Abstract: A lifting apparatus for raising and lowering objects has two frame assemblies positioned one above the other, so as to be mutually parallel, with respect to a vertical direction, the lower frame assembly suspended on the upper frame assembly using lifting traction means, such that the lower frame assembly can be drawn up towards the upper frame assembly by winding the lifting traction means, and the lower frame assembly can be lowered relative to the upper frame assembly by unwinding the lifting traction means. The lifting apparatus has oblique traction means extending between the frame assemblies that can be wound and unwound using a tensioning device, two of which mutually intersect such that the lower frame assembly is stabilized, relative to the upper frame assembly, in at least one deflection direction transverse to the vertical direction.

Abstract: A method for securing a luffing jib crane includes: acquiring a lifting/lowering setpoint; piloting a lifting motor by a converter that applies a motor command speed as a function of the setpoint; driving, in lifting or in lowering, the jib by a lifting cable under the action of the lifting motor; calculating, by a control/command system, a lifting/lowering theoretical angular speed from the motor command speed or from the setpoint; calculating, by the control/command system, a lifting/lowering actual angular speed from a jib angle measured by an angle sensor; comparing the actual angular speed and the theoretical angular speed; and commanding the stopping of the lifting motor according to the result of the comparison.

Abstract: A hoist security arrangement for avoiding dropping of the load when the chain or cable breaks includes a longer redundant auxiliary chain or cable disposed alongside the main chain or cable and which is raised and lowered synchronously with the slightly shorter main chain or cable so that the main chain or cable normally supports the entire weight of the load. If the main chain or cable breaks, the load drops slightly until the slack in the redundant auxiliary chain or cable is eliminated to hold the load solely by tensioning the auxiliary chain or cable. The extent of slack is set to insure that slight lengthening of the main chain as caused by wear does not result in loading of the auxiliary chain or cable.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a winch for vehicles comprising a motor, a motor casing covering at least a part of the motor, a driving shaft drivably connected to the motor, a gear reduction drivably connected to the driving shaft, a first support frame detachably connected to the motor casing, a second support frame detachably connected to the gear reduction unit, and a winding drum arranged between the first support frame and the second support frame. The first support frame comprises a plurality of gripping components which extend from the first support frame to the motor casing and surround an outer surface of the motor casing. The winch as disclosed facilitates mounting and dismounting, and provides improved waterproofness.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a winch comprising a motor having a rotator, a brush holder assembly electrically coupled to the rotator, and a coil assembly surrounding the rotator, a motor casing covering at least a part of the motor which comprises a plurality of conducting columns electrically coupled to the coil assembly and the brush holder assembly, a driving shaft drivably connected to the motor, a gear reduction unit drivably connected to the driving shaft, a first support frame detachably connected to the motor casing, a second support frame detachably connected to the gear reduction unit, and a winding drum located between the first support frame and the second support frame. The winch as disclosed facilitates mounting and dismounting, and provides improved waterproofness.

Abstract: A compact and simplified heave compensation system for reducing the effect of waves or wavelike movements on a lifting device. The system can have active and passive heave compensation components. An overload protection to protect lifting equipment can also be implemented. The system enables accurate load and displacement calculations, as well as simplifying the control schemes utilized for lifting devices.

Abstract: An article transport assembly includes a lift cart and one or more carriers. The lift cart includes a main body and a table disposed on the main body. The carriers are disposed on a surface of the table. Each carrier is configured to support an article and includes a panel and at least two wheels attached to an underside of the panel. The carriers are operable to move along a surface of the table.

Abstract: In a transporting system for transporting a container, and a method for operating a production installation having a transporting system, the transporting system has a vehicle and a transport vehicle, on whose frame two wheel drives are disposed, which are set apart from each other and have a wheel in each case, in particular, the two wheels are disposed so as to touch a floor in order to generate traction force for the transport vehicle, in particular, the wheel axles of the two wheels are aligned parallel to each other. A first and a second shoulder part are situated and/or provided on the frame, and the first shoulder part is situated at a distance from the second shoulder part, and a space region is situated between the wheel drives and between the shoulder parts, into which the vehicle together with the container it accommodates is able to be driven and out of which the vehicle together with the container may be driven.

