Abstract: A cable system A includes a cable 3 for connecting a base device 1 and a travelling body 2, a reel device 10 mounted on the travelling body 2, a motor controller 40 for controlling a motor 15 of the reel device 10, and a rotary encoder 16 (rotation sensor) for detecting rotation of a reel 12. The motor controller 40 basically makes the motor 15 free, when the reel 12 is rotating in an unreeling direction, and basically applies a rotational torque in a reeling direction to the reel 12, when the reel 12 is rotating in the reeling direction. Furthermore, even if the reel 12 is rotating in the unreeling direction, if an unreeling speed of the cable 3 exceeds a travelling speed of the travelling body 2, the rotational torque in the reeling direction is applied to the reel 12. Slackening of the cable 3 is thereby prevented.

Abstract: A conveyance system including a system interface having a camera to generate an image including an input fingerprint and an input finger presentation; a dispatch system including a fingerprint recognition unit and a profile unit, the fingerprint recognition unit comparing the input fingerprint to a reference fingerprint; the dispatch system accessing a user profile when the input fingerprint matches the reference fingerprint; the dispatch system comparing the input finger presentation to a reference finger presentation in the user profile; and the dispatch system retrieving a destination from the user profile when the input finger presentation matches the reference finger presentation.

Abstract: In accordance with exemplary embodiments there is determining geo-routines of a user, the geo-routines based on at least one of a location and an altitude and a trajectory of the user, recording the determined geo-routines of user of the system; and based on a current trajectory of a user indicating that the user is going to use a transportation system, optimizing a use of the system according to the recorded geo-routines of the user of the system. In addition, sending information including a location and/or an altitude of a user, and a trajectory of the user, the information associated with a current geo-routine of the user, and receiving information to optimize the use of a transportation system, the receiving based on a current trajectory indicating that the user is going to use the transportation system and on the current geo-routine and/or historical geo-routines of a user of the transportation system.

Abstract: A method for controlling an elevator system comprises obtaining images of the inside of an elevator car, detecting passengers in the images, creating graphic passenger models of the detected passengers from the images and determining the number of passengers who may additionally board the elevator car using the passenger models. The passenger models may reflect the actual size of the passengers.

Abstract: A belt for suspending and/or driving an elevator car of an elevator system includes a plurality of tension members arranged in a lengthwise direction and a jacket substantially retaining the plurality of tension members. The jacket includes a traction portion, a back portion, and an inner portion between the traction portion and the back portion. The traction portion is formed from a first material and the inner portion is formed from a second material having an increased fire resistance compared to the first material. A method of forming an elevator system belt includes arranging a plurality of tension members in a lengthwise direction and securing the plurality of tension members in a jacket by at least partially enclosing the plurality of tension members in the jacket. The jacket includes a traction portion, a back portion, and an inner portion having a greater fire resistance than the traction portion.

Abstract: A conveyor device (2) comprises: a conveyance element (8) extending in a longitudinal direction between two spaced apart landing portions (4, 6) and configured to move for conveying people and/or goods between the two landing portions (4, 6); at least one balustrade (10, 12) located laterally at one side of the conveyance element (8) and extending along the longitudinal direction of the conveyance element (8); and at least one sensor (22, 23), which is configured for detecting the presence of a person in a detection zone (28) which is defined by a main detection direction (D), at least one detection angle (?, ?) and at least one detection range (R). The at least one sensor (22, 23) is located at or next to the at least one balustrade (10, 12), and the main detection direction (D) extends from the at least one sensor (22, 23) in a direction away from the balustrade (10, 12).

Abstract: Simplification of a device configuration and control is realized, which enables attraction and release by a magnet without using a battery. A magnet work machine includes a generator motor (8) driven by an engine (7); and an inverter (10) which controls a magnet (6) and the generator motor (8) such that the magnet (6) is energized by electric power from the generator motor (8) to attract metal scraps or the like, and during demagnetization for releasing metal scraps or the like, electric power applied to the magnet (6) is transmitted to the generator motor (8) as regenerative power so as to be consumed. The inverter (10) determines a torque of the generator motor (8) as a motor according to a voltage change of a main circuit based on a detected main circuit voltage so as to suppress the voltage change, and gives the torque as a command.

