Abstract: To provide a method for directly and efficiently producing methacrylic acid in a single step from renewable raw materials and/or biomass arising from the utilization of the renewable raw materials. Further provided is a method for producing methacrylic acid using microbes having the ability to produce methacrylic acid, from renewable raw materials and/or biomass arising from the utilization of the renewable raw materials, as a carbon source and/or energy source. The method for producing methacrylic acid enables methacrylic acid to be safely and easily produced from biomass, without using petroleum-derived raw materials, by utilizing microbes having the ability to produce methacrylic acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides a production method of oxo fatty acid, as well as rare fatty acids such as conjugated fatty acid, hydroxylated fatty acid, partially saturated fatty acid and the like, which uses 4 kinds of enzymes (fatty acid-hydratase, hydroxylated fatty acid-dehydrogenase, oxo fatty acid-isomerase, oxo fatty acid-enone reductase) derived from Lactobacillus plantarum including lactic acid bacteria and the like. Furthermore, the present invention also provides a more efficient production method of oxo fatty acid and the like, which partly uses a chemical oxidation reaction in combination.

Abstract: Provided are methods for synthesizing compounds, including chiral kynurenine compounds. The methods are suitable for large-scale manufacture and produce the chiral kynurenines compounds in high chemical purity and high chiral purity.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for processing biomass materials that are disposed in one or more structures or carriers, e.g., a bag, a shell, a net, a membrane, a mesh or any combination of these. Containing the material in this manner allows it to be readily added or removed at any point and in any sequence during processing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel endoglycoceramidase whose hydrolytic activity has been substantially reduced or eliminated, such that the enzyme is useful for synthesis of glycolipids from a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide and a ceramide. More specifically, the endoglycoceramidase is a mutant version of a naturally occurring endoglycoceramidase, preferably comprising a mutation within the active site or the nucleophilic site of the enzyme and more preferably comprising a substitution mutation of the Glu residue within the active site or the nucleophilic site. Also disclosed are a method for generating the mutant endoglycoceramidase and a method for enzymatically synthesizing glycolipids using this mutant enzyme.

Abstract: Disclosed is an acetyl-CoA-producing microorganism, which is obtained by imparting malate thiokinase and malyl-CoA lyase enzymatic activities to a microorganism having none of the following (a), (b), (c) or (d), without imparting any of (a), (b), (c) or (d), or, even when one or more of (a), (b), (c) or (d) are imparted, not allowing the functions thereof to be exerted: (a) a carbon dioxide fixation cycle having an enzymatic reaction from malonyl-CoA to malonate semialdehyde or 3-hydroxypropionate, (b) a carbon dioxide fixation cycle having an enzymatic reaction from acetyl-CoA and CO2 to pyruvate, (c) a carbon dioxide fixation cycle having an enzymatic reaction from crotonyl-CoA and CO2 to ethylmalonyl-CoA or glutaconyl-CoA or (d) a carbon dioxide fixation cycle having an enzymatic reaction from CO2 to formate.

Abstract: Methods of producing biological materials from cells and organisms are provided. Aspects of the methods include modulating the stress conditions of the cells and/or organism to produce biological materials having one or more desired properties. In certain aspects, the cell or organism is evaluated to detect the presence or absence of a stressed phenotype, wherein an unstressed phenotype may be produced before the cell or organism produces the biological material of interest. The biological materials produced from such cells and organisms may be used for a variety of applications, including therapeutic, research, and other applications.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a device that functions as a glucose sensor. The device has a reference electrode; a counter electrode, a working electrode; an electrically conducting membrane; an enzyme layer; a semi-permeable membrane; a first layer of a first hydrogel in operative communication with the working electrode; the first layer of the first hydrogel being operative to store oxygen; wherein the amount of stored oxygen is proportional to the number of freeze-thaw cycles that the hydrogel is subjected to; and a second layer of the second hydrogel. Disclosed too is a method that comprises using periodically biased amperometry towards interrogation of implantable glucose sensors to improve both sensor's sensitivity and linearity while at the same time enable internal calibration against sensor drifts that originate from changes in either electrode activity or membrane permeability as a result of fouling, calcification and/or fibrosis.

