Abstract: A pneumatic tire comprises a tread portion provided with blocks divided by main grooves extending continuously in the tire circumferential direction, and axial grooves connecting between the main grooves. The blocks include a siped block. The siped block is provided with a first sipe extending in the tire axial direction across the block, and second sipes respectively disposed in regions subdivided by the first sipe. Each of the second sipes is a closed sipe whose both ends are closed, and the maximum depth of the second sipe is less than the maximum depth of the first sipe.

Abstract: A tire (1) has two annular beads, a toroidal body ply (2) which is wound about the two beads (3) to form two turn-ups, and two bead fillers (8). Each bead filler (8) contacts a bead (3) and is at least partly enclosed in a turn-up (4) of the body ply (2), and comprises an elastomer filler strip (9) which is wound about the bead (3) and is interposed between the bead (3) and the body ply (2) and has two opposite ends (10, 11) located on opposite sides of the bead (3) and contacting each other. An outer end (11) of the filler strip (9) of each bead filler (8) is folded into a “U” about the corresponding end of the body ply (2) so as to enclose the end of the body ply (2).

Abstract: A pneumatic tire includes an inner liner layer formed from a laminate sheet obtained by laminating: a sheet made from a thermoplastic resin or a thermoplastic resin composition which is a blend of the thermoplastic resin and an elastomer; and a rubber bonded by curing to the thermoplastic resin or the thermoplastic resin composition. The pneumatic tire avoids occurrence of cracks near a splice portion of the inner liner layer after the pneumatic tire starts to be used for driving, and thereby achieves excellent durability. In the tire, an inner liner layer is formed by lap-splicing end portions of a laminate sheet which is obtained by the laminating A sheet with end portions each having a tip subjected to a tip sharpening process is used as the sheet made from the thermoplastic resin or the thermoplastic resin composition which is the blend of the thermoplastic resin and the elastomer.

Abstract: A sensor device and a communication method are provided. The sensor includes a microcontroller unit, and a receiver electrically connected to the microcontroller unit and configured to receive at least one communication signal. The receiver includes a magnetic sensor configured to detect a modulated electromagnetic carrier signal as a first communication signal and output an encoded measurement signal based on the detected modulated electromagnetic carrier signal. The sensor device further includes a demodulator configured to convert the encoded measurement signal into a data signal and output the data signal to the microcontroller unit.

Abstract: A hitch ball with a locking bail for use with gooseneck hitch assemblies. The hitch ball includes a hitch ball body having a ball-mount on a first end. A second end forms a base that is insertable into a mating receiver mounted in a tow vehicle. A locking bail is pivotably coupled to the hitch ball body and is moveable from an unlocked orientation overlying the ball-mount to a locked orientation extending generally transversely to the hitch ball body. The locking bail is configured to function as a handle when in the unlocked orientation to provide a clean and easily graspable structure for handling and installing the hitch ball in a tow vehicle. The locking bail prevents coupling of a trailer or hitch assembly with the hitch ball when in the unlocked orientation and provides a visual indication of the locked or unlocked state of the hitch ball.

Abstract: An adjustable hitch is provided. The adjustable hitch includes a hitch body operatively coupled to a mount whereupon a hitch ball may be coupled. A coupling assembly may pivotably couple the mount to the hitch body, wherein the coupling assembly facilitates movement of the mount, and thereby the hitch ball, between a first position and a second position with respect to the hitch body. The adjustable hitch may be releasably coupled to a hitch receiver tube that is coupled to a vehicle.

Abstract: A tracked, amphibious vehicle, comprising at least two, spaced, elongated pontoons disposed generally parallel to one another. A platform structure can be supported by and structurally connects the pontoons, the platform structure including a transom, a lowermost generally horizontally extending panel above a free clearance area under a bottom panel and between the pontoons through which terrain and debris can pass. A hydraulic drive system can propel the vehicle, said drive system including left and right hydraulic motors mounted on the pontoons. At least one series of longitudinally spaced bogie wheels for supporting said vehicle can be mounted along the bottom of the pontoons. A continuous, endless belt can encircle each pontoon and engages the bogie wheels. Ground-engaging cleats assembled on the outer surface of each belt and covering the pontoon bottom provide traction to the vehicle. Gearing interfaces the motor with the endless belts.

