Abstract: A light-emitting component includes a substrate, plural light-emitting elements, and plural thyristors. The plural light-emitting elements are disposed on the substrate and emit light in a direction perpendicular to a front surface of the substrate. The plural thyristors are respectively stacked on the plural light-emitting elements and turn on to drive the light-emitting elements to emit light or to increase an emitted light amount. Each of the thyristors includes an opening in a path of light from the corresponding light-emitting element to the thyristor.

Abstract: An image forming unit of an image forming apparatus includes a developing device and a toner replenishing unit that replenishes the developing device with toner. The toner replenishing unit includes an upper toner container, a lower toner container, a toner conveyance unit, and a replenishment control unit. The upper toner container and the lower toner container are disposed in a staggered manner in an apparatus body. When the upper toner container becomes empty, the replenishment control unit controls the toner replenishing unit so as to replenish the developing device with the toner from the lower toner container.

Abstract: First correction data for use in a first printing mode is generated by image density measurement in the first printing mode, and second correction data for use in a second printing mode, which is different from the first printing mode in peripheral speed ratio of a developing roller to a photosensitive drum, is generated by image density measurement in the second printing mode. First processing for generating first and second correction data for the first and second printing modes, respectively, by density measurement, or second processing for generating the first correction data by density measurement and generating the second correction data using the generated first correction data and a difference in image density between the first printing mode and the second printing mode is executed. The first processing is executed when a predetermined condition is satisfied.

Abstract: A toner set for use in an image forming apparatus is provided. The toner set includes a fluorescent toner and a color toner. The fluorescent toner comprises a binder resin and a fluorescent agent. The color toner comprises a binder resin and a colorant. A 60-degree gloss value (Gf) of a solid image of the fluorescent toner is in a range of from 10 to 25, and a difference (Gn?Gf) between a 60-degree gloss value (Gn) of a solid image of the color toner and the 60-degree gloss value (Gf) of the solid image of the fluorescent toner is in a range of from 10 to 28.

Abstract: An image forming unit of an image forming apparatus includes a developing device and a toner replenishing unit that replenishes the developing device with toner. The toner replenishing unit includes an upper toner container, a lower toner container, a toner conveyance unit, and a replenishment control unit. The upper toner container and the lower toner container are disposed adjacently to each other in a vertical direction in an apparatus body. When the upper toner container becomes empty, the replenishment control unit controls the toner replenishing unit so as to replenish the developing device with the toner from the lower toner container.

Abstract: In a developing apparatus, a housing has a first opening. A shutter is movable between an open position and a closed position. A locking member is movable between a lock position and a release position. The locking member is located between the housing and the shutter in a cartridge-attachment direction. The locking member is located at the lock position in a case where the toner cartridge is detached from the developing apparatus. The locking member is in contact with the toner cartridge, thereby moving from the lock position to the release position in a case where the toner cartridge is attached to the developing apparatus. A cover having a second opening that is in communication with the first opening in a state where the shutter is at the open position is located at an opposite side of the locking member with respect to the shutter in the cartridge-attachment direction.

Abstract: Toner cartridge includes a housing, an agitator, an auger, a first protrusion, and a second protrusion. The housing includes a first toner accommodating portion having and a second toner accommodating portion. The auger is rotatable about a second axis extending in a first direction and is configured to convey toner from a first toner accommodating portion to the second toner accommodating portion. The first protrusion is positioned at a first side of the second toner accommodating portion. The first protrusion extends in the first direction. The second protrusion is positioned at a second side of the second toner accommodating portion and extends in the first direction.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a housing in which a developing device is disposed, a cover member attached to the housing, a developer storage container to be detachably attached to the developing device, and a sensor unit. The developer storage container includes a container body having a storage space for storing a developer and a developer discharge port, and a moving wall configured to move in the container body. The sensor unit is arranged at a detection position where a detection sensor faces a specific area located above the developer discharge port on an outer peripheral surface of the container body when the cover member is in a closing posture, and arranged at a detection disable position where the detection sensor is distant from the specified area when the cover member is in an opening posture.

