturing time is reduced. This provides for easy of replacement or servicing of the LEDs.

Abstract: A lamp includes a base unit and a shade unit. The base unit includes a case body, push button and rotary switches, and an interconnect member connected to the rotary switch. The shade unit includes a shade body connected to the interconnect member, a light module and a connect member. The shade unit is slidable along the interconnect member between a switch-on position, where the connect member is spaced apart from the pushbutton switch so that the light module is switched on and the shade body is rotatable to rotate the rotary switch to adjust brightness of the light module, and a switch-off position, where the connect member abuts against the pushbutton switch so that the light module is switched off.

Abstract: A light source unit includes a light source module, a heat sink including a light source arrangement portion on which the light source module is arranged and a plurality of heat dissipation fins that are plate-shaped and arranged in a first direction such that main surfaces thereof face each other, a drive circuit for controlling driving of the light source module, and a circuit cover configured to cover the drive circuit. The light source arrangement portion is provided on an anterior surface side of the heat sink, the plurality of heat dissipation fins are provided on a posterior surface side of the heat sink, and the circuit cover is attached to the heat sink such that at least two ventilation holes are present in a spatial region framed by a part of the heat sink that is on the posterior surface side and the circuit cover.

Abstract: Lens for a lighting device of a motor vehicle includes a rear face designed to be oriented toward a light source of the lighting device, and a convex front face designed to be oriented toward the roadway being illuminated. The lens has a median vertical plane designed to be substantially orthogonal to the roadway, the front face having a first zone of diffusion with microstructures adapted to diffuse the light emitted by the light source, the first zone of diffusion extending in the median vertical plane. The front face furthermore includes at least two second zones of diffusion each one having microstructures adapted to diffuse the light emitted by the light source, the two second zones of diffusion being situated on either side of the median vertical plane. The microstructures of the two zones of diffusion have a depth absolutely greater than the depth of the microstructures of the first zone of diffusion.