Abstract: The disclosure relate generally to structures, forms, and monoliths, and methods of preparing the same. This disclosure can produce uniform structured passageways or channels of active material, including adsorbent or catalyst, by imprinting or molding features into a paste on a support that can be subsequently assembled into a gas or liquid treating structure, i.e. a monolith. The paste, which can include an active material, binder, and other potential additives, can be applied to the support or pushed through a support (as in a mesh) as a thin film. The paste can be imprinted, stamped, shaped or otherwise handled to give features of desired height, shape, width, and positioning. When stacked or rolled, the features of one layer contact a subsequent layer, which seal to form passageways. The resulting structure can have high cell-density (>1000 cells per square inch) and a large volume fraction of active material.

Abstract: Catalysts useful in transforming biomass to bio-oil are disclosed, as are methods for making such catalysts, and methods of transforming biomass to bio-oil. The catalysts are especially useful for, but are not limited to, microwave- and induction-heating based pyrolysis of biomass, solid waste, and other carbon containing materials into bio-oil. The catalysts can also be used for upgrading the bio-oil to enhance fuel quality.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus and a method for mixing and/or mulling a sample, the apparatus comprising at least one container made of a flexible material and containing a sample, means for holding the container, and means for impacting the container, wherein the means for holding and the means for impacting are movable relative to each other, and wherein the means for holding, the means for impacting, and the container are arranged such that the means for impacting and the container can repeatedly collide, whereby an energy of collision can be imparted to the sample, thereby mixing and/or mulling the sample. Also disclosed is an assembly for performing high throughput experiments including the apparatus for mixing and/or mulling a sample and an extruder configured to receive a sample weighing less than 100 grams.

Abstract: A method for producing a polymer of the present invention includes the following steps (a) and (b): step (a): producing a polymer in the presence of an acid or base catalyst; and step (b): contacting a solution containing the polymer obtained in step (a) to a mixed resin of an anion-exchange resin and a cation-exchange resin.

Abstract: Disclosed here are pipette tips useful for acquiring or dispelling liquids, and include one or more design that may increase fluid delivery precision and/or accuracy, and may reduce certain repetitive motions.

Abstract: A microfluidic cartridge includes first and second sides and at least one flow channel and an inlet to the flow channel(s) for feeding a liquid sample, the flow channel(s) include a plurality of first optical detection sites. A detector assembly includes a slot for inserting the microfluidic cartridge and a first fixed light source with a beam path and an optical reader for reading out optical signals from at least one of the first optical detection site(s). When the microfluidic cartridge is inserted to a first predetermined position into the slot, one of the first optical detection sites of the microfluidic cartridge is positioned in the beam path of the first light source, and when the cartridge is inserted to a second predetermined position into the slot, another one of the first optical detection sites of the microfluidic cartridge is positioned in the beam path of the first light source.

Abstract: Embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure are directed to configuring an analyzer apparatus for processing a particular sample-processing cartridge. The analyzer apparatus includes a portable container and sample-specific configuration circuitry. The portable container supports and integrates a sample-processing cartridge and the sample-specific configuration circuitry. The sample-specific configuration circuitry identifies configuration information specific to the sample-processing cartridge and configures the analyzer apparatus for a series of state configurations.

Abstract: A microfluidic device with reduced risk of bubble formation at a capillary junction between two conduits is provided. In some embodiments, the microfluidic device comprises a supply reservoir, a first conduit and a second conduit. The first conduit is configured such that liquid flows by capillary effect from the supply reservoir into the first conduit. The second conduit is connected to the first conduit through an opening in a wall of the first conduit and is configured such that liquid flows from the first conduit to the second conduit by capillary effect. A width of the second conduit, along a direction of liquid flow in the first conduit, is greater than a depth of the second conduit and a depth of the second conduit is less than a depth of the first conduit.

Abstract: An automatic analyzer cartridge, spinnable around a rotational axis, has aliquoting and metering chambers, a connecting duct there between, and a vent connected to the metering chamber and nearer to the rotational axis than the metering chamber. The metering chamber has side walls that taper away from a central region. Capillary action next to the side walls is greater than in the central region. A circular arc about the rotational axis passes through a duct entrance in the aliquoting chamber and a duct exit in the metering chamber. The cartridge has a downstream fluidic element which is part of a fluidic structure for processing a biological sample into the processed biological sample. A valve connects the metering chamber to the fluidic element, which is fluidically connected to the fluidic structure. The fluidic structure receives the biological sample and has a measurement structure for enabling measurement of the processed biological sample.