Abstract: Several embodiments of an end cap are provided for use with a spreader bar system for distributing the lift force of a load across multiple points. The end cap includes a receptacle shaped to receive the spreader bar. The receptacle comprises an outer end and a pinch bolt located on an outer surface of the receptacle. A load plate abuts the outer end of the receptacle, and is reinforced by a brace. A lifting lug extends from the load plate and has at least a first aperture. The aperture is shaped to receive a corresponding shackle that is configured to connect to a sling for lifting the spreader bar. A visual indicator on a surface of the lifting lug and positioned between the first aperture and the load plate defines a predetermined minimum angle between the spreader bar and the sling when the spreader bar is lifted via the sling.

Abstract: A V-sling (100) for use in winching a vehicle includes a master linking device (150) and at least two longitudinally extending flaccid leg members (114) coupled on a first end to the master linking device (150). The opposing second end of the flaccid leg members (114) are respectively coupled to a plurality of hooks (116, 116a). The master linking device (150) includes having a load coupling linkage (152) and a hook positioning adapter (154). The load coupling linkage (152) defines a first plane and the hook positioning adapter (154) is disposed in a second plane. The second plane is transverse to the first plane for positioning a winch hook (62) engaged therewith in a plane corresponding to the first plane.

Abstract: A hoist or hoisting device is configure to place a pallet on a roof without the need of a person on the roof. The hoist includes a deflector that moves between a first position and a second position and releases a strap from an open hook as the deflector moves from the first position. A release arm on the deflector contacts a portion of the strap to push the strap off the open hook after the pallet has contacted the roof. The hoist may then be raised and the strap be unthreaded and pulled upward through the pallet to leave the pallet installed on the roof.

Abstract: A C-gripper for arranging at a cross-member or at a suspension element and a cross-member having at least one such C-gripper for for handling a load, formed from an upper strut, a vertical strut and a support strut which forms a so-called hook base, onto which the load can be placed. The upper strut and the vertical strut are, as with conventional constructions, rigidly connected to one another and substantially arranged at right angles to one another. Other angles likewise lie within the framework of the invention. However, the support strut is not rigid, but rather connected in a rotatably mounted manner to the vertical strut and, indeed, in such a manner that a clear dimension (h) of a mouth of the C-gripper can be modified, that is to say can be increased or decreased. Moreover, the vertical strut is telescopable. It is thus configured as a telescopic strut.

Abstract: A hoist ring includes a ring having a base portion and a ring portion connected to the base portion, a bolt, a retainer having a second locking portion and two arms, and a spring. The bolt coupled to the base portion has a head and a body connected to the head. The head has a first locking portion. The body is adapted to fix the ring to an object. The second locking portion is connected to the arms, and is adapted to be engaged with the first locking portion. The arms are spaced from each other by a distance, and are adapted to extend to two lateral sides of the ring portion. The arms are each respectively provided with an abutting surface. Two ends of the spring respectively fit around the arms. An inner edge of the ends of the spring respectively abuts against two abutting surfaces of the arms.

Abstract: A knuckle boom crane at least comprising: a pedestal; a tower 2 arranged on top of the pedestal; an operator cabin 4 fixed to the tower 2; a machine house 3; a winch 5 with a wire 6 positioned at an upper end of the tower 2 so that the upper rim of the reel of the winch 5 protrudes above the top of the tower 2; or an alternative wire routing with a winch with a wire arranged external to the crane where the wire is fed to a first sheave arranged at an upper end of the tower 2 so that the upper rim of the sheave protrudes above the top of the tower 2; a main boom 14 which is at its first end is pivotally connected to the tower 2 at its second end the main boom 14 is pivotally connected with a first end of a knuckle boom 12, the second end of the knuckle boom is provided with at least one second sheave 10, where the main boom 14 is provided with an aperture 7 proximate to its first end.