Abstract: A fall arresting/prevention safety protection device for aerial lifts that delivers notifications and warnings to individuals who are subject to accidental falls or other safety hazards when performing construction or the like or when operating elevating construction machinery such as aerial lift work platforms, bucket trucks and similar type elevating work platforms. The invention further provides a load sensor that when activated transmits an emergency signal to operators, supervisors and emergency personnel. The present invention further provides a remote control to access and control movement of the aerial lift through a wireless transmission in the event the lift operator falls out of or is ejected from the bucket or work platform.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for producing plastic bottles. An apparatus for producing plastic bottles includes a blow molding machine to receive and to stretch blow mold preforms into bottles. The apparatus includes a modular machine to receive the bottles from the blow molding machine and to at least one of label or print on the bottles. The modular machine includes a first unit to perform a first task. The first unit is replaceable with a second unit. The second unit is to perform a second task different from the first task. The blow molding machine is bloc-synchronized with the modular machine to space the blow molding machine a distance from the modular machine.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a smart water dispenser and a control method thereof. The smart water dispenser includes: a mechanical switch, an electronic switch and a controller. The controller is configured to determine whether water usage is normal according to ON/OFF states of the mechanical and the electronic switches; if so, to indicate a water discharged volume detection unit to collect a water discharged volume; and otherwise, to turn off the electronic switch and transmit a play instruction to a voice playback unit. The control method includes: detecting states of the mechanical switch and the electronic switch in real time; determining whether the mechanical switch is in the ON state when the electronic switch is switched from the OFF state to the ON state; if so, turning off the electronic switch and outputting a prompt voice; and otherwise, collecting the water discharged volume when the mechanical switch is switched from the OFF state to the ON state.

Abstract: Apparatuses for dispensing household fluids including a handheld device or wand including a pump for dispensing one or more household fluids at a rate and for a time sufficient to dispense a pre-determined or variable amount of the fluids into an appliance, and to methods for making and using same.

Abstract: A gravity-feed bin includes a generally hollow main bin having an open end, a storage reservoir and a dispensing chute. The dispensing chute has an opening disposed near a distal end. The bin includes a dispensing gate movable between open and closed positions. When the dispensing gate is in the closed position, the dispensing gate blocks the opening of the dispensing chute. One or more fins contact interior and/or exterior surfaces of the gate to provide cleaning functionality of the gate and/or sealing functionality between the gate and the dispensing chute.

Abstract: A testable overfill prevention valve (“TOPV”) for a liquid storage container. The TOPV allows an individual to readily verify the operability of the TOPV. Preferably, a test member of directly contacts a portion of a latch to release a flow control member so that the flow control member can move from an open position to a closed position wherein in the closed position liquid is generally prevented from flowing out the TOPV. The test member preferably directly contacts the flow control member to move the control member to an intermediate position between open and closed positions allowing an individual looking down into the TOPV to see that the flow control member has moved sufficiently to confirm operability of the TOPV. Preferably, the test member is spring biased to a non-testing position and the entire test member is disposed in the housing of the TOPV when in a testing position.

Abstract: A micromechanical sensor system that includes a mass that is deflectable at least in the z direction. A stop element having an elastic design is situated on the mass on at least one of the sides oriented in the z direction, via a connection element.

Abstract: A physical quantity sensor includes a substrate, a beam part that includes a detection beam, a detection weight that is supported on the substrate through the beam part, and a detection piezoelectric film that is disposed on the detection beam and is configured to generate an electric output according to displacement of the detection beam caused by movement of the detection weight in a direction due to an application of a physical quantity. The detection beam includes a first detection beam and a second detection beam that are disposed to hold the detection weight at different positions from each other in the direction. The first detection beam and the second detection beam have different spring constants, and the detection piezoelectric film is disposed on the first detection beam.

Abstract: A motor having a circuit board including at least two MEMS sensors. The circuit board is mounted within a housing of the motor using the same fasteners as an encoder of the motor. Mounting the MEMS sensors to the circuit board simplifies assembly of the motor and standardizes the positioning of the MEMS sensors within the housing, while the overall motor footprint is unaffected.

Abstract: A multi-layer sealing film for high seal yield is provided. In some embodiments, a substrate comprises a vent opening extending through the substrate, from an upper side of the substrate to a lower side of the substrate. The upper side of the substrate has a first pressure, and the lower side of the substrate has a second pressure different than the first pressure. The multi-layer sealing film covers and seals the vent opening to prevent the first pressure from equalizing with the second pressure through the vent opening. Further, the multi-layer sealing film comprises a pair of metal layers and a barrier layer sandwiched between metal layers. Also provided is a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) package comprising the multilayer sealing film, and a method for manufacturing the multi-layer sealing film.