Abstract: An amphibious vehicle that can reduce wave drag at the time of hydroplaning and can improve propulsion performance of the vehicle body. The amphibious vehicle includes a vehicle body capable of moving on water and on land, a front flap with a rear end being fixed to a lower end of the vehicle body, a rear flap with a front end being fixed to a rear part of the vehicle body, and a pair of keels provided along a travel device provided on both sides of the vehicle body on a bottom surface of the vehicle body.

Abstract: An axle arrangement for a motor vehicle includes two opposite wheel carriers which are connectable to a bodywork of the motor vehicle via links, and a transverse leaf spring which is connected to the two wheel carriers. The transverse leaf spring is manufactured as one piece from fiber-reinforced plastic, has at least two bands spaced apart from one another and is at least partially integrated in a shear field. The shear field extends between the two wheel carriers and on both sides is connected fixedly to the body or the bodywork of the vehicle and projects beyond the transverse leaf spring, as viewed in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.

Abstract: Relates to a link element, in particular for use in utility vehicles, comprising a first wall region, a second wall region and a third wall region, wherein the link element has a pivot region for pivotable support about a pivot axis, wherein the first wall region and the second wall region extend substantially parallel with a transverse plane, wherein the transverse plane is orthogonal to the pivot axis, wherein the third wall region protrudes along a lateral plane from the first wall region and/or from the second wall region, wherein the lateral plane is orientated perpendicularly to the transverse plane, wherein the third wall region is arranged parallel with the transverse plane eccentrically with respect to the extent of the first wall region and/or the second wall region.

Abstract: An axle unit includes an axle tube and a suspension arm element, wherein the axle tube extends substantially along a tube axis, wherein the suspension arm element has a first joining region comprising a recess, wherein the first joining region of the suspension arm element is adjacent to the axle tube, wherein the suspension arm element is substantially transverse to the tube axis, and wherein a weld portion between the suspension arm element and the axle tube is located in the first joining region.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to an obstacle avoidance system with active suspensions. The obstacle avoidance system uses one or more active suspensions to lift or jump one or more corresponding wheels over an obstacle in the vehicle's path to avoid contact with the obstacle when the vehicle cannot practically drive over, steer around, or stop before hitting the obstacle.

Abstract: A method according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, automatically preconditioning a passenger cabin of an electrified vehicle during a DC fast charging event of a battery assembly if the electrified vehicle is turned OFF.

Abstract: In a straddle type vehicle in which a radiator is covered with a cover member, and an air guide duct for guiding hot air from the radiator to an outside of the vehicle is formed integral with the cover member, the hot air is restrained from staying within the cover member even in the case where the air guide duct of the cover member covering the radiator must be opened face-to-face with only a portion of a core of the radiator. A ventilation control member for controlling cooling air passing through the core of the radiator so as to flow toward an inner opening of the air guide duct is provided in the vicinity of the radiator.

Abstract: Provided is a vehicle air conditioning device, including: a unit case including an air flow channel formed therein, the air flow channel being branched into a bypass flow channel and a heating flow channel; a heater core installed in the heating flow channel; and upper-part shoulder supporting portions for the heater core, each of the upper-part shoulder supporting portions only supports one of upper-part right and left shoulder portions of the heater core installed on a bottom surface side of the heating flow channel, each of the upper-part shoulder supporting portions is provided on one of right and left side surfaces of the unit case. The vehicle air conditioning device blowing off, into a chamber, an air flow made after joining together an air flow that has passed through the heating flow channel and an air flow that has passed through the bypass flow channel.

Abstract: A system includes an external temperature sensor, an internal temperature sensor and an internal moisture sensor, along with an HVAC for blowing air into the vehicle. The system also includes an electronic control unit (ECU) coupled to the sensors and the HVAC. The ECU determines a difference between the inside air temperature and the ambient air temperature and sets a condensation indicator when the ambient air temperature is less than a first temperature threshold, the difference between the inside air temperature and the ambient air temperature is greater than a second temperature threshold, and the inside moisture level is greater than a moisture threshold. The ECU determines a condensation temperature at which additional condensation will accumulate on the window, determines the desired temperature for the air blown by the HVAC and controls the HVAC to blow air at the desired temperature when the condensation indicator is set.