Abstract: An electronic actuated clutch for a winch. The winch having a motor and drive shaft which are engagable, via an electronically actuated clutch, to a spool. The clutch being operated by a solenoid which engages the clutch via a yoke. The clutch is operable between an engaged and disengaged position through energizing and de-energizing the solenoid. Operation of the clutch moves it linearly along the axis of the drive shaft into and out of engagement with the spool. Operation of the electronically actuated clutch may be done via a remote control.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring an industrial vehicle are presented. The system includes a first imaging subsystem for acquiring a plurality of load-carrying-portion images. A cargo-detection subsystem is configured for analyzing each of the plurality of load-carrying-portion images to determine whether cargo is positioned on the load-carrying portion. A power-detection subsystem is configured for determining when the industrial vehicle is running. A motion-detection subsystem is configured for determining when the industrial vehicle is in motion. An analytics subsystem is configured for calculating the amount of time that the industrial vehicle is running, the amount of time that the industrial vehicle is running while cargo is positioned on the load-carrying portion, the amount of time the industrial vehicle is in motion, and the amount of time the industrial vehicle is in motion while cargo is positioned on the load-carrying portion.

Abstract: Integrated utility devices are disclosed having a myriad of synergistic features. A body having an internal storage cavity may be sealed by a cap comprising a self-contained flashlight assembly. Also, hook attached to the body may serve dual purposes of providing a bracing surface for a bottle opener and a hook portion for a gated carrying clip for the body having internal storage cavity.

Abstract: Machine (18, 19) for processing containers (1) including a base (7) having a high standing ring (8) and a central invertible diaphragm (9), the machine (18, 19) including: a container supporting frame (20) including a hollow support ring (21) for engaging a container base (7), a pusher (26) movable with respect of the container supporting frame (20), capable of coming into abutment with the container base (7) through the supporting frame (20), an actuator (28) for slidingly moving the pusher (26) frontwards towards the container base (7) through the supporting frame (20), and backwards, a strain gauge (29) coupled to the actuator (28) for gauging a strain applied by the actuator (28) to the pusher (26), a control unit (30) including a processor (32) connected to the strain gauge (29) and programmed for comparing a gauged strain value to a memorized strain reference value.

Abstract: A valve assembly in a product channel comprises a regulating valve, a filling valve, and an elongated actuation element that is common to both. A filling-valve element that interacts with a filling-valve seat to open and close the filling valve. The regulating valve comprises an actuation element-side regulating valve element that interacts with a regulating-valve seat to control a product quantity to be filled. Both the regulating and filling valve elements are arranged on the actuation element. A driven actuator changes a position of the actuation element relative to the regulating valve seat and the filling valve seat as part of a filling operation.

Abstract: A filling device includes a product space that ends in a filling valve with first and second valve elements disposed in a region thereof and moved by an actuator, a sealing face, a valve stem, a valve housing having a reduced-diameter edge, and a profiled plastic sleeve that runs over the reduced-diameter edge. One of the valve elements has a plastic lining. A valve stem forms one of the valve elements and the valve housing forms the other.

Abstract: An adapter for an airtight connection to a container and for airtight dispensing of the container's contents, the adapter having: a gate valve, a tube extending from the gate valve to a female coupling, the female coupling being configured for insertion in a mouth of the container, the female coupling having a dispensing valve for opening when dispensing the container's contents and closing when dispensing is finished as needed, such that air is prevented from entering the container, and an airtight connector for connecting the adapter to the container.

Abstract: A volatile liquid refueling apparatus, which includes a probe including an outer collar, and a receiver including a receiving collar, where the outer collar of the probe and the receiving collar of the receiver are configured to join to create a vapor-tight enclosure, and where the receiver further includes a locking mechanism whereby the apparatus can be locked in an open position.

Abstract: A MEMS device and a method to manufacture a MEMS device are disclosed. An embodiment includes forming trenches in a first main surface of a substrate, forming conductive fingers by forming a conductive material in the trenches and forming an opening from a second main surface of the substrate thereby exposing the conductive fingers, the second main surface opposite the first main surface.