Abstract: In one example, a system for transferring an image from a photoconductor to a print substrate includes a transfer member having a removable blanket wrapped around a rotatable drum and a laser. The blanket has a light absorbing exterior surface to receive a liquid LEP ink image from the photoconductor and to release a layer of molten toner to a print substrate. As the drum rotates, the laser exposes a width of the exterior surface of the blanket carrying a liquid LEP ink image to a beam of coherent light that delivers enough power to transform the liquid LEP ink image into molten toner.

Abstract: There is provided an intermediate transfer body used for an electrophotographic image forming device, the intermediate transfer body including: at least a base layer, and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes a polymer obtained by polymerizing a polyfunctional monomer and a monofunctional monomer having a long-chain alkyl group, and a solubility parameter (SP (M1)) of the polyfunctional monomer (M1) and a solubility parameter (SP (M2)) of the long-chain alkyl monofunctional monomer (M2) satisfy the following formulas (A) and (B): SP(M1)?SP(M2)<2.0(cal/cm3)1/2??Formula (A); and 8.0?SP(M2)?9.0(cal/cm3)1/2??Formula (B).

Abstract: An intermediate transfer body used for an electrophotographic image forming device, includes: at least a base layer; and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes a polymer obtained by polymerizing a polyfunctional (meth)acrylic monomer and a monofunctional (meth)acrylic monomer, and metal oxide fine particles, the monofunctional (meth)acrylic monomer has an alkyl group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and the metal oxide fine particles are surface-modified with a reactive organic group having a structure represented by the following general formula (1). CH2?C(R)COO(CH2)nSi— General formula (1) [In the formula, R represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. n represents an integer of 3 to 6.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes image forming units, a transfer unit that transfers a superposed toner image including toner images formed by the image forming units onto a sheet, a fixing unit that fixes the superposed toner image onto the sheet, and a controller that performs control such that a toner image is formed while the amount of toner used per unit area by the second image forming unit when forming a line image is smaller than that when forming a solid image. The image forming units include a first image forming unit that forms a toner image that is transferred onto the transfer unit relatively earlier than the other toner images and a second image forming unit that forms a toner image that is transferred onto the transfer unit relatively later than the other toner images, the first and second image forming units using the same color toner.

Abstract: An image formation apparatus according to one or more embodiments may include: a first conveyer; a second conveyer provided downstream of the first conveyer; a detector that detects a deflection of the medium between the first and second conveyers; a speed controller that controls a speed of the second conveyer within a first speed range; a calculator that calculates an average convey speed of the second conveyer. The calculator calculates a first average speed in a first period from when a leading end of the medium reaches the second conveyer to when the medium is conveyed a predetermined distance from the second conveyer. The speed controller changes, after the first period elapses, the speed of the second conveyer within a second speed range with the calculated first average convey speed as a criteria speed of the second conveyer, based on the detection result from the detector.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an image forming apparatus that forms toner images on a recording material. A control unit is configured to set, when performing fixing processing to fix a toner image onto the recording material, a first mode where thermal generation distribution of the heater is switched in accordance with electric power supply to the heater, a second mode where thermal generation distribution of the heater is switched in accordance with the electric power supply to the heater and temperature at the non-sheet-passing portion, and a third mode where the blower unit is driven in accordance with temperature at the non-sheet-passing portion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a position deviation detection unit configured to detect a position deviation of a recording medium in a width direction of the recording medium in a current job on a basis of (a) an amount of change over time in a difference between temperature detected by a first temperature detection element and temperature detected by a second temperature detection element and (b) information on temperature distribution on a fixing unit that occurred before the current job.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus includes a fixing belt and an induced current generation section. The fixing belt includes a conductive layer. The induced current generation section faces the fixing belt. The induced current generation section includes a coil and a magnetic body. The coil generates a magnetic flux. The magnetic body faces the fixing belt across the coil. In the magnetic body, a part facing an end in a width direction of the fixing belt is set as a movable magnetic body capable of moving in a width direction.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a frame, a component part, a cylindrical film, a supporting portion, and a roller. The supporting portion includes a first opposing surface opposing an inner surface of the film at the longitudinal end portion of the film and a second opposing surface opposing the inner surface of the film on an inside of the first opposing surface with respect to a longitudinal direction of the film. Each of the first and second opposing surfaces is a surface forming a substantially right angle with an engaging surface of the component part. When the component part is seen in the longitudinal direction of the film, a contour of the first opposing surface is larger than a contour of the second opposing surface.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a heating device, a fixing belt, a pressing roller, a thermostat, and a temperature sensor. The fixing belt is heated by the heating device. The pressing roller is pressed toward the outer surface of the fixing belt, and forms a fixing nip portion through which a recording medium passes between the pressing roller and the outer surface of the fixing belt. The thermostat is disposed in proximity to the fixing belt. The temperature sensor is disposed in proximity to the fixing belt, and detects the temperature of the fixing belt and outputs a detection signal to a temperature control portion of the heating device. The thermostat and the temperature sensor are disposed on the same surface side of the fixing belt and also in the same phase position in the width direction of the fixing belt.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus forms an image designated by a job on a sheet fed from one of a plurality of paper feed sources. A detection unit detects paper types of sheets respectively fed from the plurality of paper feed sources, and is provided on a conveyance path. A memory device stores a set of instructions, and at least one processor executes the instructions to function as a first holding unit to hold paper sizes and paper types set by a user in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of paper feed sources, a second holding unit to hold the paper types detected by the detection unit in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of paper feed sources, and a third holding unit to hold a paper size designated by the job and a paper type designated by the job or a condition related to setting of a paper type.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a fixing unit including a heater, an air blowing portion, a first opening, a first shielding member changing an opening width of the first opening with respect to a longitudinal direction, a second opening, a second shielding member changing an opening width of the second opening with respect to the longitudinal direction, a detecting portion detecting a deviation amount of the recording material with respect to a widthwise direction, and a controller controlling, on the basis of an output of the detecting portion and size information of the recording material, the opening widths of the first and second openings so as to be different from each other by moving the first and second shielding members, respectively.