Abstract: A cooling system is provided for a traction battery of an electrified motor vehicle. That cooling system includes a cooling circuit, a refrigerant circuit, a plurality of flow control valves and a control system. That control system includes a controller configured to (a) control operation of the plurality of flow control valves and (b) prioritize cabin cooling over traction battery cooling.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat pump system for a vehicle. The heat pump system includes a refrigerant-coolant heat exchanger for exchanging heat between refrigerant circulating through a refrigerant circulation line and coolant circulating through electronic units of the vehicle. The heat pump system can operate the heat pump mode even though outdoor air temperature is zero or lower or frosting is formed on the external heat exchanger because waste heat of the electronic units is retrieved through the refrigerant-coolant heat exchanger, thereby further enhancing heating performance and efficiency.

Abstract: An integrated valve includes a connecting member including a first valve element and a second valve element. The first valve element is disposed in a pressure reducing chamber of a body of the integrated valve and forms a pressure reducing valve that reduces the pressure of the refrigerant discharged from a compressor. The second valve element is disposed in an on-off valve chamber of the body and forms an on-off valve for adjusting a flow rate of the refrigerant flowing into an intermediate-pressure port of the compressor. The on-off valve is in a fully opened state when the pressure reducing valve is in a throttling state, the on-off valve is in an opened state when the pressure reducing valve is in an opened state, and the on-off valve is in a closed state when the pressure reducing valve is in a fully opened state.

Abstract: A vehicle air conditioning apparatus is provided that can extend the mileage of a vehicle by reducing the power consumed by the operation of a compressor and a heater. When a required quantity of heating Q_req is acquired, the minimum power sharing ratio between quantity of heat release Q_hpof a water-refrigerant heat exchanger 22 and quantity of heat release Q_htrof a water heater 32 is calculated, which allows the power consumption W_total to be minimized, and a compressor 21 and the water heater 32 are operated based on the result of the calculation.

Abstract: A vehicle has a drive motor and a refrigerant circuit. The refrigerant circuit includes, when viewed in the direction of flow of the refrigerant, a compressor, a gas cooler or condenser, an expansion device and an evaporator. The refrigerant circuit has a first shut-off element which is arranged outside of an area arranged between the drive motor and the evaporator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a shock absorbing vehicle window arrangement for a vehicle cab, the window arrangement comprises a transparent polymer windshield, a metal frame having a width extending in the direction parallel to the plane of the transparent polymer windshield and a depth extending in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the transparent polymer windshield, the metal frame comprising: an outer portion, at least partially extending on the outside of the transparent polymer windshield, and an inner portion, at least partially extending on the inside of the transparent polymer windshield. The outer portion overlaps the transparent polymer windshield with at least 0.5% of the length of the windshield, in the direction extending perpendicular from the length axis of the portion of the metal frame that extends on the outside of the transparent polymer windshield, the metal frame comprises a horizontally extending portion comprising a flexible portion.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a vision system configured to output a signal indicative of exterior conditions in a vicinity of the vehicle and a temperature sensor configured to output a signal indicative of an interior temperature of the vehicle. The vehicle also includes a plurality of articulable openings arranged to allow fluid flow communication between an interior and an exterior of the vehicle. The vehicle further includes a controller programmed to adjust at least one articulable opening toward an open position in response to the interior temperature exceeding a temperature threshold. The controller is also programmed to adjust at least one articulable opening toward a closed position in response to detection via the vision system of a threat condition in the vicinity of the vehicle.

Abstract: A laminated glass provided in an automobile door panel including two panel boards facing each other and seal members provided on facing surfaces of the panel boards at regions along a beltline, the laminated glass being openable and closable by being provided between the two panel boards so as to slide between the seal members, the laminated glass includes: a laminated glass main body including at least two glass plates and an interlayer film sandwiched between the glass plates and having a storage modulus G? of 1.5×106 Pa or more; and a viscoelastic member provided on a surface of the laminated glass main body, the viscoelastic member abutting on the seal member or the panel board and sealing a gap between the seal member or the panel board and the laminated glass main body, at a closed time of the laminated glass.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a vehicle control device provided in a vehicle and a control method of the vehicle. A vehicle control device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a windshield provided in a vehicle, and formed to allow changing transparency, a sensing unit configured to sense information associated with the vehicle, and a processor configured to adjust the transparency of the windshield based on that information sensed through the sensing unit satisfies a preset condition.

