Abstract: A soldering iron including an iron main body and an iron tip includes an iron tip main body having a hollow space inside extending along a longitudinal direction; an insulator tube in the hollow space; a heater wire to heat the iron tip main body, and a temperature sensor to detect a temperature of the leading end side of the iron tip, the heater wire includes: an outward route part extending towards a leading end of the iron tip, and a return route part extending towards a base end of the iron tip, while the heater wire folded back at a vicinity of the leading end of the iron tip being wound around the insulator tube, in the insulator tube, a heater wire hole to accommodate the return route part of the heater wire and a sensor wire hole to accommodate a sensor wire are formed independent of each other.

Abstract: To provide an arc welding robot system that displays a current waveform graphically during arc welding and realizes parameter adjustment on a display screen. An arc welding robot system comprises a robot controller and a teaching operation terminal. The robot controller comprises: an arc sensor; and a welding current storage unit that stores the current value of a welding current detected by the arc sensor during implementation of the arc welding. The teaching operation terminal comprises: a control unit; and a display on which data is displayed. The control unit comprises: a welding current display unit that displays the current value and the waveform of the welding current in any weaving cycle on the display; a sampling current area display unit that displays a sampling current area on the display; and a current waveform display shift unit that shifts the waveform of the welding current in a temporal axis direction on the display unit.

Abstract: A plug part releasably connects a liquid-cooled welding torch to a jack part arranged on a hose package, and a connecting device releasably connects a liquid-cooled welding torch to a hose package. In order to provide a connecting device which is suitable for high welding currents and use with hollow shaft robots, each welding current line on the plug part is arranged around a cooling duct, at least in the region of the front face, and the contact area of each welding current line is arranged axially offset from the orifices of the cooling ducts. On the jack part, each welding current line is arranged around a cooling duct, at least in the region of the end piece, and the contact area of each welding current line is arranged axially offset from the orifices of the cooling ducts.

Abstract: Various welding chambers are disclosed herein. A welding chamber body has a glove tube attached to its sidewall. A windowed hood structure is attached to the welding chamber body using a hinge assembly. A manifold assembly has a main branch and perforated secondary branches. A cross sectional area of the main branch is greater than a second cross sectional area of one of the secondary branches.

Abstract: A center pipe is used in a plasma torch for plasma cutting including a base portion and an electrode. The center pipe is inserted into the electrode and supplies cooling water into the electrode. The center pipe includes a pipe body and a contact piece. The pipe body is electrically connected to an electrical power source outside of the plasma torch via the base portion. The pipe body includes a cooling water channel therein. The pipe body is formed with an electrically conductive body. The contact piece is provided on the external circumferential surface of the pipe body and energizes the electrode through contact with the internal circumferential surface of the electrode. The contact piece has elasticity to produce a counterforce when pressed in the radial direction of the pipe body. The contact piece is formed with an electrically conductive body.

Abstract: A method for producing a composite component includes providing a first component with a plastic layer, providing a second component which is formed at least partially from metal, and connecting the first component to the second component to form the composite component. At least one connecting element made of metal is positively connected to the first component and electrical resistance welding to the second component so that between the connecting element and the second component a welded connection is produced.

Abstract: A system for spot welding two metal sheets together includes a plurality of conductive particles placed in an interface between the two metal sheets, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The first electrode and the second electrode are arranged to clamp the two metal sheets together such that the conductive particles become embedded into the metal sheets at the interface between the metal sheets. A conductive path is formed from the first electrode to the second electrode through the metal sheets and the plurality of metallic particles.

Abstract: A tool and method for bonding layers of a shell by the differential pressure bonding process. The tool and method includes a plurality of separable mandrel segments that combine to form a mandrel having a longitudinal axis, an outer surface, an upper end, and at least one substantially continuous inner surface. The inner surface has a substantially axisymmetric shape having complex curvature. In this embodiment, the tool further includes a retort configured to at least partially shroud the outer surface and upper end of the hollow body. The retort includes at least one vacuum port. The tool is configured to facilitate the compression of a plurality of layers of a multi-layer shell having complex curvature as the shell layers and an interdisposed bonding material are heated to an elevated bonding temperature.