Abstract: An automated system for identifying in a biological sample microorganisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility (AST). The system provided an automated platform for preparing, from a single biological sample, inoculates for both ID and AST. The system loads a plate for ID testing as samples are being prepared for AST testing. The system tracks the sample and the inoculates from the samples to link the test results to the sample and the patients from whom the sample was obtained.

Abstract: To provide a method for simply measuring ethanolamine phosphate in a sample, and a reagent, kit, program and the like useful in the method. A measurement method of ethanolamine phosphate includes a first step of adding an enzyme, which can catalyze a reaction that forms acetaldehyde from ethanolamine phosphate, to a sample, and conducting a first enzymatic reaction to form acetaldehyde, phosphoric acid and ammonia; and a second step of quantifying at least one of the resultant acetaldehyde, phosphoric acid and ammonia to determine an amount of the ethanolamine phosphate in the measurement sample.

Abstract: The present invention provides, inter alia, methods and compositions for imaging, at high spatial resolution, targets of interest.

Abstract: Embodiments provided herein relate to methods and compositions for preparing nucleic acid libraries. Some embodiments include preparing libraries from nucleic acids obtained from degraded samples, such as ancient samples and fixed samples.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for analyzing biomolecules by using an oligonucleotide, and specifically, provides a method and an apparatus for determining the meaning of biomolecules in a biosample by analyzing through one examination of the biomolecules contained in the biosample by preparing, with respect to a nucleic acid including a target nucleic acid such as nucleic acid and receptor-analysis ligand conjugates, an oligonucleotide, which complementarily binds completely to a specific region of the target nucleic acid, and analyzing the target nucleic acid.

Abstract: A method for preserving and processing cell-free nucleic acids located within a blood sample is disclosed, wherein a blood sample containing cell-free nucleic acids is treated to reduce both blood cell lysis and nuclease activity within the blood sample. The treatment of the sample aids in increasing the amount of cell-free nucleic acids that can be identified and tested while maintaining the structure and integrity of the nucleic acids.

Abstract: Provided are methods and systems for detecting formation of nucleotide-specific ternary complexes comprising a DNA polymerase, a nucleic acid, and a nucleotide complementary to the templated base of the primed template nucleic acid. The methods and systems facilitate determination of the next correct nucleotide without requiring chemical incorporation of the nucleotide into the primer. These results can even be achieved in procedures employing unlabeled, native nucleotides.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of detecting presence of a gene fusion in a sample from a subject. In some embodiments, the methods of detecting presence of a fusion gene in a sample from a subject utilize a fusion probe that spans the point of fusion between two nucleic acids or genes, and detecting the fusion probe after nuclease treatment. In other embodiments, the methods of detecting presence of a fusion gene in a sample from a subject utilize two or more probes that flank the point of fusion between two nucleic acids or genes, and detecting these probes after nuclease treatment. In additional embodiments, the methods can include determining the percentage of gene fusion in the sample relative to the first nucleic acid or the second nucleic acid.

Abstract: Methods for enhancing the binding of oligonucleotide probes to DNA and RNA are disclosed. The methods make use of thermodynamic and kinetic effects to reduce probe mismatches and failure of complementary probes to bind to DNA and RNA templates. Mapping and sequencing of the probed DNA and RNA samples are contemplated herein.

Abstract: Methods and compositions disclosed herein generally relate to determination of susceptibility to eosinophilic esophagitis, asthma, and/or allergic diseases, disorders, and/or pulmonary and/or upper gastrointestinal conditions arising therefrom and/or related thereto and the diagnosis, treatment, and/or management of eosinophilic esophagitis, asthma, and/or allergic diseases, disorders, and/or pulmonary and/or upper gastrointestinal conditions arising therefrom and/or related thereto. Embodiments of the invention relate to the association between genes and specific polymorphisms of genes with eosinophilic esophagitis. Embodiments of the invention can be used to determine and manage patient risk factors for development of eosinophilic esophagitis; this determination can then be used to diagnose eosinophilic esophagitis and to treat a patient diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis.