Abstract: A droplet control and detection device and an operating method thereof are provided. The droplet control and detection device includes: a light source; a first electrode; a second electrode; a droplet arranged on a light-exiting side of the light source, where the droplet is movable under the effect of an electric field formed between the first electrode and the second electrode; a photoelectric detection structure configured to detect light emitted by the light source and reflected by the droplet; and a processing circuit configured to obtain droplet information according to a detection result of the photoelectric detection structure and control an electrical signal applied on the first electrode and the second electrode according to the droplet information.

Abstract: A production method for a MEMS component includes providing a layer arrangement on a carrier substrate, where the layer arrangement includes a first and second layer structure. A sacrificial material is arranged in an intermediate region between the first and second layer structures, an etch stop structure extending between the first and second layer structures subdivides the intermediate region into an exposure region and an edge region laterally adjoining the exposure region, and at least one of the first layer structure or the second layer structure has access openings to the exposure region. The method further includes removing the sacrificial material from the exposure region through the access openings using an etching process to expose the exposure region. The etch stop structure provides a lateral delimitation for the etching process, and the sacrificial material present in the edge region provides a mechanical connection between the first and second layer structures.

Abstract: Methods for manufacturing MEMS structures are provided. The method includes forming a first trench and a second trench in a MEMS substrate by performing a main etching process and etching the MEMS substrate through the first trench and the second trench to form a first through hole and an extended second trench by performing a first step of an over-etching process. The method further includes etching the MEMS substrate through the extended second trench to form a second through hole by performing a second step of the over-etching process. In addition, a width of the first trench is greater than a width of the second trench, and a height of the first trench is greater than ¾ of a height of the MEMS substrate, and a height of the second trench is smaller than ? of the MEMS substrate.

Abstract: Methods are provided for manufacturing well-controlled, solid-state nanopores and arrays thereof. In one aspect, methods for manufacturing nanopores and arrays thereof exploit a physical seam. One or more etch pits are formed in a topside of a substrate and one or more trenches, which align with the one or more etch pits, are formed in a backside of the substrate. An opening is formed between the one or more etch pits and the one or more trenches. A dielectric material is then formed over the substrate to fill the opening. Contacts are then disposed on the topside and the backside of the substrate and a voltage is applied from the topside to the backside, or vice versa, through the dielectric material to form a nanopore. In another aspect, the nanopore is formed at or near the center of the opening at a seam, which is formed in the dielectric material.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) structure and method of forming the MEMS device, including forming a first metallization structure over a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) wafer, where the first metallization structure includes a first sacrificial oxide layer and a first metal contact pad. A second metallization structure is formed over a MEMS wafer, where the second metallization structure includes a second sacrificial oxide layer and a second metal contact pad. The first metallization structure and second metallization structure are then bonded together. After the first metallization structure and second metallization structure are bonded together, patterning and etching the MEMS wafer to form a MEMS element over the second sacrificial oxide layer. After the MEMS element is formed, removing the first sacrificial oxide layer and second sacrificial oxide layer to allow the MEMS element to move freely about an axis.

Abstract: A method for producing a micromechanical element includes producing a micromechanical structure, the micromechanical structure having: a functional layer for a micromechanical element, a sacrifical layer at least partly surrounding the functional layer, and a closure cap on the sacrifical layer. The method further includes applying a cover layer on the micromechanical structure. The method further includes producing a grid structure in the cover layer. The method further includes producing a cavity below the grid structure, as access to the sacrifical layer. The method further includes at least partly removing the sacrifical layer. The method further includes applying a closure layer at least on the grid structure of the cover layer for the purpose of closing the access to the cavity.

Abstract: A method of attaching a MEMS die to a surface includes centering and rotationally aligning a solder perform on a solder surface of a body, centering and rotationally aligning a MEMS die on the solder preform, and heating the solder perform in a reflow process until the solder is molten and surface tension of the molten solder moves the MEMS die to a position where the surface tensions balance, and the MEMS die is centered on, and rotationally aligned with, the solder surface of the body.

Abstract: A method of attaching a MEMS die to a surface includes centering and rotationally aligning a solder perform on a solder surface of a body, centering and rotationally aligning a MEMS die on the solder preform, and heating the solder perform in a reflow process until the solder is molten and surface tension of the molten solder moves the MEMS die to a position where the surface tensions balance, and the MEMS die is centered on, and rotationally aligned with, the solder surface of the body.