Abstract: A thin film valve includes at least one chamber for storing a fluid required for biological/chemical analysis, a plurality of chamber for performing a biological/biochemical reaction, or connecting, at least one chamber performing the biological or biochemical reaction to enable a movement of the fluid flow, a flow path arranged to communicate with the hole on the flow path, a thin film closing membrane for closing the fluid hole, a thin film valve including the hole and the fluid hole closing membrane, a multilayered plurality of substrates forming the fluid path, the fluid hole and the chamber, a rotatable disk forming the fluid path, fluid hole, the plurality of chambers, a heat generator, laser beam generator heating the thin film valves, a light detector for detecting amount of light passing through the membrane and closing the fluid hole, and a feedback controller for controlling the focusing actuator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a biosensor system (300) for the detection of target components (TC) in a biological sample. In a preferred embodiment, magnetic purification particles (PP) are added to the sample that can bind interfering components (IC) (if present) which interfere with the detection process. The purification particles (PP) with bound interfering components (IC) may be removed from the sample and transferred through a magneto-capillary valve (MCV1) into a waste chamber (320).

Abstract: One example of systems and methods for inertio-elastic focusing of particles in microchannels includes a substrate including a channel having an inlet and an outlet. A viscoelastic fluid, i.e., a fluid having a dynamic viscosity that varies with shear rate, and that carries suspended particles is driven through the channel. The volumetric flow rate at which the fluid is driven results in the formation of a localized pathline in the fluid at or near a center of the channel. The localized pathline defines a width that is equal to or slightly greater than a hydraulic diameter of the particle. The particles in the fluid are focused into the localized pathline.

Abstract: Cryogenic devices are provided in which solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is used to maintain a temperature zone in which samples can be manipulated under conditions in which the sample is maintained at a temperature below ?50 C.

Abstract: Provided is a thermal cycler including a housing, the housing with a thermal block having sample wells, each for receiving a test sample in a sample vessel, an electric heater for heating the thermal block, a power supply and an electronic control for controlling the electric heater, and a temperature analysis and/or verification unit for analyzing and/or verifying a thermal performance of the thermal block. Also provided is a method for analyzing or verifying a thermal performance of a thermal cycler and for calibrating the thermal cycler. The thermal cycler has a temperature analysis and/or verification unit integrated into the housing and connected to the power supply and electronic control by an internal interface, whereas the method is characterized by the following steps: providing the thermal cycler with an integrated temperature analysis and/or verification unit and using the integrated temperature analysis and/or verification unit for self-calibration of the thermal cycler.

Abstract: Polycrystalline silicon fragments obtained by fracturing polycrystalline silicon blocks wherein a content ratio of polycrystalline silicon powder having a particle size of 500 to 1000 ?m is 0.1 to 40 ppmw.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a machine frame for a roll crusher that has two side walls and two end walls, where the mentioned end walls accommodate the storage of the rolls. The end walls are split horizontally in the area of the mounting of the rollers, and vertically between the mountings of the upper part. One advantage is that to remove a roller, removal of the respective upper end wall is sufficient. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the adjacent upper parts of the end walls do not touch. An advantage of this is that tilting of the end wall upper parts among each other or in contact with the side walls is prevented during removal. Furthermore, the gap resulting from the distance between the front wall upper parts in the preferred embodiment would be sealed, with the advantage that no material and dust can exit.

Abstract: An apparatus includes: a disposal unit; a control unit configured to stop operation of the disposal unit; and a metal detector coil and associated circuitry, the metal detector coil located such that waste passing into the disposal unit for shredding passes through the metal detector coil. The control unit is triggered to stop operation of the disposal unit upon the detection of metal passing through the metal detector coil.

Abstract: Systems and methods to effectively sort calcined lime (quicklime) particles to produce products with more consistent size and burn time characteristics after the quicklime particles have been created and without the use of specialized additives. Specifically, such systems and methods sort the quicklime particles below a selected size into a softer burned and harder burned fraction based on their size. The fractions are burned in the kiln together and as a singular product, but can be classified from each other after calcining.