Abstract: Provided is a rearwardly-pivoting door having a pivoting arc in the longitudinal direction of a vehicle. The door may be pivotally coupled with the vehicle by a hinge assembly at a rear portion of the door and a front portion is slidably engaged in a channel receiver when the door is in a closed position. The hinge assembly and channel receiver resist lateral movement of the door to maintain an occupant within a seating area of the vehicle. One or more securing devices may be utilized to maintain the door in an opened or closed position. The securing device may be mechanical and/or magnetic.

Abstract: Disclosed are vehicle sunroof assemblies with enhanced water management systems, methods for making/using such sunroof assemblies, and vehicles equipped with sunroof assemblies having sunshade water drainage backup capabilities. A representative sunroof assembly includes a frame that attaches to the body of a motor vehicle, positioned within an aperture in the vehicle's roof structure. A center panel is movably mounted to the frame, and operable to transition between open and closed positions to thereby obstruct and expose the aperture. Also attached to the frame is a drain channel that collects and expels fluids from the sunroof assembly. A sunshade is movably mounted to the frame adjacent the center panel. The sunshade manually or automatically transitions between deployed and stowed positions to thereby prevent and allow the passage of light through the roof's aperture. When in the deployed position, the sunshade repels water and directs the repelled water into the drain channel.

Abstract: Supports for rear windows and rear window panels of a soft top structure may include a first support arm pivotably coupled to a portion of a vehicle. A second support arm may be pivotably coupled to the first support arm, and may further be pivotably coupled to a rear window panel of the soft top structure. The first support arm and the second support arm can be connected to pivot relative to each other to form an angle less than 180° in an open position, and an angle substantially greater than 180° in a closed position. Other aspects, embodiments, and features are also included.

Abstract: In a vehicle molding attached to a vehicle body part, a clip, to attach a molding body onto a body-part edge portion, is provided with an insertion part, into which the body-part edge portion is inserted; an engaging portion configured to engage with an engagement-receiving portion, provided on the body-part edge portion in a state where the edge portion is inserted into the insertion part, whereby a relative movement is restricted in a removal direction; and a biaser which elastically deforms upon abutting against the body-part edge portion that is inserted into the insertion part, the biaser applying a force that engages the engaging portion with the engagement-receiving portion by a restorative force of the elastic deformation of the biaser. Accordingly, the vehicle molding can be securely and reliably attached at a proper position while having a simple structure.

Abstract: A set intended to be part of a motor vehicle trunk lid includes: a panel and at least one reinforcement defining an opening, a first glue line intended to fasten a rear window of the trunk lid on the panel, the rear window defining a thickness direction, the reinforcement including a body, and an end extending along the first glue line, the end forming a flexible blade intended to be received in a housing formed by the panel and the rear window.

Abstract: An engine mount may include: a support device; a bracket device; and a vibration proof device which connects the support device and the bracket device, and, in which the vibration proof device may include a nozzle device fastened to the support device, and has a nozzle plate dividing an internal space of the vibration proof device into a first liquid chamber and a second liquid chamber, and a flow path penetrating the nozzle plate; a first insulator defining the first liquid chamber together with the nozzle plate; a first core protruding from the first insulator toward one side, and fastened to the bracket device; a second insulator defining the second liquid chamber together with the nozzle plate; and a second core protruding from the second insulator and fastened to the bracket device.

Abstract: A system for providing electric creep in a manual transmission vehicle having an accelerator pedal, a brake pedal, and an engine uses an electric motor configured to provide creep torque to a transmission output shaft when the manual transmission is in neutral, the electric creep mode is activated and the engine is auto-stopped. The system may provide forward or reverse creep torque. The system may cancel the electric creep in response to a vehicle door opening, a driver unbuckling a seatbelt, or depressing the accelerator pedal or the clutch pedal, or shifting the manual transmission out of neutral.

Abstract: Presented are engine disconnect clutches, methods for making/using such clutch devices, and vehicles with an engine that is coupled to/decoupled from a transmission and motor via a disconnect clutch. A vehicle includes a transmission with an input shaft connected with a transmission gearing arrangement, and an output shaft connecting the gearing arrangement with the vehicle's wheels. A torque converter pump housing drivingly connects to the vehicle's traction motor. A turbine is mounted inside the pump housing in fluid communication with an impeller. A turbine shaft connects the turbine to the transmission's input shaft. A clutch hub of a disconnect clutch drivingly connects to the vehicle's engine and selectively attaches to the pump housing. The disconnect clutch selectively connects the engine to the motor and transmission by drawing oil from the transmission's oil sump, through a turbine shaft channel and a pump housing port, and into a clutch hub cavity.