Abstract: An apparatus converts image data based on a conversion condition, forms an image using a developer, measures the developer, and a humidity. The apparatus determines a first density of an image when a mode of the apparatus changes from a power saving mode in which the apparatus cannot form an image to a normal mode in which the apparatus can form an image, from values measured, based on a first determination condition, determines a second density of an image when the apparatus has formed images on a predetermined number of sheets in the normal mode, from values measured, based on a second determination condition that is different from the first determination condition, and generates the conversion condition based on the first density and the second density.

Abstract: A retracting device includes a housing that is disposed in or on an accommodating unit to be pulled out from an apparatus including a protrusion and that has a groove extending from a first position to a second position and having an opening formed at the first position, the first position corresponding to a position of the protrusion when the accommodating unit moving in a direction in which the accommodating unit is accommodated into the apparatus reaches a predetermined position and the second position corresponding to a position of the protrusion when the accommodating unit is accommodated in the apparatus, and a movable unit that is disposed in the housing and that moves, when the accommodating unit reaches the predetermined position and the protrusion enters the opening, while holding the protrusion to cause the protrusion to move along the groove and with respect to the housing toward the second position.

Abstract: A manual tray device comprises a tray storage body; a tray main body rotatably supported on the tray storage body with a lower end side as a rotation fulcrum; an assistance tray arranged at an upstream side of the tray main body in a sheet feed direction; a rotation regulation link, one end part side of the rotation regulation link being rotatably supported on the tray storage body, the other end part side being slidably supported on the tray main body in a predetermined stroke range; and an interlocking mechanism configured to interlock displacement of the other end part side of the rotation regulation link with forward and backward displacement of the assistance tray. The assistance tray protrudes from the tray main body in a state where rotation of the tray main body in the opening direction is regulated by the rotation regulation link.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including (1) a medium holding unit that holds a recording medium; (2) a guide member configured to be movable, that sets a medium path of the recording medium fed from the medium holding unit as a predetermined path by being locked in a predetermined position, and that is unlocked by a tension of the recording medium; (3) a first conveyance member that is arranged downstream of the medium path of the guide member, and conveys the recording medium; and (4) an image forming unit that forms an image to the recording medium conveyed by the first conveyance member.