Abstract: The invention discloses methods and apparatuses for the detection and diagnostics of genetic alterations/mutations in a target sample, which may be a solid tissue or a bodily fluid. A reference sample is also acquired, and the target and reference samples are replicated into multiple target and reference replicates. The replicates are sequenced, and the sequence data is analyzed based on a statistical test. The statistical test compares the measurements between the target and reference replicates at respective allelic indices. True positive calls are then made based on the results of the statistical testing, and the desired genetic alterations/mutations are identified at the base-pair level. The invention may be used for diagnostics related to cancer, auto-immune disease, organ transplant rejection, genetic fetal abnormalities and pathogens.

Abstract: A convenient method for nucleic acid analysis is provided, which enables 1000 or more types of nucleic acid to be analyzed collectively with high comprehensiveness and with a dynamic range of at least four digits. In particular, provided is a very effective analytical method especially for untranslated RNAs and microRNAs, of which the types of target nucleic acids is 10000 or lower. Nucleic acids can be analyzed conveniently and rapidly with high comprehensiveness and quantitative performance at single-molecule sensitivity and resolution by following the steps of: preparing a group of target nucleic acid fragments one molecule at a time and hybridizing the nucleic acid molecules, which have known base sequences and have been labeled with the fluorescence substances, with the group of the target nucleic acid fragments to detect the fluorescence substances labeling the hybridized nucleic acid molecules.

Abstract: The present invention features Nicotiana nucleic acid sequences such as sequences encoding constitutive, or ethylene or senescence induced polypeptides, in particular cytochrome p450 enzymes, in Nicotiana plants and methods for using these nucleic acid sequences and plants to alter desirable traits, for example by using breeding protocols.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a measurement method of telomerase activity with no occurrence of false-negative and high quantitative capability. In the measurement method of telomerase activity of the present disclosure, a solution containing telomerase as a sample solution is mixed with a solution containing primer DNA as a substrate for telomerase even as or after a solution containing non-primer DNA not as a substrate for telomerase is mixed therewith. Non-primer DNA can remove an effect of DNase in the sample solution and prevent occurrence of false-negative. Subsequently, the primer DNA is extended with the telomerase and the extended primer DNA is detected, through which telomerase activity is measured.

Abstract: A sample handling system and a process for the handling of chemical or biological samples is provided. The system includes a dosing device with a receiving plate configured in an essentially horizontal position in a plane defined by a first and a second axis. The dosing device has at least one working arm that is movable. The pipetting mechanism includes at least one pipetting channel that is movable and has a pipette tip mounted or mountable thereon. The system further includes at least one thermal cycler provided in the area of the receiving plate. The thermal cycler is configured on the receiving plate in such a way that the pipetting mechanism is movable in a position above the sample vessels in the thermal cycler, in a setting that allows a pipetting step to be carried out into the sample vessels in the thermal cycler by the pipetting mechanism in the position above the sample vessels in the thermal cycler.

Abstract: Methods, compositions, and systems are provided for characterization of modified nucleic acids. In certain preferred embodiments, single molecule sequencing methods are provided for identification of modified nucleotides within nucleic acid sequences. Modifications detectable by the methods provided herein include chemically modified bases, enzymatically modified bases, abasic sites, non-natural bases, secondary structures, and agents bound to a template nucleic acid.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to few-layer and monolayer hexagonal boron nitride having a pore therein. In one aspect, a method comprises providing a sheet of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). A defect is created in the sheet of h-BN. The sheet of h-BN is heated to a temperature above about 500° C. The defect in the sheet of h-BN is irradiated with charged particles to enlarge the defect to a hexagonal-shaped pore or a parallelogram-shaped pore in the sheet of h-BN.