Abstract: An ultrasonic bonding jig includes: a plurality of protrusions; a planar portion among protrusions formed among base ends of the protrusions; and recessed portions recessed to a side opposite to a projection direction of the protrusions, the recessed portions being formed on both sides in a vibration direction of the protrusions.

Abstract: A pressure welding device (1) and a pressure welding method are provided. The pressure welding device (1) includes a plastification unit (5), a positioning and compressing unit (6), a controller (26), and an advance unit (7) for a workpiece (3) and for the process axis (13). The advance unit (7) has an open- or closed-loop controllable hydraulic advance drive (12) that is formed as an open- or closed-loop controllable electro-hydraulic direct drive for the process axis (13).

Abstract: A transmission shaft of a countershaft-type manual transmission is constructed from a plurality of hollow shaft portions which are butt press welded to one another, at least two of which hollow shaft portions are provided in each instance with at least one helical toothing of a fixed wheel of a spur gear stage. The hollow shaft portions provided with a helical toothing are connected to the respective adjacent hollow shaft portion in each instance so as to be rotated by a correction angle (??) around their center axis in proportion to a deviation (?x) from their axial target position, wherein the ratio between the correction angle (??) and the axial deviation (?x) corresponds to the pitch (s) of the helical toothing (??/?x=s).

Abstract: The invention relates machines and methods for separative machining of workpieces. The machines include a first movement unit to move the workpiece in a first direction, a second movement unit including a machining head to emit the processing beam, and a third movement unit. The second movement unit moves the machining head in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction to direct the processing beam onto the workpiece. The machines include a first workpiece support unit including a first workpiece-bearing face and a second workpiece support unit including a second workpiece-bearing face spaced apart by a gap. One or more of at least a part of the first workpiece support unit, at least a part of the second workpiece support unit and at least one support element are configured to move with respect to one another in the first direction to vary the width of the gap.

Abstract: The present invention makes it unnecessary to dispose a cable for driving a jig, simplifies the structure, and eliminates the restrictions on the operation of a table. Provided is a rotary table device including: a table on which a workpiece is loaded; a rotation mechanism that rotates the table about a predetermined axis, a motor-driven jig that is fixed to the table and clamps the workpiece, and a photoelectric conversion device that is fixed to the table, converts light energy into electric power, and supplies the converted electric power to the jig.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a component is disclosed. The method includes depositing a material on a removable form structure having geometry corresponding to an internal space of the component. The material is deposited on the removable form structure by an additive manufacturing technique. The method includes removing the removable form structure to obtain a pre-machined component, and then machining the pre-machined component to manufacture the component having the internal space.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are disclosed for temporal pulse shaping of laser pulses used in laser shock peening applications. In one embodiment, a system for temporal pulse shaping of a laser beam used for laser shock peening comprises a laser; a modulator; a high voltage driver, a waveform generator, a polarizer, and an optical amplifier.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for dividing a composite into a plurality of semiconductor chips along a dividing pattern. A composite, which comprises a substrate, a semiconductor layer sequence, and a functional layer, is provided. Separating trenches are formed in the substrate along the dividing pattern. The functional layer is cut through along the dividing pattern by means of coherent radiation. Each divided semiconductor chip has part of the semiconductor layer sequence, part of the substrate, and part of the functional layer. The invention further relates to a semiconductor chip.

Abstract: The present invention relates to transient liquid phase sinter pastes for electronic interconnects, and sinter paste application and processing methods.

Abstract: A system and method for performing laser induced breakdown spectroscopy during laser ablation of a coating, such as a TBC coating, deposited on a surface of a component, particularly to enable obtained spectrometry signals of the ablated coating to be used to monitor and control the laser ablation removal process in real-time. The system includes a laser energy source and a scan head interconnected with the laser energy source to receive a laser beam therefrom and then direct the laser beam onto the surface of the coated component. Collection optics collect radiation emitted from a laser-induced plasma generated by the laser beam at the surface of the coated component. The system is further equipped to spectrally analyze the radiation and generate a feedback signal for control and optimization of one or more operational parameters of the laser energy source in real-time.

Abstract: An exemplary gas turbine engine component assembly includes, among other things, a case having a generally cylindrical outer surface. At least one synchronizing ring is received at least partially about the outer surface of the case. A plurality shims situated between an inner surface on the at least one synchronizing ring and the outer surface of the case at a plurality of shim locations are circumferentially spaced about the case outer surface. Each shim location includes at least one of the shims. A radial thickness of the shims at a first one of the shim locations is different than the radial thickness of the shims at a second one of the shim locations.