Abstract: Caging structures are disclosed for caging or otherwise reducing the mechanical shock pulse experienced by MEMS device beam structures during events that may cause mechanical shock to the MEMS device. The caging structures at least partially surround the beam such that they limit the motion of the beam in a direction perpendicular to the beam's longitudinal axis, thereby reducing stress on the beam during a mechanical shock event. The caging structures may be used in combination with mechanical shock-resistant beams.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for making an actuator based on carbon nanotubes. The method includes: providing a carbon nanotube layer; depositing a vanadium oxide (VOx) layer on the carbon nanotube layer; and annealing the VOx layer in an oxygen atmosphere to form a vanadium dioxide layer (VO2) layer. Because the drastic reversible phase transition of VO2, the actuator has giant deformation amplitude and fast response.

Abstract: Nanopillar-based THz metamaterials, such as split ring resonator (SRR) MMs, utilizing displacement current in the dielectric medium between nanopillars that significantly increases energy storage in the MMs, leading to enhanced Q-factor. A metallic nanopillar array is designed in the form of a single gap (C-shape) SRR. Vacuum or dielectric materials of different permittivities are filled between the nanopillars to form nanoscale dielectric gaps. In other embodiments, formation of patterned nanowires using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with porous structures of different heights resulting from an initial step difference made by etching the aluminum (Al) thin film with a photoresist developer prior to the anodization process are disclosed.

Abstract: A packaged fuel unit and a refillable hydrogen generator that uses the fuel unit to produce hydrogen gas are disclosed. The fuel unit includes a reactant that can undergo a thermal decomposition reaction that produces hydrogen gas when heated to at least a minimum initiation temperature. The reactant is contained within a package that includes a poor thermal conductor with one or more thermal conductor sections for conducting heat from outside the package to the reactant. The hydrogen generator includes a holder with a cavity in which the fuel unit can be removably disposed and a heating system for heating the fuel unit when disposed therein. The hydrogen generator can be part of a fuel cell system including a fuel cell battery that is provided with hydrogen gas from the hydrogen generator.

Abstract: In some implementations, a system for producing hydrogen and oxygen from water includes a target, an oxygen selective membrane, a cooling chamber, and a hydrogen selective membrane. The target heats to at least a temperature that thermally decomposes water, receives water vapor, heats the received water vapor to the temperature that thermally decomposes water to form a heated vapor, and passes the heated vapor to an oxygen selective membrane. The oxygen selective membrane separates, at or near the temperature that thermally decomposes water, oxygen from the heated vapor to form a hydrogen-rich vapor. The cooling chamber cools the hydrogen-rich vapor to at least a specified temperature. The hydrogen selective membrane separates hydrogen in the hydrogen-rich vapor to leave substantially water vapor.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of methods and systems for hydrogen production using an electro-activated material are provided. In some exemplary embodiments, carbon can be electro-activated and used in a chemical reaction with water and a fuel, such as aluminum, to generate hydrogen. Controlling the temperature of the reaction, and the amounts of water, aluminum and electro-activated carbon can provide hydrogen on demand at a desired rate of hydrogen generation.

Abstract: There is proposed a method for starting up a pre-reforming stage in an integrated reforming plant in which a hydrocarbonaceous feed stream, in particular natural gas, is converted into a reformation product containing carbon oxides, hydrogen and hydrocarbons. Before carrying out the start-up method, the catalyst contained in the pre-reforming stage is in an oxidized or passivated state. For its activation, the pre-reforming catalyst is charged with a methanol/steam mixture, from which by steam reformation of methanol in situ the hydrogen required for the activation of the catalyst is produced. Excess hydrogen is used for the hydrogen supply of the desulfurization stage arranged upstream of the pre-reforming stage.