Abstract: A powertrain for a vehicle includes an engine, a first motor serving as a motor for driving of a vehicle or serving as a generator, a first power transmission mechanism disposed between the engine and the first motor to transmit the power of the engine to the first motor or to cut off transmission of power between the engine and the first motor, a second power transmission mechanism disposed between the first motor and a driving shaft of running wheels to transmit the power of the first motor to the driving shaft of the running wheels or to cut off transmission of power between the first motor and the driving shaft of the running wheels, and a second motor connected to the second power transmission mechanism via a third power transmission mechanism to transmit power to the second power transmission mechanism and outputting power for driving the vehicle and transmit the power to the driving shaft of the running wheels.

Abstract: A two-wheeled vehicle is provided. The two-wheeled vehicle includes a chassis having a height, a length and a width, a first wheel rotatably connected to the chassis, the first wheel having a perimeter, a diameter and a geometric center, and the diameter of the first wheel being at least 75% of the height of the chassis, a motor for providing a drive energy to the first wheel, an axle rotated by the motor, a drive gear connected with the axle such that the drive gear rotates with a rotation of the axle, and a plurality of teeth disposed about the first wheel and mechanically engaged with the drive gear at a location closer to the perimeter of the first wheel than to the geometric center of the first wheel.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a heat exchanger including a holder and a nut. The holder defines a holding space therein. The nut includes a main body, which is inserted into the holding space along an insertion direction, and a protrusion, which protrudes from the main body. The nut defines a threaded hole that extends through the main body and the protrusion. The holder further defines an opening at a first surface of the holder. The protrusion has an end surface that aligns with or protrudes from the first surface through the opening when the nut is inserted into the holding space. The end surface contacts an external component when the external component is fixed to the heat exchanger by inserting a bolt into the threaded hole through the external component.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a breakable pin for an in-vehicle component disposed on a vehicle body. The breakable pin includes a first portion, a second portion, and a breakable portion. The first portion is inserted into the in-vehicle component along a first direction and detachably connected to the in-vehicle component. The second portion is fixed to the vehicle body. The breakable portion is positioned between the first portion and the second portion. The breakable portion has a cross-section taken along a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. The cross-section of the breakable portion has an outer shape shape of rotational symmetry except a circular shape.

Abstract: An air flow optimization device is provided for motor vehicle heat exchangers. The device includes a body having a first air flow opening with an inlet side and an outlet side. A series of fixed vanes are provided across the opening and divide the opening into a plurality of air flow channels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided to reduce the overall weight of a rear differential cooling system of a motor vehicle. The apparatus includes a body panel system. That body panel system includes (a) a rear diffuser, having a front air inlet, (b) an underbody panel, overlying the rear diffuser as well as (c and d) first and second air tunnels formed between the rear diffuser and the underbody panel, and (e) a rear valance, including first and second vent openings for discharging air received from the first air tunnel. A heat exchanger is provided between the air tunnels and the vent openings. A related method for improving weight distribution and reducing overall weight of a rear differential cooling system is also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flap control device for a motor vehicle comprising at least one flap and an actuator moving said at least one flap between a closed and open position.

Abstract: A working vehicle according to an embodiment includes an exhaust pipeline and a cover. The exhaust pipeline includes an exhaust gas purification device provided to stand on one of left and right sides of a running vehicle body. The cover is provided to cover at least a peripheral surface of the exhaust gas purification device of the exhaust pipeline and has an opening in a bottom thereof. The cover has a plurality of vent holes with a diameter less than that of the opening that are formed above the opening.

Abstract: An excavator has a unitary fluids tank formed from moldable cross linked high density polyethylene. The fluids tank has a compartment for hydraulic fluid and a compartment for power unit fuel. The compartments are separated by a coextensive integral wall providing an insulating barrier are formed from a polyethylene foam providing an insulating barrier between the compartments.