Abstract: To introduce a biomolecule into a nanopore without the need to check the position of the nanopore in a thin film. In addition, displacement stability is ensured and stable acquisition of blocking signals is realized. An immobilization member 107 having a larger size than a thin film 113 with a nanopore 112 is used, and biomolecules are immobilized on the biomolecule immobilization member 107 at a density that allows at least one biomolecule 108 to enter an electric field region around the nanopore when the biomolecule immobilization member 107 has moved close to a nanopore device 101.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide substrates having controllably co-located polymers of different sequences. Methods are provided that allow the fabrication of arrays of polymers on a substrate having controllably co-located polymers in regions of the array. For example, polymers of nucleic acids and peptides having different sequences and or compositions can be co-located within a region of a substrate. Also provided are arrays of DNA polymers wherein polymers having two different sequences are co-located within a region of an array. The co-located DNA polymers can comprise complementary DNA that is able to hybridize and form double stranded DNA. Arrays having regions comprising double stranded DNA are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method, in particular an in vitro method for identifying a subgroup of natural killer cells of a mammal, preferably CD3?, non T-lymphocyte derived NK cells, which often express the surface proteins CD56 and/or CD16, comprising analyzing the accessibility of the genomic DNA for OSBPL, such as OSBPL5, to bisulfite conversion and/or the methylation status of at least one CpG position in the genes for OSBPL, such as OSBPL5, in particular in their upstream and/or downstream regulatory regions, the promoter, introns, exons and introns exon borders and other conserved regions of said genes, wherein an increase of the accessibility of the genomic DNA and/or a demethylation in the sample as analyzed is indicative for said subgroup of NK cells. The analyses according to the invention can identify CD56+ cells and distinguish them from all other cells such as, for example, either CD56? and/or CD56 bright cells.

Abstract: Collections of polynucleotides useful estimating breeding value or detecting likelihood of an increased susceptibility to contracting paratuberculosis are disclosed. The polynucleotides are used to detect genomic sequences quantitatively associated with an increased susceptibility to contracting paratuberculosis trait. Methods for using the collections to estimate breeding value or predict likelihood of an increased susceptibility to contracting paratuberculosis are also provided. Kits comprising the collection of polynucleotides are also provided.

Abstract: The present application relates to the field of cancer, particularly to mismatch repair (MMR?) deficient tumors. New markers are presented herein that have a high sensitivity to detect whether a tumor is mismatch repair deficient or not. The markers are particularly mutations in microsatellite regions. Accordingly, methods are provided for diagnosing microsatellite instability of a tumor, comprising determining the presence of these markers. Further, kits are provided to detect the presence of these markers (or subsets thereof) in a sample.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for diagnosing and determining prognosis of gastric cancer in a subject by detecting suppressed expression of the FOXF2 gene, which in some cases is due to elevated methylation level in the genomic sequence of this gene. A kit and device useful for such a method are also provided. In addition, the present invention provides a method for treating gastric cancer by increasing FOXF2 gene expression or activity.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are method, materials and kits for detection of B. Burgdorferi infection or determining stage of Lyme disease in a subject. Exemplified is a method of diagnosing an infection in a subject, the method involving exposing a biological sample from the subject to a capture substrate under conditions for an infection marker in said biological sample to associate with the capture substrate to form a capture complex; associating said capture complex with a marker complex, said marker complex comprising an oligonucleotide; and amplifying said oligonucleotide of marker complex associated with said capture complex to produce an amplification signal; wherein an amplification signal above a predetermined signal threshold indicates that said subject is infected.

Abstract: A method and system for analyzing a microbiome of an individual, comprising: providing a sampling kit to the individual at a location remote from the sample processing network, the sampling kit including a sample container having a lysing component and a sample preservation component and configured to receive a sample from a collection site of the individual; receiving the sample container with the sample from the collection site of the individual; generating a microbiome sequence dataset based upon sequencing nucleic acid content of a microorganism portion of the sample; identifying a set of microorganisms represented in the microorganism portion based upon performance of a mapping operation on portions of the microbiome sequence dataset; generating an analysis based upon a set of features related to the microorganism portion; and transmitting information derived from the analysis to the individual.

Abstract: An array system is provided including a microarray slide configured to detect simultaneously a plurality of organisms in a sample, wherein the microarray slide includes nucleic acid probes having fragments of 18S or 28S RNA sequence unique to each organism or taxonomical group thereof. The present microarray slide is useful for detecting different species of toxic algae.

Abstract: The present invention provides nucleic acid products and corresponding methods for screening a biological sample for the presence of a respiratory infection-causing microorganism.

Abstract: A rotary hearth furnace includes a unit that supplies an agglomerate onto a hearth of the rotary hearth furnace, a unit that discharges a heated substance which has been heated in the rotary hearth furnace to the outside of the furnace, and a unit that discharges an exhaust gas in the rotary hearth furnace to the outside of the furnace. The rotary hearth furnace has a heating section and a non-heating section. The unit that discharges an exhaust gas to the outside of the furnace is provided in the non-heating section. A unit that takes an outside air into the furnace is provided in the non-heating section and on an upstream side in a flow direction of the exhaust gas from the unit that discharges exhaust gas to the outside of the furnace.