Abstract: A rotary drum-type magnetic separator includes a first rotary drum on which a plurality of magnets are disposed and separates unnecessary objects from a used coolant liquid. A second rotary drum on which a plurality of magnets are disposed is provided before the first rotary drum in a direction in which the used coolant liquid flows separately from the first rotary drum. The second rotary drum includes an outer tube and an inner tube. A scraper which scrapes off the unnecessary objects attached to the second rotary drum is connected to a bottom member which forms a flow path below the first rotary drum.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a CLC and operation method thereof equipped with a loop seal separator using magnetic oxygen carrier particles and a magnetic separator. And more particularly, the present invention relates to a loop seal separator using magnetic oxygen carrier particles and a magnetic separator, wherein the loop seal separator comprises a duct into which the ash and magnetic oxygen carrier particles, discharged from a reducer, flow; a magnetic separator to separate the ash from the magnetic oxygen carrier particles, flowing into the duct, by magnetic material; an ash discharge pipe to discharge the ash, separated by the magnetic separator; and an oxygen-carrier-particle discharge pipe to encourage the magnetic oxygen carrier particles, separated by the magnetic separator, to flow into an oxidizer.

Abstract: There is described herein methods and devices for confining and/or manipulating molecules. At least one molecule is introduced into a fluidic chamber. The fluidic chamber is formed inside a device comprising at least one first electrode having a first surface spaced from at least one second electrode having a second surface facing the first surface. The at least one second electrode has a plurality of dielectric structures arranged to form openings along the second surface. At least one electrical signal is applied across the at least one first electrode and the at least one second electrode to generate a non-uniform electric field having electric field lines extending from the first surface of the at least one first electrode to the second surface of the at least one second electrode in the openings formed between the dielectric structures. The at least one electrical signal has a frequency level causing the at least one molecule to move inside the fluidic chamber in accordance with a predetermined movement.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the beneficiation of coal by the process of froth flotation and specifically relates to a process for the froth flotation of coal using a mixture of fatty acids and rosin acids (and/or certain derivatives of fatty acids and rosin acids) as a collector.

Abstract: A lance nozzle injecting fluid includes a shaft body, a first nozzle hole, and a second nozzle hole. The shaft body internally includes a flow path of the fluid. The first nozzle hole is disposed on a leading end side of the shaft body, and generates a first jet in a first injecting direction inclining to a base end side of the shaft body with respect to a direction perpendicular to an axial direction of the shaft body. The second nozzle hole is disposed on a base end side of the first nozzle hole in the shaft body, and generates a second jet in a second injecting direction inclining to a leading end side of the shaft body with respect to a direction perpendicular to an axial direction of the shaft body.

Abstract: A spraying device, which includes a spraying mechanism and a rotating mechanism is disclosed. The rotating mechanism includes a rotating sidewall, which sidewall is provided with multiple sets of spraying holes arranged along the circumference of the rotating sidewall. Each set of spraying holes includes a plurality of spraying holes, and the spraying holes of at least two adjacent sets of spraying holes are arranged in a staggered arrangement. The spraying mechanism includes an infusion channel, the sidewall of which is provided with a spraying spout. The infusion channel extends along the inside of the rotating sidewall, the rotating sidewall being configured to rotate or swing with respect to the spraying spout of the infusion channel.

Abstract: This coating system (2) for coating a workpiece (W1) with a liquid coating product, includes an ultrasonic spray head (14) for generating droplets of coating products, an electrode (32A) for generating an electrostatic field (E) between the electrode and the ultrasonic spray head (14) and a high-voltage generator (52) connected to the electrode for supplying the electrode with high voltage. The shape of the electrode (32A) is advantageously configurable on the basis of the geometry of the workpiece (W1).

Abstract: An automatic fragrance dispenser, comprising: a mechanism compartment comprising a water operated actuator fluidically connected between a water supply pipe and a water exit pipe, wherein the propeller turns as a result of water flow through it; and a fragrant substance compartment containing a fragrant substance, wherein turning of the propeller is coupled to dispensing the fragrant substance.