Abstract: The invention discloses a device for automatically assembling screw and an automatically assembling system, the device includes a frame, a locating member, a taking member, a driving member and a screw feeding member: the locating member is for locating a product to special position; the taking member includes a rotating plate, at least three sucking elements fixed below the rotating member and located at a same circumference, and an electric screwdriver connected with the driving member and located upon the circumference; the driving member drives the rotating plate rotating, the electric screwdriver is movably located on the driving member; the screw feeding member includes a feeding plate including feeding positions, each feeding position corresponds to one sucking element; the driving member drives the sucking element acquiring the screw, and drives the sucking element moving the acquired screw to a position for the electric screwdriver assembling the screw to the product.

Abstract: A contact holder device for a hand-held power tool includes at least one main body that is disposed inside a housing unit of the hand-held power tool. The main body accommodates or fixes contact elements configured to transmit data signals and/or electrical energy. The main body has at least one disposition plane and at least one group of contact elements are disposed in the disposition plane. The main body has at least one further disposition plane and at least one further group of contact elements are disposed in the further disposition plane. The further disposition plane is disposed in an offset manner in relation to the disposition plane.

Abstract: The present invention proposes a macro-micro integrated compound platform with adjustable dynamic characteristics. When a macro platform mover and a micro platform mover are driven at the same time, the whole large-scale high-speed motion can be realized; when a motion deviation occurs, a micro motion platform can be driven separately to realize the high-frequency motion deviation compensation, because the micro motion platform has small inertia and zero friction and achieves precision displacement output through elastic deformation.

Abstract: A tool magazine device includes a rail that is annularly formed and that has a separation section at a part in a circumferential direction of the rail and a holding ring that is arranged coaxially with the rail and that is rotated by a driving motor. The holding ring is provided with a plurality of holding sections that are open in an axial direction of the holding ring. The holding sections are arranged in the circumferential direction of the holding ring. A tool pot is held to be insertable into and extractable from each holding section. A conveyance unit sends out the tool pot placed in the holding section to an exchange position and sends the tool pot into the holding section from the exchange position. A roller supported by each tool pot rolls on the rail in response to the rotation of the holding ring.

Abstract: A power tool includes a housing, a motor positioned substantially within the housing, a drive mechanism supported by the housing and coupled to the motor, a battery pack electrically coupled to the motor, and an isolation system. The isolation system includes an interface member positioned substantially within the housing. The interface member receives a portion of the battery pack to electrically couple the battery pack to the motor. The isolation system also includes a plurality of isolators coupled between the housing and the interface member to isolate the battery pack from the housing during operation of the power tool.

Abstract: A controller of a machine tool capable of suppressing heat generation and realizing a stable cutting operation during deep cutting is provided. A numerical controller for controlling a machine tool including a spindle motor formed of an induction motor and a feed axis driving motor includes: a magnetic flux amount acquisition means that acquires a present magnetic flux amount of the spindle motor; and a speed change means that changes a speed of the feed axis driving motor on the basis of the magnetic flux amount.

Abstract: A workpiece fixture assembly is provided herein. The workpiece fixture assembly includes a baseplate including an engagement surface. First and second static risers are configured to maintain a position of a workpiece. The first static riser includes a first gage bore thereon. A dynamic riser is configured to abut the workpiece and has a second gage bore thereon. A numerical control machine has a probe to measure an offset distance between the first and second gage bores. A linearly actuable workpiece support is disposed on the baseplate.

Abstract: A work seating detection device including a detection hole formed to discharge air from a work seating face of a chuck, a detection flow path connecting an air supply source supplying compressed air and the detection hole, a pressure switch detecting a secondary-side pressure of a throttle portion formed in the detection flow path, and a pressure regulator adjusting the secondary-side pressure is provided. An adjustment flow path branching on a secondary side of the throttle portion is formed in the detection flow path, an on-off valve is disposed at the adjustment flow path, an adjustment block provided with an adjustment face pressing an adjustment gauge is integrally formed in a tip portion, and an adjustment hole having the same size as the detection hole and communicating with the adjustment flow path is formed in the adjustment block for an opening portion to be positioned in the adjustment face.