Abstract: A method for producing partially hardened steel components in which a blank composed of a hardenable sheet steel is subjected to a temperature increase and shaped into a component; the component is transferred to a tool in which the heated component is cooled and thus quench hardened; during the heating of the blank or component in order to achieve the temperature increase to a temperature required for the hardening in regions that are to have a lower hardness and/or higher ductility, cooling elements are spaced apart from the surface by a small gap; the cooling element is dimensioned so that the thermal energy acting on the region that remains ductile flows through the component into the cooling element, characterized in that in order to space the cooling element apart from the component, micro-nubs or knobs are used, which are distributed over the area of the cooling element.

Abstract: A method for producing a retort for a nitriding furnace, in which metallic workpieces are heat-treated in a pre-determined atmosphere, includes pickling at least the surfaces of the retort, which are configured to come into contact with the pre-determined atmosphere while the nitriding furnace is operating, by using a pickling agent. The pickled surfaces may then be electropolished and passivated. A retort may be produced according to this method and the retort may be used in a nitriding furnace.

Abstract: Uniform hardenability is achieved in plastic injection mold and die block tooling of 20 inches and larger by the use of 0.05-0.20 vanadium in conjunction with low carbon steel in which ingots are hot worked to form mold and die blocks having cross sections of 20 inches and larger followed by water quenching and tempering.

Abstract: A steel wire for a spring, in which the sag resistance and the fatigue characteristics are improved by production processes without addition of alloy elements, is provided. The spring has a structure obtained by quenching and tempering and includes a first layer at a surface thereof, a second layer interior to the first layer, and a third layer, which is interior to the second layer and reaches a center of the spring, and the second layer has lower hardness than the first and the third layers.

Abstract: Disclosed are a quenched steel sheet and a method for manufacturing the same. The quenched steel sheet according to an aspect of the present invention contains, in terms of wt %, C: 0.05˜0.25%, Si: 0.5% or less (excluding 0), Mn: 0.1˜2.0%, P: 0.05% or less, S: 0.03% or less, the remainder Fe, and other unavoidable impurities, wherein a refined structure of the steel sheet comprises 90 volume % or more of martensite with a first hardness and martensite with a second hardness.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a high-strength galvanized steel sheet having a microstructure that contains martensite in an area proportion of 20% or more and 60% or less and ferrite in an area proportion of 40% or more and 80% or less includes, in sequence, hot-rolling a steel slab containing a specific component composition, performing cold rolling, performing primary annealing, performing pickling, performing secondary annealing, and performing galvanizing treatment, in which in the primary annealing, heating is performed at an average heating rate of 0.1° C./sec. or more and less than 3° C./sec. in the temperature range of 600° C. to 750° C., an annealing temperature of 750° C. to 850° C. is maintained for 10 to 500 seconds, and then cooling is performed from the annealing temperature range to a cooling stop temperature of 600° C. or lower at an average cooling rate of 1 to 15° C./sec, in which in the pickling, the pickling weight loss of the steel sheet is 0.

Abstract: A method for producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet by subjecting a slab of an inhibitor-less ingredient system containing C: 0.002-0.10 mass %, Si: 2.5-6.0 mass %, Mn: 0.010-0.8 mass % and extremely decreased Al, N, Se and S to hot rolling, hot band annealing, cold rolling, decarburization annealing, application of an annealing separator and finish annealing, when a certain temperature within range of 700-800° C. in a heating process of decarburization annealing is T1 and a certain temperature as a soaking temperature within a range of 820-900° C. is T2, a heating rate R1 between 500° C. and T1 is set to not less than 100° C./s and heating rate R2 between T1 and T2 is set to not more than 15° C./s, whereby grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having excellent iron loss property and coating peeling resistance is obtained in the inhibitor-less ingredient system while ensuring decarburization property even when rapid heating is performed during decarburization annealing.