Abstract: Problem to be Solved A catalyst for obtaining hydrogen gas by steam reforming of a hydrocarbon-containing gas in the presence of steam including active metals supported on an ?-alumina carrier. The active metals include 0.1 to 0.3 parts by weight of rhodium (Rh) based on the content of the metal, relative to 100 parts by weight of the ?-alumina carrier, and 0.01 to 0.3 parts by weight of platinum (Pt) based on the content of the metal, relative to 100 parts by weight of the ?-alumina carrier. The ?-alumina carrier is modified with a promoter including 1 to 10 parts by weight of cerium (Ce) based on the content of the metal, relative to 100 parts by weight of the ?-alumina carrier.

Abstract: Process for spontaneous catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide through the use of a fixed-bed catalyst, characterized in that the fixed-bed catalyst was produced through the use of at least one exothermic-decomposing platinum precursor.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for separating oxygen from air using a sorption/desorption cycle that includes a reduced or minimized difference between the maximum and minimum pressures involved in the sorption/desorption cycle. The reduced or minimized difference in pressures can be achieved in part by using valves that can allow for commercial scale flow rates while avoiding large pressure drops for flows passing through the valves. A rotary wheel adsorbent is an example of a system that can allow for a sorption/desorption cycle with reduced and/or minimized pressure drops across valves associated with the process. Stationary adsorbent beds can also be used in combination with commercially available valves that have reduced and/or minimized pressure drops.

Abstract: Peroxides and chlorine dioxide (compounds) can be stabilized for long periods of time (years) by combining the compounds with water that has been infused with dioxytetrahydride gas. Such stabilized materials can be used to infuse soft, solid substrates that can be used as sterile wipes, wound dressings, or the like.

Abstract: Methods for preparing porous carbon hollow spheres are disclosed. The method includes contacting one or more polymer hollow spheres with a SiO2 precursor to form one or more SiO2-containing polymer hollow spheres; carbonizing the one or more SiO2-containing polymer hollow spheres to form one or more SiO2-containing carbon hollow spheres; and removing SiO2 from the one or more SiO2-containing carbon hollow spheres to form one or more porous carbon hollow spheres. The prepared porous carbon hollow spheres may be filled with liquid metal salts and treated at elevated temperatures to form filled porous carbon spheres. Methods of filling the porous carbon hollow spheres and compositions that include the filled porous carbon spheres are also disclosed.

Abstract: In various embodiments, the present invention provides a relatively low cost and substantially chemical free method of making high surface area mesoporous carbon (as well as novel mesoporous carbon hollow tube (MCHT) structures made thereby) utilizing the cellulose framework found in natural wood and/or other plant fibers to make porous carbon structures. In some embodiments, the present invention will provide porous carbon structures having higher surface area than porous carbon structures made using prior art template methods, higher adsorption capacity than commercial activated carbon, and, in some embodiments, excellent electrochemical capacitance and storage capabilities. These new carbon materials may be adapted for a wide variety of uses including such things as removal of both inorganic and organic toxic pollutants from water, energy storage/conversion, supercapacitor electrodes for electrochemical energy storage, adsorption, and catalysis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process for preparing a precipitated silica, in which: a silicate is reacted with an acidifying agent, so as to obtain a suspension of precipitated silica, said suspension of precipitated silica is filtered, so as to obtain a filter cake, said filter cake is subjected to a liquefaction operation, after the liquefaction operation, a drying step is performed, characterized in that at least one polycarboxylic acid is added to the filter cake, during or after the liquefaction operation. The invention also relates to novel precipitated silicas and to uses thereof.

Abstract: A compound is generally provided that has the formula: Ln3-xBxM5-yByO12, where Ln comprises Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or a mixture thereof; x is 0 to about 1.5; M comprises Ga, In, Al, Fe, or a combination thereof; y is 0 to about 2.5; and x+y is greater than 0. A composition is also provided that includes a silicon-containing material (e.g., silicon metal and/or a silicide) and the boron-doped refractory compound having the formula described above, such as about 0.001% to about 85% by volume of the boron-doped refractory compound.