Abstract: A method for producing thin MEMS wafers including: (A) providing an SOI wafer having an upper silicon layer, a first SiO2 layer and a lower silicon layer, the first SiO2 layer being situated between the upper silicon layer and the lower silicon layer, (B) producing a second SiO2 layer on the upper silicon layer, (C) producing a MEMS structure on the second SiO2 layer, (D) introducing clearances into the lower silicon layer down to the first SiO2 layer, (E) etching the first SiO2 layer and thus removing the lower silicon layer.

Abstract: A micro-device including at least one first element comprising at least: a portion of material corresponding to a compound of at least one semi-conductor and at least one metal, first and second protective layers each covering one of two opposite faces of said portion of material, such that the first and second protective layers are in direct contact with said portion of material, that the first protective layer comprises at least one first material able to withstand an HF etching, that the second protective layer comprises at least one second material able to withstand the HF etching, and that at least one of the first and second materials able to withstand the HF etching includes the semi-conductor.

Abstract: Methods are provided for manufacturing well-controlled, solid-state nanopores and arrays of well-controlled, solid-state nanopores by a cyclic process including atomic layer deposition (ALD), or chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and etching. One or more features are formed in a thin film deposited on a topside of a substrate. A dielectric material is deposited over the substrate having the one or more features in the thin film. An etching process is then used to etch a portion of the dielectric material deposited over the substrate having the one or more features in the thin film. The dielectric material deposition and etching processes are optionally repeated to reduce the size of the features until a well-controlled nanopore is formed through the thin film on the substrate.

Abstract: A method of determining a concentration of hydrogen sulfide in a fluid comprises exposing a sensor to the fluid, the sensor comprising a pair of electrodes defining a gap therebetween and a sensing material bridging the gap between the electrodes, measuring a value of an electrical parameter of the sensor at an applied frequency of greater than about 10 kHz and a voltage of less than about 1.0 volt when the sensor is exposed to the fluid, and determining the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the fluid based at least in part on the measured value of the electrical parameter. Related apparatuses and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A para-orthohydrogen conversion device comprises a vortex tube. The vortex tube may include an inlet disposed at a first end of the vortex tube, a catalyst disposed on the interior wall of the vortex tube, a first outlet comprising an opening on the perimeter of a second end of the vortex tube, a stopper disposed at the center of the second end of the vortex tube, and a second outlet disposed on the first end of the vortex tube. A method includes converting parahydrogen to orthohydrogen via the catalyst and rotational force as hydrogen gas moves through the vortex tube such that cooled parahydrogen-rich gas or liquid hydrogen accumulates near the center of the vortex tube.

Abstract: Hydrochloric acid is recovered from a lignin composition in a process, comprising providing a particulate lignin composition that comprises lignin, water and hydrochloric acid; contacting the particulate lignin composition with a stream of stripping gas comprising an aprotic gas to obtain an acidified vapor stream that comprises water vapor, hydrochloric acid and aprotic gas; and recovering hydrochloric acid from the acidified vapor stream.

Abstract: This ozone supply device includes an ozone generator, an adsorption tower, a standby unit, a pressure reducing device, an ozone supply unit, a low-temperature coolant circulator, and a control unit which causes a generated ozonized gas to be adsorbed to a cooled adsorbent and desorbs the ozonized gas adsorbed to the adsorbent, thereby concentrating the ozonized gas, wherein the control unit performs control so that the pressure in the adsorption tower in a standby state where the ozonized gas desorbed from the adsorbent in the adsorption tower is caused to stand by in the standby unit becomes lower than the pressure in the adsorption tower in the adsorption.

Abstract: A complex carbonitride powder contains Ti as a main component element and at least one additional element selected from the group consisting of Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Al, and Si. The complex carbonitride powder includes a plurality of complex carbonitride particles containing Ti and the additional element. The plurality of complex carbonitride particles include a plurality of homogeneous composition particles where average concentrations of Ti and the additional element in each complex carbonitride particle have a difference in a range of greater than or equal to ?5 atom % and less than or equal to 5 atom % from average concentrations of Ti and the additional element in the whole complex carbonitride powder. A cross-sectional area of the homogeneous composition particles is greater than or equal to 90% of a cross-sectional area of the complex carbonitride particles 1p.