Abstract: An adhesive dispensing apparatus comprises a base, a carrier and a feeding assembly. The carrier is rotatably disposed on the base, and the carrier configured for containing an adhesive material. The feeding assembly is disposed between the base and the carrier. The feeding assembly comprises a guide roller set, a conduit and a nozzle. One end of the conduit is connected to the nozzle, and another end of the conduit corresponds to the guide roller set. In addition, the guide roller set is configured for feeding the adhesive material through the conduit to the nozzle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for packaging and dispensing a fluid product, having a leaktight flexible pouch (1) placed in a rigid bottle (10) and associated with a pump or a valve (13), this pouch having a cylindrical wall consisting of a sheet (2) rolled into a cylinder, one edge of which is fixed in a leaktight fashion to a flange forming a ring for fastening to the bottle and to the pump or the valve, this flange (4) consisting of a plastic material, the other edge of the said sheet is fixed in a leaktight fashion to a second flange forming the bottom of the pouch, this second flange (3) consisting of a plastic material, these flanges (3, 4) having a solid disk or a ring having a raised edge (3A, 4A) forming an annular lateral surface, to which the edge of the said sheet (2) forming the wall of the pouch is fixed, the said sheet (2) of the cylindrical wall being a multilayer sheet having at least one inner film of plastic material.

Abstract: Device for containing fluid substance, including a bag having at least one flexible side wall, a substantially rigid neck delimiting an opening giving access to an internal cavity of the bag, shaped to at least partially accommodate a pumping member for pumping the fluid substance, and provided with a connector for connection to an external container. The bag is made from multilayer material, and the neck is made from a material different from bag material and includes a cup-shaped element having a bottom wall with at least one opening, and a side wall on the outer surface of which the upper edge of the bag is hermetically connected. The device includes a valve element for moving from an opening position, wherein the valve element makes the bag internal cavity accessible, and a closing position, wherein the valve element inhibits access to the internal cavity.

Abstract: A trigger-type liquid dispenser includes a dispenser main body, pump, and nozzle. The body includes a fitted portion, which communicates with a delivery port. The nozzle includes a partition wall, which covers an opening end of the fitted portion and has a dispensing hole, and an outer circumferential wall. The nozzle is rotatable with respect to the fitted portion between an opened position, wherein the hole communicates with the port, and a closed position, wherein the hole is blocked. The outer circumferential wall includes a locking projection, in undercut engagement with a projecting portion, on an outer surface of the fitted portion, to hold the nozzle in engagement with the fitted portion. The locking projection, in an inner edge portion thereof, has a concave portion, wherein the degree of undercut engagement with the projecting portion is reduced when the nozzle is located between the opened and the closed position.

Abstract: In one embodiment a fluid dispensing apparatus includes a first dispensing bottle configured to dispense a first liquid, a second dispensing bottle configured to dispense a second liquid, an exterior casing. The first dispensing bottle may include a first hollow, tubular internal chamber, a first moveable piston slidably housed within the first internal chamber, a first nozzle housing, and a first nozzle collar mounted on a top end of the first internal chamber and supporting the first nozzle housing. The first nozzle housing may include a first inlet, a first pump assembly, and a first dispensing nozzle. The second dispensing bottle may include a second hollow, tubular internal chamber, a second moveable piston slidably housed within the second internal chamber, a second nozzle housing, and a second nozzle collar mounted on a top end of the second internal chamber and supporting the second nozzle housing.

Abstract: A frozen precipitation treatment system in the form of a spreader assembly may be used with a video monitoring system. The operator within a vehicle passenger compartment may manually view a display screen to see video images within the hopper to visually assess the amount of frozen precipitation treatment material within the hopper in real time.

Abstract: A system includes an injector including a robotic arm and a heated chamber. The injector includes a material feed and a heating element. The robotic arm is arranged to deposit the material feed onto a vehicle component in the heated chamber.

Abstract: The nozzle cleaning method includes the following steps: a first cleaning step in which a pre-pressurization liquid is discharged from a dispensing nozzle in a first cleaning position so as to clean the inside wall thereof and a first cleaning liquid is applied to the outside wall of the dispensing nozzle so as to clean said outside wall; a second cleaning step in which a second cleaning liquid is suctioned into the dispensing nozzle in a second cleaning position so as to clean the inside wall thereof; and a third cleaning step in which the second cleaning liquid is discharged from the dispensing nozzle in a third cleaning position so as to clean the inside wall thereof and a third cleaning liquid is applied to the outside wall of the dispensing nozzle so as to clean said outside wall.