Abstract: Provided is an ultrasonic displacement sensor that more accurately identifies a plurality of models on a conveyance line on which a plurality of types of workpieces having different specifications coexists, in particular, on a conveyance line of cylinder blocks in a manufacturing facility of engines for automobiles, to thereby improve reliability.

Abstract: A method and device for simultaneous centerless cylindrical grinding of multiple workpieces (11, 12, 13, 14), at least sections of which are rotationally symmetrical, the workpieces are arranged on a support apparatus (200) one behind the other between at least one grinding wheel (110) and at least one regulating wheel (120), and wherein the axis of rotation of the regulating wheel is inclined with respect to a horizontal plane extending parallel to the workpiece axes of rotation and the grinding wheel axis of rotation by an inclination angle (?). During grinding the workpieces are arranged with a height offset relative to each other corresponding to at least a quarter of the inclination angle (?) of the axis of rotation of the regulating wheel with respect to the parallel plane to render the respective bearing angles (?) of the workpieces on the inclined regulating wheel consistent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a wheel burr removing device, which includes a frame, cylinders, guide posts, brush systems I, brush systems II and a clamping rotating system. The device in the present invention not only can be used for adjusting the angles of brushes II according to the size and the shape of the wheel so as to focus on removing burrs at the root of the rim, but also can be used for specifically removing burrs at the roots of flanges and the middle parts of spokes; meanwhile, the device has the characteristics of high automation degree, advanced process, simple structure and high safety and stability.

Abstract: The present invention provides a burr removing device for a wheel. The device comprises a rotary lifting system, a brush moving system, a manipulator system, a clamping drive system and the like. The device can effectively remove burrs on back cavities of wheels with different diameters, the size of the brush moving system can be automatically adjusted, and the angle of a brush I can be flexibly adjusted; meanwhile, the device has the characteristics of high automation degree, advanced process, good removal effect and high safety and stability.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for trimming a module are disclosed. In and embodiment the method includes fixing a rear transverse side of module, guiding the rear cutting head along the rear transverse side thereby cutting off a rear overlapping portion of the overlapping film and releasing the rear transverse. The method further includes moving the module into a region of two longitudinal cutting devices, fixing the module on both longitudinal sides, guiding longitudinal cutting heads along the longitudinal sides thereby cutting off longitudinally overlapping film portions on both longitudinal sides, and releasing the longitudinal sides of the module. The method furthermore includes moving the module into a region of the front cutting device, fixing a front transverse side of the module, guiding a front cutting head along the front transverse side thereby cutting off a front overlapping portion of the overlapping film.

Abstract: Abrasive machining apparatuses and methods of finishing glass articles with abrasive machining apparatuses are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, an abrasive machining apparatus includes a support base, an edge finishing unit, and an edge finishing unit position sensor. The edge finishing unit includes an abrasive machining spindle having an abrasive wheel that is coupled to a motor and a pivot mechanism that is coupled to the support base. The pivot mechanism has an axis about which the abrasive machining spindle pivots. The abrasive machining spindle is pivotable between an extended position and a retracted position. The actuator is coupled to the edge finishing unit and to the support base and selectively positions the abrasive machining spindle about the axis. The edge finishing unit position sensor is coupled to the support base and is oriented to detect a position of the abrasive machining spindle.

Abstract: A setup platform is provided for a grinder including a cutoff wheel. The setup platform includes an upper planar surface including a first edge, which may be shaped similar to the grinder housing, the first edge including a slot therein for receiving the cutoff wheel. An anchor bar is mounted horizontally to the grinder housing, and a post extending from a lower surface of the setup platform is slidable on the anchor bar such that the setup platform is slidable relative to the anchor bar to removably mount the setup platform to the grinder such that the first edge is disposed adjacent the grinder housing and the cutoff wheel is received in the slot.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a combined wheel burr removing device, which comprises a brush lifting system, a brush driving system, roller bed parts and a clamping rotating part. When the device is used, round brushes, rolling brushes and a plurality of brush bundles can rotate respectively, so that burrs on the back cavity of a wheel can be effectively removed in different directions, and the problem that the linear speed is low in the center but high at the outer edge when an integrated brush rotates at the same angular speed can be avoided; meanwhile, the device has the characteristics of high automation degree, advanced process, simple structure and high safety and stability.