Abstract: Various systems, devices, NO2 absorbents, NO2 scavengers and NO2 recuperator for generating nitric oxide are disclosed herein. According to one embodiment, an apparatus for converting nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide can include a receptacle including an inlet, an outlet, a surface-active material coated with an aqueous solution of ascorbic acid and an absorbent wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the surface-active material and the absorbent such that nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow is converted to nitric oxide.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods off functionalizing a carbon nanotube, functionalized carbon nanotubes, methods of forming a suspension, and methods of forming a sensor. The methods may include contacting one or more carbon nanotubes with a dienophile in the presence of a supercritical fluid to form one or more functionalized carbon nanotubes. The one or more functionalized carbon nanotubes may have a degree of functionalization of about 1% to about 5%.

Abstract: An aligned film having first and second faces opposed to each other, the aligned film having (a) a plurality of layers aligned non-parallel to the first and second faces between the faces of the aligned film, each layer having a crystal lattice represented by: Mn+1Xn (wherein M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof; and n is 1, 2, or 3), each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, and at least one of two opposing surfaces of each said layer have at least one modifier or terminal T selected from a hydroxy group, a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom; and (b) magnetic nanoparticles carried on a layer surface and/or between two adjacent layers of the plurality of layers.

Abstract: A room temperature curable anticorrosion sol-gel coating composition for a metal substrate, comprising a carboxylic acid or 2,4-pentanedione stabilized water based sol-gel of zirconate-silica nano particles which is combined with a glycidoxyalkyl-alkyoxysilane before coating onto a metal substrate. The coating is chemically cured on the metal substrate, forming a corrosion protective layer.

Abstract: As disclosed herein, the viscoelastic performance of boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) materials may be enhanced and made into useful formats by utilizing purified BNNTs, aligned BNNTs, isotopically enhanced BNNTs, and density controlled BNNT material. Minimizing the amounts of boron particles, a-BN particles, and h-BN nanocages, and optimizing the h-BN nanosheets has the effect of maximizing the amount of BNNT surface area present that may interact with BNNTs themselves and thereby create the nanotube-to-nanotube friction that generates the viscoelastic behavior over temperatures from near absolute zero to near 1900 K. Aligning the BNNT molecular strands with each other within the BNNT material also generates enhanced friction surfaces. The transport of phonons along the BNNT molecules may be further enhanced by utilizing isotopically enhanced BNNTs.

Abstract: Core @ layered double hydroxide shell materials of the invention have the formula: Tp@{[Mz+(1?x)M?xy+(OH)2]a+(Xn?)a/n·bH2O·c(AMO-solvent)}q wherein T is a solid, porous, inorganic oxide-containing framework material, Mz+ is a metal cation of charge z or a mixture of two or more metal cations each independently having the charge z; M?y+ is a metal cation of charge y or a mixture of two or more metal cations each independently having the charge y; z=1 or 2; y=3 or 4; 0<x<0.9; b is 0 to 10; c is 0.01 to 10; p>0; q>0; Xn? is an anion; with n>0; a=z(1?x)+xy?2; and AMO-solvent is an organic solvent which is completely miscible with water.

Abstract: A high-concentration ammonia production method includes: synthesizing ammonia through electrolysis using water and nitrogen as raw materials; subjecting a resultant generation gas to treatment using an ammonia separation membrane or an ammonia PSA to separate the generation gas into high-concentration ammonia and a residual gas; recycling the residual gas as a nitrogen gas raw material of an ammonia synthesis reactor, and liquefying the high-concentration ammonia recovered through the ammonia separation membrane or the ammonia PSA; and subjecting an unliquefied gas separated from liquefied ammonia to the treatment using the ammonia separation membrane or the ammonia PSA again. According to the present disclosure, ammonia is synthesized by adopting an electrolysis method in which the synthesized ammonia substantially does not contain hydrogen, in combination with ammonia separation and recovery treatment using membrane separation or PSA.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods and compositions for increasing the alumina content of a bauxite ore prior to alumina extraction by an extractive process, such as the Bayer process. By adding a beneficiation agent to an aqueous ore slurry, then applying a gravitational force to separate, or partition, the slurry into a beneficiary and a gangue, a number of quantifiable benefits are observed. These include increased alumina content and reduced silica content in the beneficiary solids as compared to the starting ore. These benefits are in excess of those observed by pre-extraction gravitational separation of ore slurries without the addition of a beneficiation agent. Beneficiation agents include DADMAC polymers, and combinations of DADMAC polymers with dextrans. The beneficiary is collected and applied to an extractive process, such as the Bayer process.