Abstract: Provided is an image forming apparatus including an intermediate transfer body; a secondary transfer section; a conveyance section; a first detection section; a second detection section that is arranged downstream of the first detection section in a conveyance direction of a medium; and a control section that performs control for changing a conveyance speed of the medium by the conveyance section to a first speed based on timing of detection of the medium by the first detection section and a position of the image on the intermediate transfer body at that time point and changing the conveyance speed of the medium by the conveyance section to a second speed equal to the traveling speed of the intermediate transfer body based on timing of detection of the medium by the second detection section and the position of the image on the intermediate transfer body at that time point.

Abstract: The postprocessing device includes: a stapling unit for stapling a sheet bundle with a staple; a discharge tray to which a bound sheet bundle bound with the staple is to be discharged; a moving member movable in both a direction of approaching the discharge tray and a direction of going away from the discharge tray; and a control section for, when the bound sheet bundle has been discharged, driving the moving member to execute a process of making the moving member hit against the bound sheet bundle or against the discharge tray.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an image forming apparatus includes an image forming unit and a conveying unit. The image forming unit forms an image on a sheet-like medium. The conveying unit conveys the medium along a medium conveying route. The medium conveying route includes a first conveying path configured to pass through the image forming unit and a second conveying path connected to the first conveying path. When a processing condition of image forming processing satisfies a predetermined pre-processing condition, pre-processing of delivering the medium onto the second conveying path is performed before the image forming processing of forming an image on the medium by the image forming unit.

Abstract: A third contact portion contacts a first contact portion when a drum cartridge moves from first to second guide position. A fourth contact portion contacts a second contact portion when the drum cartridge moves from second to third guide position. When the drum cartridge moves from the first guide position to the second guide position, due to contact of the first contact portion with the third contact portion, the first cover located at the first position rotationally moves in a same rotational direction as the particular rotational direction to be located at the second position. When the drum cartridge moves from the second guide position to the third guide position, due to contact of the second contact portion with the fourth contact portion, the drum cartridge moves from the second guide position to the third guide position in a state where the first cover is kept at the second position.

Abstract: A frame for forming an image forming apparatus for forming an image on a recording material includes a first stay, including a supporting portion for supporting the frame relative to an installation surface, for forming a bottom of the frame; a second stay, including a supporting portion for supporting the frame relative to the installation surface, for forming the bottom of the frame; a post to which the first stay and the second stay are secured; and a positioning portion, provided as a part of the post, for positioning the first stay and the second stay with respect to a horizontal plane direction. The first stay and the second stay are fixed to the post by welding.

Abstract: In accordance with an embodiment, an image processing apparatus comprises a first opening and closing member, a second opening and closing member, a first tooth section, a second tooth section, and an intermediary tooth section. The first opening and closing member is opened and closed with respect to an apparatus main body with a first hinge as the center. The second opening and closing member is opened and closed with a second hinge arranged in the first opening and closing member as the center. The first tooth section comprises a plurality of teeth fixed coaxially with the first hinge. The second tooth section comprises a plurality of teeth supported coaxially with the second hinge. The intermediary tooth section is engaged with the first tooth section and the second tooth section between the first tooth section and the second tooth section.

Abstract: There is provided a medium cooling apparatus. A first cooling unit cools a medium by absorbing heat from the medium when the medium is in contact with an outer surface of the first cooling unit. A second cooling unit is arranged on the downstream side from the first cooling unit in a medium conveyance direction, and cools the medium by absorbing heat from the medium when the medium is in contact with an outer surface of the second cooling unit, and is set such that an amount of heat absorption is smaller than an amount of heat absorption of the first cooling unit.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an apparatus body, an image forming device to form an image on a recording medium, a casing to accommodate the image forming device, a sheet discharging port through which the recording medium having the image is discharged from the casing, a sheet stacker to stack the recording medium output through the sheet discharging port and opening on one side of the apparatus body and surrounded by outer walls including an outer wall having the sheet discharging port, an air guide opening disposed within a sheet passing range in a width direction of the recording medium in a sheet conveying path through which the recording medium having the image passes from the image forming device to the sheet discharging port, and an air suction fan to discharge air passing through the air guide opening to an outside of the casing.