Abstract: A process for retruing a profile in an abrasive wheel is provided. A lathe table including an edged cutting tool is used for fixturing a grinding wheel having an outside metal edge and an abrasive matrix adjacent thereto for rotation along an axis compatible for lathe removal of material at at least the outside edge of said wheel. A predetermined amount of material along said edge with the edged lathe cutting tool is removed using the lathe cutting tool. A rotating electrical discharge profiling tool which is attached to an electrical discharge machine is used for profiling of the wheel by electrical discharge machining of the abrasive surface with the rotating electrode. The process uses a machine specifically designed for electrical discharge machining of the profile. The machine also has a mechanism cutting a predetermined profile into the electrode without removing it from the machine.

Abstract: A sanding device (1) includes a base plate (3) with opposite sanding and supporting surfaces (5,7); as well as a joint (29) operatively mounted onto the supporting surface (7) of the base plate (3) and rotatable about a first axis of rotation (93). A supporting tube is (69) operatively mounted onto the joint (29) and rotatable with respect to the joint (29) about a second axis of rotation (95).

Abstract: Polycrystalline diamond cutting elements having enhanced thermal stability, drill bits incorporating the same, and methods of making the same are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a cutting element includes a substrate having a metal carbide and a polycrystalline diamond body bonded to the substrate. The polycrystalline diamond body includes a plurality of diamond grains bonded to adjacent diamond grains by diamond-to-diamond bonds and a plurality of interstitial regions positioned between adjacent diamond grains. At least a portion of the plurality of interstitial regions comprise a non-catalyst material, a catalyst material, metal carbide, or combinations thereof. At least a portion of the plurality of interstitial regions comprise non-catalyst material that coats portions of the adjacent diamond grains such that the non-catalyst material reduces contact between the diamond and the catalyst.

Abstract: A ratchet wrench includes a body with a ratchet wheel, a pawl and a switch unit connected thereto. The pawl has a toothed portion on the front side thereof, and a concaved area in the rear side thereof. A first face and two second faces are defined in the concaved area. The first face is located between the two second faces. Each of two sidewalls of the concaved area has a third face. An engaging recess is defined between the second and third faces on the same side relative to the first face. The switch unit controls the pawl to move to engage the toothed portion of the pawl with the ratchet portion of the ratchet wheel so as to control the rotational operations of the ratchet wrench.

Abstract: An electric ratchet wrench includes a driving member rotatably mounted in a body. A pawl device is pivotably mounted to the driving member. A ring gear is rotatably mounted around the driving member. An elastic device is mounted between the ring gear and the driving member. A transmission shaft includes a first end connected to a motor and a second end configured to switch between a meshing state meshed with the ring gear and a disengagement state disengaging from the ring gear. The motor drives the transmission shaft to rotate the driving member. The body can be manually driven to overcome a resistance which is larger than the torque outputted by the motor and which causes a tooth slippage phenomenon between the transmission shaft and the ring gear.

Abstract: A locking structure for a hand tool contains: a body including a driving head. The driving head has an accommodation cavity and a notch, and the accommodation cavity has a trench and an indentation. A fixer is accommodated in the indentation and has a limiting groove, a cutout, a post, and a recess. A second actuation member is housed in the limiting groove and has a locking portion, a locating portion, a protrusion, a control portion, a first aperture, and a second aperture. A release button is accommodated in the notch and has a tough for housing a retaining element. Furthermore, a first stop ring is located under the second actuation member and is configured to separate the second actuation member from the first actuation member, a ratchet rotation block is fixed under the first stop ring, and a second stop ring is mounted under the ratchet rotation block.

Abstract: A power tool for tightening a fastener includes: an angle measurement unit for measuring a rotational angle (?) of the fastener; a torque measurement unit for measuring a torque (T) delivered to the fastener during tightening; a motor connected to rotatable parts of the power tool for driving the tightening of the fastener; a processor for calculating a tightening energy (Et) needed to complete tightening of the fastener from ? to a predetermined target angle (?t), wherein Et is calculated based on ?, ?t and a stiffness (k) of a joint; and a regulator to regulate a rotational speed (?) of the motor to provide rotational energy (Er) in the form of rotational inertia in the rotatable parts of the power tool to meet the needed Et, wherein the power tool interrupts the tightening of the fastener at ?t, ?t defined from snug, at a snug angle (?0).