Abstract: In a method for producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet by subjecting a slab containing C: 0.002-0.10 mass %, Si: 2.5-6.0 mass %, Mn: 0.01-0.8 mass % and further containing Al and N, or S and/or Se, or Al, N, S and/or Se as inhibitor ingredients to hot rolling, hot band annealing, cold rolling, decarburization annealing, application of an annealing separator and finish annealing, when a certain temperature within a range of 700-800° C. in a heating process of the decarburization annealing is T1 and a certain temperature as a soaking temperature within a range of 820-900° C. is T2, a heating rate R1 between 500° C. and T1 is set to not less than 80° C./s and a heating rate R2 between T1 and T2 is set to not more than 15° C./s, whereby a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having excellent magnetic properties and peeling resistance of forsterite coating is obtained while ensuring decarburization property.

Abstract: Provided is a carbon tool steel strip suitable for use in various spring materials, valve materials, and the like, in which press punching properties and fatigue characteristics are enhanced. A carbon tool steel strip having a thickness of 1 mm or less and a carbon tool steel composition containing 0.8-1.2% C by mass %, wherein the carbon tool steel strip has a Vickers hardness of 500-650 (Hv), and when a cross-section at the center in the sheet thickness direction of the carbon tool steel strip is viewed with the plane of observation in a direction at a right angle to a rolled surface of the carbon tool steel strip and in the length direction of the carbon tool steel strip, the area ratio of carbides having an equivalent circle diameter of at least 0.5 ?m among the carbides present in the metallographic structure is 0.50-4.30%.

Abstract: Provided is a method for increasing the rate of recovery of valuable metals when waste batteries batteries are treated by a dry process. The valuable metal recovery method in the dry step S20 includes a melting step ST21 including melting waste batteries to form a melt, a slag separation step ST22 including separating slag from the melt, and an alloy separation step ST23 including separating an alloy of valuable metals from the melt, wherein the slag has an aluminium oxide content of 20% by weight to less than 75% by weight and an iron content of 5% by weight to 40% by weight, calculated as metallic iron, and silicon oxide and calcium oxide are added as fluxes in the melting step ST21 so that the slag can have a melting point of at least 1,500° C., preferably at most 1,650° C.

Abstract: The present invention provides a copper alloy for electronic and electronic device which has excellent mechanical properties and is capable of suppressing generation of defects even in a case in which the copper alloy is worked to a thin plate thickness or a smaller wire diameter than in the related art, a plastically-worked copper alloy material, and a component and a terminal for electronic and electronic device. The copper alloy for electronic and electronic device of the present invention includes Mg in a range of 1.3 mass % to 2.8 mass % with a remainder substantially being Cu and inevitable impurities, in which a content of H is set to 10 mass ppm or lower, a content of O is set to 100 mass ppm or lower, a content of S is set to 50 mass ppm or lower, and a content of C is set to 10 mass ppm or lower.

Abstract: The present invention relates to Cu33Al17 alloys and Cu33Al17-based bulk alloys and coatings that exhibit significantly increased hardness characteristics compared to traditional copper-aluminum alloys.

Abstract: A soft magnetic alloy is provided that consists essentially of 47 weight percent?Co?50 weight percent, 1 weight percent?V?3 weight percent, 0 weight percent?Ni?0.2 weight percent, 0.08 weight percent?Nb?0.12 weight percent, 0 weight percent?C?0.005 weight percent, 0 weight percent?Mn?0.1 weight percent, 0 weight percent?Si?0.1 weight percent, remainder Fe.

Abstract: Heat resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron having an improved high temperature tensile strength includes carbon (C) in a range of 3.2-3.4 wt %, silicon (Si) in a range of 4.3-4.8 wt %, manganese (Mn) in a range of 0.2-0.3 wt %, molybdenum (Mo) in a range of 0.8-1.0 wt %, vanadium (V) in a range of 0.4-0.6 wt %, chrome (Cr) in a range of 0.2-0.4 wt %, niobium (Nb) in a range of 0.2-0.4 wt %, inevitable impurities, and a remainder of iron (Fe) based on a total weight of the heat resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron. The heat resistant spheroidal graphite cast iron further includes barium (Ba) in a range of 0.0045-0.0075 wt %. A content ratio of chrome (Cr) and barium (Ba) (Cr/Ba) is in a range from about 26 to about 89.