Abstract: A display system includes: a display screen having a first display area; a processor configured to modulate laser beams to be emitted from a laser projector according to a pre-stored holographic image data source to obtain modulated laser beams; the laser projector configured to project the modulated laser beams to create a first holographic image in front of the first display area; and at least one photodetector configured to collect first gesture information about a first gesture through which the first holographic image is controlled by a viewer. The processor is further configured to generate a first control signal according to the first gesture information, and re-modulate the laser beams to be emitted from the laser projector, so as to create a second holographic image corresponding to the first control signal.

Abstract: An illumination unit emits illumination light to a specimen. An image sensor includes multiple pixels arranged in a two-dimensional manner on a photoelectric surface. The image sensor captures an image of a magnitude distribution of an interference pattern formed due to the illumination light that has interacted with the specimen. A limiter limits at least one from among the spatial frequency of the interference pattern formed on the photoelectric surface and the incident angle of the light input to the photoelectric surface.

Abstract: An illumination unit emits an illumination light to a specimen. An image sensor includes multiple pixels arranged in a two-dimensional manner. The image sensor captures an image of the intensity distribution of an interference pattern formed due to the illumination light that has interacted with the specimen, and outputs image data. A defect information acquisition unit acquires defect position information that indicates the positions of defective pixels of the image sensor. A processing unit reconstructs a subject image that represents the specimen based on the image data and the defect position information.

Abstract: A device for acquisition of particles present in a sample includes a spatially coherent light source, an optical system, and an image sensor placed in the focal plane of the optical system. The image sensor is configured to capture an intensity image. A computational unit of the device is configured to construct a series of electromagnetic propagation matrices obtained for a plurality of defocusing offsets relative to a plane of focus of the optics. The computational unit is also configured to determine a first average focused electromagnetic matrix for the particles from the series of electromagnetic matrices, identifying at least one of the particles in the first electromagnetic matrix and storing the coordinates of said particle, and determining a second electromagnetic matrix at a distance of focus on a particle identified from the components of the series of electromagnetic matrices having the stored coordinates.

Abstract: A watch movement comprising a retrograde mobile, an hours ring bearing an asymmetric internal toothing and driven by the retrograde mobile in order to display the current hour in a jumping way, a correction mechanism allowing the retrograde mobile to be corrected in both directions, a drive member that can be actuated by said correction mechanism and engages with said asymmetric internal toothing so that corrections of the retrograde mobile in the clockwise direction are transmitted to the hours ring, whereas corrections in the counterclockwise direction are not transmitted to the hours ring.

Abstract: A pointer including a pointer body constituted by a plate member, an engraved section provided in at least one of front and back surfaces of the pointer body excluding an edge of the pointer body, and a reinforcing section provided at the edge of the pointer body by the engraved section.

Abstract: The invention relates to a guiding system (1) for a timepiece, with the system comprising a slide (4) that can be moved along a trajectory. The system further comprises: at least one slide-bar (5) positioned along the trajectory, with the slide (4) comprising at least three non-aligned protruding guiding pins (11) designed to lodge in the slide-bar (5) to control the lateral displacement of the slide (4) in a plane along the axes (x, y); an upper support element resting against the slide (4) to block the transverse displacement of the slide (4) along the axis (z). The invention also relates to a movement or a module for a timepiece comprising said guiding system (1).

Abstract: A wristwatch (an example of a timepiece) includes a small dial (an example of a dial) and a rotary disk (an example of a rotary member). The small dial includes a sun mark for displaying the state of the sun. The rotary disk covers the small dial and rotates in a 24-hour period. The rotary disk includes the sun state indicator that changes the visibility of the sun mark in accordance with the rotational position of the rotary disk. One of the small dial and the rotary member includes a plurality of numbers (an example of indexes) for indicating time. The other of the small dial and the rotary member includes a time indicator that indicates a number in accordance with the rotational position of the rotary disk. The time indicator and the sun state indicator are disposed relative to each other in a positional relationship such that the visibility of the sun mark by the sun state indicator corresponds to the state of the sun corresponding to the number indicated by the time indicator.

Abstract: A display member including a plate member which has light transparency, a display insertion section which is provided in the plate member such that a front surface thereof is convex and a rear surface corresponding to the convex portion is concave, and a light reaction material which is embedded in the display insertion section emits light in response to light.

Abstract: A wristwearable device for displaying travel information using a first travel information indicator and a second travel information indicator.