Abstract: A driving machine is provided to prevent clogging of a fastener in an ejection passage without increasing the total length of the ejection passage. A nail driving machine includes: a nose part forming an upper portion of an ejection passage through which a nail passes; a contact part being slidable along the nose part and forming a lower portion of the ejection passage; a driver blade striking a head part of the nail supplied to the ejection passage; and a guide part disposed in a lower portion of the nose part and guiding the nail passing through the ejection passage. The guide part has a guide surface inclining to protrude from a radial outer side toward a radial inner side of the ejection passage. A housing groove is formed in the contact part and the guide part enters the housing groove when the contact part slides along the nose part.

Abstract: A production method for a tool socket includes forming a hollow spindle An elongated recess is provided in the wall. The spindle includes unalloyed or low-alloyed steel grades. An insert includes a high-alloyed tool steel. The insert has a pedestal that is complementary to the recess and it also has a rib. The insert is placed into the hollow spindle in such a way that the pedestal rests in the recess and the rib projects into the interior of the spindle. The pedestal is soldered into the recess at a temperature that is above the Ac3 temperatures of the steel grades employed. The combined structure is cooled and then undergoes a heat treatment in an atmosphere containing sufficient carbon to carburize the hollow spindle but not sufficient to carburize the insert. The heat treatment of the combined structure is carried out at a temperature between 800° C. and 950° C. The combined structure is cooled down in a salt bath or liquid bath subsequent to the heat treatment.

Abstract: The invention relates to an impact machine (100, 200) which is adapted to perform a hammering operation on a surface or an object to be worked upon. In particular, a vibration reduction arrangement (140, 240) is attached to the housing (105, 205, 305, 405) and comprises a movable counterweight, interacting with a motion reversing arrangement having a non-linear spring characteristics, such that the motion of the counterweight can be brought into a counter-acting movement in relation to the vibrations in the housing (105, 205, 305, 405) of the hammering element (110, 210, 310, 410) thus substantially reducing the vibrations.

Abstract: A power tool that is capable of more reliably keeping a torque at a constant is provided. An adjustment member is provided with: an engagement hole that is detachably attached to the adjustment member, and serves as an engagement part that engages with a torque adjustment device that serves as a clutch handle for rotating the adjustment member; and a lid that is attached to an opening in such a manner as to cover the engagement hole.

Abstract: A method of cooling blower components may include rotating a fan assembly (160) responsive to operation of a motor (120). The rotation of the fan assembly may create an underpressure region in an inlet portion (154) and an overpressure region at a main channel (340) of the fan assembly (160). The method may further include drawing air into the inlet portion (154) through a control unit housing portion (132) of a housing (110) of the blower (100) to cool a control unit (130) of the blower (100), drawing air into the inlet portion (154) through a battery compartment (142) to cool a battery (140) of the blower (100), and pushing air from the main channel (340) through a motor housing (320) to cool the motor (120).

Abstract: A device for treating a target, such as cleaning a window. The device has a handle and head, mounted in pivotal relationship to each other. When the head is placed in sliding, contacting relationship with the target surface the handle can pivot relative to the head for the ergonomic convenience of the user.

Abstract: A creeper includes a headrest pad, a body pad carried by a frame, and a hinge assembly between the headrest pad and the body pad. The hinge assembly includes a first bracket attached to the headrest pad and a second bracket attached to the body pad. A first arm is connected to each end of said first bracket and a second arm is attached to each end of the second bracket. A ratcheting hinge is connected between the first arms and between the second arms so that the headrest pad can be positioned at multiple locations relating to the body pad.

Abstract: The solar energy and solar farms are used to generate energy and reduce dependence on oil (or for environmental purposes). The maintenance, operation, optimization, and repairs in big farms become very difficult, expensive, and inefficient, using human technicians. Thus, here, we teach using the robots with various functions and components, in various settings, for various purposes, to improve operations in big (or hard-to-access) farms, to automate, save money, reduce human mistakes, increase efficiency, or scale the solutions to very large scales or areas, e.g., for repair, operation, calibration, testing, maintenance, adjustment, cleaning, improving the efficiency, and tracking the Sun.