Abstract: A vehicle includes: a vehicle body; a gas tank having a tank main body that includes a cylindrical barrel part and a cap that is provided at one end of the tank main body in a longitudinal direction; a bracket fixing the cap to the vehicle body; and a band surrounding an outer circumferential surface of the barrel part and fixing the barrel part to the vehicle body, wherein the gas tank is arranged such that the longitudinal direction extends along a front-rear direction of the vehicle, the bracket includes an engaging part that restrict movement of the gas tank in the longitudinal direction by engaging with an engaged part provided in the cap, and movement of the gas tank in the longitudinal direction is restricted by the engaging part only at the one end, and not at the other end, of the gas tank in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A vehicle comprising a prime mover, first and second groups of wheels, and a driveline configured to connect the prime mover to the wheels. The driveline includes an auxiliary driveline comprising a driveshaft and drive means between the driveshaft and the second group of wheels, the drive means being operable to connect the second group of wheels to the driveshaft when the driveline transitions between first and second modes. The drive means has an input portion, an output and first and second releasable torque transmitting means coupled in series therebetween. The first releasable torque transmitting means is operable to allow slip between the input and output to modulate an amount of torque transmitted therebetween, The second releasable torque transmitting means is operable between a first condition in which an input portion is isolated from an output portion and a second condition in which the input and output portions are directly coupled.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a four-wheel drive vehicle includes a current detector configured to output a detection signal in accordance with the magnitude of an actual control current, a target current value calculator configured to calculate a target current value that is a target value of the control current, and a current controller configured to control a current output circuit to output the control current having the target current value calculated by the target current value calculator based on a result of detection performed by the current detector. When the four-wheel drive vehicle is in a two-wheel drive mode in which first and second friction clutches are released, the current controller performs zero-point adjustment for adjusting a zero point of the control current to be output from the current output circuit.

Abstract: An electronic control unit switches a driving mode to a high-gear two-wheel driving mode when a first condition and a second condition are satisfied at the time of driving in a high-gear four-wheel driving mode, and switches the driving mode from the high-gear two-wheel driving mode to the low-gear driving mode when a third condition is satisfied in a state in which the first and second conditions are satisfied. Accordingly, it is possible to shorten a time required for switching to the low-gear driving mode after all of the first to third conditions are satisfied.

Abstract: A display device is for displaying a virtual image in front of a driver of a vehicle. The display device includes a detecting unit that receives light surrounding the vehicle, and detects a brightness of the received light; a restricting unit that restricts an angle of the received light; a correcting unit that adjusts a luminance of a display image, according to the detected brightness of the light; and a displaying unit that superimposes and displays the display image on a field of vision of the driver as the virtual image, based on the adjusted luminance. The restricting unit includes two opening restricting elements arranged on a front side of the detecting unit, such that an angle ?2 at which the detecting unit receives the light is restricted according to an angle ?1 formed by light beams directed from the virtual image toward eyes of the driver.

Abstract: A vehicle information projecting system includes: an image-capturing unit capturing an image of a road in front of a vehicle; a display mechanism projecting vehicle information onto a display region set as a portion of a windshield and displaying the vehicle information in the display region so that a virtual image of the vehicle information overlaps the actual landscape from the viewpoint of the vehicle driver; a rear vehicle information acquiring unit acquiring rear vehicle information representing the fact that a rear vehicle is present at the rear of the vehicle; lane change information acquiring units acquiring lane change information representing the fact that the vehicle is changing lanes from a traveling lane to a lane adjacent to the traveling lane; and a processing unit assessing the degree to which attention should be paid to the rear vehicle, based on the rear vehicle information and the lane change information.

Abstract: A meter assembly for a vehicle instrument panel. The meter assembly includes a reflector case having a plurality of light guides extending from an inner surface of the reflector case. Neighboring ones of the plurality of light guides have different lengths and extend different distances from the inner surface of the reflector case.

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle is provided. The hybrid vehicle includes an acceleration pedal, an engine configured to generate an engine torque based on a position of the acceleration pedal, an electronic control unit communicatively coupled to the engine and configured to calculate a target torque based on the position of the acceleration pedal, and estimate a motor-generated (MG)-assist torque based on difference between the target torque and the engine torque, a motor generator communicatively coupled to the electronic control unit and configured to generate the estimated MG-assist torque, and a power distribution unit configured to deliver the generated MG-assist torque combined with the engine torque to one or more wheels.