Abstract: A new crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite comprising a MTT framework has been synthesized that has been designated UZM-53. This zeolite is represented by the empirical formula: M+mRrAl1?xExSiyOz where M represents sodium, potassium or a combination of sodium and potassium cations, R is the organic structure directing agent or agents derived from reactants R1 and R2 where R1 is diisopropanolamine and R2 is a chelating diamine, and E is an element selected from the group consisting of gallium, iron, boron and mixtures thereof. Catalysts made from UZM-53 have utility in various hydrocarbon conversion reactions such as oligomerization.

Abstract: In a process for co-production of ammonia and methanol, the outlet stream from the reformer is split into two parts, one of which is subjected to shift, carbon dioxide removal, methanation, compression and ammonia synthesis, while the other part is compressed and fed to a once-through methanol synthesis section. Methanol is withdrawn from the methanol synthesis section, and the remaining effluent from said section is divided into two streams comprising hydrogen, of which one is fed to the shift section, while the other is recycled to the desulfurization unit. This way a favourable co-production method is obtained because recycle hydrogen for the desulfurization is provided, and furthermore a compression step is avoided.

Abstract: Process for obtaining lithium compounds and intermediate compounds, comprising the following steps: a) contacting aluminosilicate particles, for example ?-spodumene, with at least one fluorine compound, for example HF, NaF or others; b) stirring the mixture increasing the temperature until reaching an appropriate temperature; c) carrying out at least a precipitation and filtration process of the mixture of step b), and, d) recovering the lithium compound. The process may comprise using HF at a concentration between 5 and 30% v/v or NaF at a concentration between 5 and 30% w/v; a solid/liquid ratio of step a) between 0.9 and 14.4% w/v; a particle size of between 29 and 200 ?m. The final lithium product of the process may be lithium carbonate or lithium fluoride.

Abstract: A coated substrate is described including a substrate material, which is coated at least in part with an oxidation-resistant coating, wherein the coating consists of a wear-resistant abrasive coating layer, which contains or consists of coated abrasive particles embedded in an oxidation-resistant matrix material, wherein at least some of the abrasive particles consist of ?-Al2O3 and the abrasive particles are coated with a first particle coating layer disposed on the abrasive particles and an optional second particle coating layer disposed on the first particle coating layer, wherein the matrix material contains or consists of the compound MCrAlY, wherein M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co and Fe. A method for manufacturing such a coated substrate is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing alumina trihydrate crystals from an alumina trihydrate recovery process stream wherein an aqueous emulsion comprising a crystal growth modifier, which is at least one of an acyclic anhydride or an alkyl or alkenyl succinic anhydride, is added to the alumina trihydrate recovery process stream, wherein the aqueous emulsion is substantially free of mineral oils. The method provides a decrease in percentage of alumina trihydrate crystals having a volume average diameter of less than about 45 micrometers compared to the percentage of alumina trihydrate crystals produced in the absence of the crystal growth modifier. The process does not require the addition of a defoamer/anti-foam agent in order to control foam generated in the process.

Abstract: A non-chemical sanitation system for a body of water comprises a floating base, an internal hydro-electric power generator, and one or more sanitizing mechanisms electrically powered by the hydro-electric power generator, where the hydro-electric power generator derives its energy from water pressure produced by a pool pump. In some embodiments, the one or more non-chemical sanitizing mechanisms comprise one or more ultraviolet LED lights. In some embodiments, the one or more non-chemical sanitizing mechanisms comprise one or more ionizers. In some embodiments, the system is connected to a filter pipe and filter of a pool and the hydro-electric power generator is placed within the path of water flowing to the pool filter in order to generate power and power the one or more sanitizing mechanisms.