Abstract: A microfluidic cartridge is provided. The microfluidic cartridge is configured to be releasably connectable with a microfluidic delivery device. The microfluidic cartridge has a reservoir configured to contain a fluid composition. The microfluidic cartridge has a first face with a first opening and a second opening. The microfluidic cartridge also includes a second face joined with the first face, a third face joined with the second face and opposing the first face, and a fourth face joined with the third face and the first face and opposing the second face. The fourth face has a connector. The microfluidic cartridge has an electrical circuit with a first end portion disposed on the first face and a second end portion disposed on the second face. The microfluidic cartridge also includes a microfluidic die disposed on the second face. The microfluidic die is in electrical communication with the electrical circuit and in fluid communication with the reservoir.

Abstract: A liquid sealant applicator system that may include a liquid sealant applicator having a coupling to reversibly connect to a source of liquid sealant, a sidewall extending from the coupling and defining a sealant flow path, a flow restrictor that restricts the sealant flow path to an annular pattern of apertures in the flow restrictor, a porous matrix that fills at least a portion of the sealant flow path downstream of the flow restrictor, a matrix retainer configured to retain the porous matrix within the sealant flow path, and a fastener socket connected to the sidewall and having a distal end configured to be placed over and at least substantially enclose the head of a preselected fastener. The applicator is configured to provide a uniform application of sealant from the source of the liquid sealant to the head of the fastener enclosed by the fastener socket.

Abstract: A heat pump dispenser includes a housing having a handle portion and a barrel portion. A feeder section is coupled to the handle portion. The feeder section includes a feeder mechanism and a dispensing trigger assembly operably coupled to the feeder mechanism. The feeder mechanism includes a gear assembly having a drive gear operably engaged to a plunger housed in the barrel portion. The trigger assembly includes a trigger having a ratchet portion. The ratchet portion selectively engages and rotates the drive gear to move the plunger toward a dispensing opening provided in the barrel portion and into engagement with an adhesive/filler stick. The feeder mechanism is selectively actuated by the dispensing trigger assembly to advance the adhesive/filler stick into a heater section of the barrel portion.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method of forming a conductive film, the method comprising: providing a coating solution having a plurality of conductive nanostructures and a fluid carrier; moving a web in a machine direction; forming a wet film by depositing the coating solution on the moving web, wherein the wet film has a first dimension extending parallel to the machine direction and a second dimension transverse to the machine direction; applying an air flow across the wet film along the second dimension, whereby at least some of the conductive nanostructures in the wet film are reoriented; and allowing the wet film to dry to provide the conductive film.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for manufacturing a corrosion resistant wheel adapted for securement to a vehicle and/or trailer, including the steps of: providing a wheel body, applying a primary anticorrosion composition, forming a primary anticorrosion layer, applying a secondary anticorrosion composition, and forming a secondary anticorrosion layer.

Abstract: A method of treating a tubular surface which defines an axis extending from a first surface end to a second surface end includes partially surrounding the tubular surface, at a first position, with a first set of treating units, with the treating units arranged in a first arcuate array. Furthermore, each treating unit is configured to include a plurality of first applicator heads. Additionally, an embodiment of the method includes determining a position of each of the plurality of first applicator heads relative to the tubular surface and moving the first set of treating units from the first position towards a second position. In one non-limiting example, the method further includes independently controlling each of the plurality of first applicator heads to selectively apply a first treatment as the first set of treating units moves from the first position towards the second position.

Abstract: A method is provided for fabricating a structure including a two-dimensional material. The method includes a step of providing an electrically-conducting substrate and a step of forming a solid organic spacer layer on the electrically-conducting substrate. The method further includes depositing the two-dimensional material on the spacer layer. A structure formed according to the method includes an electrically-conducting substrate and a layer of a two-dimensional material. A solid organic spacer layer is arranged between the electrically-conducting substrate and the layer of the two-dimensional material.