Abstract: A timepiece includes a voltage detection unit that detects a voltage applied to a stepping motor for driving an indicating hand, and that outputs a voltage detection result, and a drive control unit that controls a rotor to perform reverse rotation by using a reverse rotation pulse including a first pulse whose polarity is the same as that of a normal rotation pulse for causing the rotor of the stepping motor to perform normal rotation, a second pulse whose polarity is reverse to that of the first pulse, and a third pulse whose polarity is reverse to that of the second pulse, and to control the rotor to perform the reverse rotation by using the third pulse having a pulse width set in accordance with the voltage detection result.

Abstract: Provided is a timepiece including a solar cell that has a solar panel, a secondary battery that is charged from the solar cell, an overcharge prevention circuit that detects a charged state of the secondary battery, and a control unit that short-circuits the solar cell and determines that illuminance of light illuminating the solar panel is equal to or higher than predetermined illuminance in a case where the overcharge prevention circuit is detected to be in an overcharge state.

Abstract: A wearable electronic device includes a housing and a band attached to the housing. The band has an indicator with a variably and/or progressively illuminable portion. The indicator of the band conveys to a user an analog representation of the completion progress of an activity or task tracked by wearable electronic device. The wearable electronic device also includes a processing unit within the housing, and a sensor operatively coupled to the processing unit. In some cases, the sensor is a motion sensor such as an accelerometer or a gyroscope. In other examples, the sensor is a health sensor or a biometric sensor. Sensor data is used to update the indicator.

Abstract: A non-transitory, computer-readable recording medium stores a program of reinforcement learning by a state-value function. The program causes a computer to execute a process including calculating a TD error based on an estimated state-value function, the TD error being calculated by giving a perturbation to each component of a feedback coefficient matrix that provides a policy; calculating based on the TD error and the perturbation, an estimated gradient function matrix acquired by estimating a gradient function matrix of the state-value function with respect to the feedback coefficient matrix for a state of a controlled object, when state variation of the controlled object in the reinforcement learning is described by a linear difference equation and an immediate cost or an immediate reward of the controlled object is described in a quadratic form of the state and an input; and updating the feedback coefficient matrix using the estimated gradient function matrix.

Abstract: A service management system facilitates and validates service on building management systems. A connected services database stores service events based on services performed on devices of different building management systems along with information about technicians performing the services, buildings containing the building management systems and devices being serviced. A service data aggregator retrieves the service events from the connected services database and generates prediction information and validation information based on the service events and other information. The prediction information includes a predicted duration and cost of different types of service as well as a predicted service interval for devices requiring periodic service.

Abstract: Systems and methods for adjusting a baseline resource consumption. The adjustment may be associated with at least one incident impacting resource consumption during a reporting period. resource consumption data may be acquired from one or more resource consumption sub-meters for a plurality of time points during the reporting period. A first resource consumption value may be established based on resource consumption data associated with time points during the reporting period prior to occurrence of at least one incident. A second resource consumption value may be established based on resource consumption data associated with time points during the reporting period subsequent to occurrence of the at least one incident. An amount of reduction or increase in resource consumption attributable to the at least one incident may be determined based on a comparison between the first resource consumption value and the second resource consumption value.

Abstract: A system implements changes to improve control effectiveness. The system is typically configured for determining at least one stored control of a plurality of controls similar or identical to a present control from a control library comprising the plurality of controls; extracting a consideration set of indicators associated with the stored control from the control library; applying a regression algorithm on the consideration set of indicators; determining a threshold correlation or threshold number of indicators for inclusion in a final equation relating a subset of the consideration set of indicators with control effectiveness of the control; reducing a number of the subset of the consideration set of indicators based on the threshold correlation or threshold number; finalizing the final equation with the number of the subset, each having a corresponding coefficient; and automatically performing an action configured to improve effectiveness of the control based on the final equation.

Abstract: Techniques to facilitate generation of controller application code that emulates functionality of an industrial controller are disclosed herein. In at least one implementation, a computing system interfaces with the industrial controller and monitors input and output states of the industrial controller while the industrial controller operates a machine system. The input and output states of the industrial controller used to operate the machine system are analyzed to generate a functional design specification for the industrial controller. The controller application code that emulates the functionality of the industrial controller is generated based on the functional design specification.