Abstract: Stabilized surfactant-based membranes and methods of manufacture thereof. Membranes comprising a stabilized surfactant mesostructure on a porous support may be used for various separations, including reverse osmosis and forward osmosis. The membranes are stabilized after evaporation of solvents; in some embodiments no removal of the surfactant is required. The surfactant solution may or may not comprise a hydrophilic compound such as an acid or base. The surface of the porous support is preferably modified prior to formation of the stabilized surfactant mesostructure. The membrane is sufficiently stable to be utilized in commercial separations devices such as spiral wound modules. Also a stabilized surfactant mesostructure coating for a porous material and filters made therefrom. The coating can simultaneously improve both the permeability and the filtration characteristics of the porous material.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating water or liquids in general, including a reverse osmosis filtration device provided with at least one inlet associated with a line for supplying the liquid to be treated, at least one outlet of the permeate associated with a line for dispensing the treated liquid and at least one concentrate outlet associated with a line for discharging the waste. The particularity of the present invention resides in that it includes, downstream of the filtration device, at least one tank that forms inside it two adjacent chambers with a mutually variable volume, in which one chamber is connected to the delivery line while the other chamber is connected to the discharge line.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing cellulose nano-crystals from date palm seeds includes providing washed and dried date palm seeds, milling the date palm seeds to a fine powder, adding a bleaching agent to the fine powder to separate cellulose from the powder, placing the cellulose in a container with an acid solution to form a mixture, heating the mixture, isolating cellulose crystals from the mixture, and reducing the particle size of the cellulose crystals in the solution to provide cellulose nano-crystals. The particle size can be reduced by adding the cellulose crystals to a quantity of water to form a solution, and ultrasonicating the solution at about 90% amplitude for about 45 minutes to form cellulose nano-crystals. The cellulose nano-crystals can have a size ranging from about 5 nm to about 100 nm.

Abstract: Electrolytically treating water through influent inlet arrangements for cavitation and one or more pairs of electrodes. The electrodes can provide continuous anodic and cathodic operation for treating water. The pressurized influent premixed with oxidant gas can be pumped into the reactor vessel through the mixing nozzles arranged radially along the circumference. The polarity of the current to the electrode can be periodically reversed at a set interval. An electro-catalytic paddle electrode can be used for the treatment of flowback and produced water. The paddle electrode can consists of alternate pentagonal flat plate electrodes separated by adjustable variable distance Teflon spacers. The paddle electrode is provided with a chemical coating capable of switching/reversing the polarity of anodes and cathodes at ultra high frequencies under very high current flowing conditions thus making it more efficient, stable and durable under demanding field conditions.

Abstract: An electrochemical system and method are disclosed for On Site Generation (OSG) of oxidants, such as free available chlorine, mixed oxidants and persulfate. Operation at high current density, using at least a diamond anode, provides for higher current efficiency, extended lifetime operation, and improved cost efficiency. High current density operation, in either a single pass or recycle mode, provides for rapid generation of oxidants, with high current efficiency, which potentially allows for more compact systems. Beneficially, operation in reverse polarity for a short cleaning cycle manages scaling, provides for improved efficiency and electrode lifetime and allows for use of impure feedstocks without requiring water softeners. Systems have application for generation of chlorine or other oxidants, including mixed oxidants providing high disinfection rate per unit of oxidant, e.g. for water treatment to remove microorganisms or for degradation of organics in industrial waste water.

Abstract: A device and process are disclosed for the separate removal of oppositely charged ions from electrolyte solutions and recombining them to form new chemical compositions. The invention provides the ability to create multiple ion flow channels and then form new chemical compositions therefrom. The process is accomplished by selectively combining oppositely charged ions of choice from different electrolyte solutions via the capacitive behavior of high electrical capacitance electrodes confined in insulated containers.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a method may include separating contaminants from impaired water. The method may include contacting impaired water with a peracetate oxidant solution. The method may include mixing said impaired water with the peracetate oxidant solution. The method may include separating the impaired water oxidant solution mixture into solids and a water phase. In some embodiments, the peracetate oxidant solution may include peracetate anions and a peracid. The peracetate oxidant solution may have a pH from about 10 to about pH 12. The peracetate oxidant solution may have a molar ratio of peracetate anions to peracid ranging from about 60:1 to about 6000:1. In some embodiments, a peracetate anion to hydrogen peroxide molar ratio is greater than about 16:1. In some embodiments, a reactive coagulant, a softener, and/or a floc aid may be added to the impaired water.