Abstract: A vibration motor is disclosed. The vibration motor includes a vibration part including a weight and a magnet accommodated in the weight; a fixation part including a housing having an accommodation space, a circuit board fixed in the housing, and a coil opposed to the magnet and connected with the circuit board electrically, the housing including an upper cover, a lower cover opposite to the upper cover, and an outer frame forming the accommodation space with the upper and lower covers; an elastic connector having for elastically suspending the vibration part in the accommodation space of the housing; and an anti-drop protective structure arranged on the outer frame and applied to protection of the elastic connector from collision with the housing when the vibration motor drops.

Abstract: The present application provides a linear vibration motor, including a base, a vibrating unit and an elastic member. The elastic member includes a first elastic member and a second elastic member, the first elastic member includes a first fixing arm, two first elastic arms and two first connecting arms; the two first elastic arms bend and extend from two ends of the first fixing arm, respectively; the two first connecting arms bend and extend from the two first elastic arms, respectively; each of the first elastic member and the second elastic member is arranged in central symmetry with respect to a central axis which goes through a geometric center of the vibrating unit and perpendicular to the vibrating direction. As compared with relevant art, the linear vibration motor of the present application has advantages of simple and high-efficient assembling, good vibrating performance and high reliability.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses an ultrasonic transducer. The ultrasonic transducer includes an active layer. The active layer includes an array of piezoelectric pillars configured for emitting and receiving ultrasound and an attenuation portion surrounding sidewalls of the piezoelectric pillars and configured for attenuating a part of the ultrasound emitted from the sidewalls of the piezoelectric pillars. The present disclosure also relates to an ultrasonic fingerprint recognition sensor and an electronic device having the ultrasonic transducer.

Abstract: A disc assembly with a substantially rigid disc core includes a first section removably attached to a second section and mounted to a disc screen shaft. The disc core includes a transport surface extending between a left side of the disc core and a right side of the disc core, and a replaceable coating of textured wear material is deposited along the transport surface.

Abstract: According to one aspect there is provided a screen assembly for a vibrating screening machine. The screen assembly comprises a screen chassis and a screen for screening material such as a solution containing liquid and solids. The screen chassis comprises a first face and a second face opposite to the first face, the screen chassis defining a plurality of openings therethrough from the first face to the second face for allowing passage of a material that has been screened. The screen is attached to the first face of the screen chassis and covering the openings of the screen chassis at the first face. The screen chassis may be made of a light-weight, stiff material. The screen may be made of a durable material such as metal. A method for making a screen assembly is also provided.

Abstract: Systems and methods for classifying and sorting textile samples. A textile identification system may be configured to manipulate a textile sample in a manner that reveals a textile characteristic. For example, an elastic property of the textile sample is revealed by stretching or twisting the sample. The textile sample may be classified based on the textile characteristic. The textile sample may be sorted based on the classification.

Abstract: A media transport device is cleaned by using a cleaning substrate sized and configured to fit within at least a portion of a media travel pathway of the transport device. A locking member may secure the cleaning substrate in a substantially fixed position within the transport device while the transport device is operated. The cleaning substrate also may include scarifying holes that scrape debris from media conveyors of the transport device, and flaps that fit under and clean belts of the transport device. Cleaning the transport device may include opening a section, positioning the cleaning substrate in the section without operating the media conveyors' motor, closing the section and then operating the transport device so that the media conveyors move, contact the cleaning substrate and are cleaned while the cleaning substrate remains substantially fixed within the transport device.

Abstract: Embodiments of an automatic seam fitter attachment for use with an automatic welding machine are designed to automate the plate edge cleaning, tight seam fitting, and tacking or welding of metal lapped or butted plates. The seam fitter attachment can be used on any product or in any industry where metal lap or butted plates seam together. The attachment may be provided with a power cleaning brush that cleans the edges of the plates and mechanically forces plate tightness as they are being tacked or welded.

Abstract: A cleaning device for removing contamination on a substrate holder used with an electroplating cell includes an arm, a cleaning agent supplier, a nozzle and a receiver. The cleaning agent supplier is coupled to the arm and configured to supply a cleaning agent. The nozzle is coupled to the cleaning agent supplier and configured to spray the cleaning agent onto the substrate holder to remove the contamination. The receiver is coupled to the arm and configured to receive the cleaning agent after the cleaning agent is sprayed onto the substrate holder.