Abstract: A non-aqueous silver-containing dispersion is prepared containing a silver nanoparticle composite comprising silver and a cellulosic polymers so that the silver nanoparticle composite is present at a weight ratio to a cellulosic polymers of at least 5:1 and up to and including 50:1. This dispersion also contains an organic solvent that has a boiling point, at atmospheric pressure, of 100° C. to 500° C. The Hansen parameter (?TPolymer) of the cellulosic polymer is less than or equal to the Hansen parameter (?TSolvent) of the organic solvent. A nitrogenous base having a pKa in acetonitrile of 15 to 25 at 25° C. is also present in an equimolar amount or molar excess in relation to the amount of silver.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a portable water filter kit including a portable housing unit with an interior space. The portable housing unit includes an input nozzle and an output nozzle for connecting to a hose, piping between the input and output nozzle located in the interior of the portable housing unit, and a filter. The portable water filter kit is configured such that all components may be stored in the interior space of the portable housing unit.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system includes a circulating fluidized bed evaporator defining a longitudinal axis vertical with respect to gravity. The evaporator has a wastewater inlet to provide wastewater to the circulating fluidized bed evaporator. A heat inlet is axially below the wastewater inlet to provide heat to the circulating fluidized bed evaporator for evaporating the wastewater. An outlet is axially above the wastewater inlet and the heat inlet.

Abstract: Pre-treatment of an input feed in a desalination process includes splitting the input feed into two streams, a first stream and a second stream, passing the second stream through a nano-filtration unit to produce a softened second stream, combining the softened second stream and the first stream, and feeding the combined streams to a desalination process. An apparatus for pre-treatment of an input feed in a desalination process includes an adsorption unit for splitting the input feed into two streams, a first stream rich in sodium ions and a second stream rich in calcium and magnesium ions, a nano-filtration unit to receive the second stream to produce a softened second stream, and a combiner for combining the softened second stream and the first stream, and feeding the combined streams to a desalination process.

Abstract: A method includes removing glyphosate from a solution by contacting the solution with a mesoporous inorganic particle having an average pore size of greater than zero and less than about 50 nm, wherein the mesoporous inorganic particle is functionalized with a positively charged moiety selected from ammonium, amine and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A purification apparatus includes a radio frequency (RF) signal source that generates an RF signal, first and second electrodes, and a conduit. The first electrode receives the RF signal and converts it into electromagnetic energy that is radiated by the first electrode. The conduit includes input and output ports and a chamber. The input and output ports are in fluid communication with the chamber, and the chamber is configured to receive an electrodeless bulb. The chamber is defined by first and second boundaries that are separated by a distance that is less than the wavelength of the RF signal so that the chamber is sub-resonant. The first electrode is physically positioned at the first boundary, and the second electrode is physically positioned at the second boundary. The first and second electrodes and the chamber form a structure that capacitively couples the electromagnetic energy into an electrodeless bulb within the chamber.

Abstract: A liquid treatment system (2) comprising a liquid enclosure (4) having a main axis A, at least one ultra-violet (UV) light source (6) with an extension along said main axis and configured to emit UV light to a liquid in the liquid enclosure (4). The liquid enclosure comprises at least one liquid section (8) with an extension along the main axis and structured to contain the liquid. The system (2) comprises swirl generating members (12) configured to generate a swirling motion of the liquid around a swirling axis S in the at least one liquid section (8) wherein the swirling axis is essentially parallel to the main axis, wherein the swirling motion is such that a controlled varying distance is induced to essentially all liquid elements of the liquid in relation to said light source (6) such that essentially all liquid elements are moved into high UV radiation zones closest said UV transparent wall (10), to achieve uniform UV radiation of the liquid.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus (1) and method for treating contaminated waste water (2). The apparatus comprises a heater (30), a feed apparatus (11, 12, 13, 14), for supplying contaminated waste water (2) to the heater (30) and a centrifuge (50, 60) downstream of the heater (30). A heat exchanger (20) is also provided which has a first channel (22) and a second channel (24). The first channel (22) is connected in a flow path extending between the feed apparatus (11, 12, 13, 14) and the centrifuge (50, 60); and a waste water outlet (9) from the main centrifuge (60) is fluidly coupled to an inlet of the second channel (24) of the heat exchanger (20).