Abstract: The present invention provides a titanium compound sol solution capable of enabling manufacturing of a film high in transparency and having an excellent photocatalyst effect by low-temperature processing, and a coating film using the same. The present invention is a titanium compound sol solution containing a particulate incomplete condensate obtained by condensing an alkoxy titanium, an ?-substituted ?-diketone, and a solvent.

Abstract: A waste management system is provided herein. The waste management system may include an accumulator tank, one or more digester tanks, and an air supply. The accumulator tank may define an accumulation chamber to receive a biologic waste or a decomposition agent. The one or more digester tanks may be spaced apart from the accumulator tank. Each digester tank may define a discrete digestion chamber in fluid communication with the accumulation chamber to selectively receive a slurry mixture comprising the biologic waste and the decomposition agent. The air supply may be in fluid communication with the digester tanks to selectively provide an aerating gas flow through a portion of the slurry mixture within one or more of the digestion chambers.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, systems and apparatus for distributed management of raw water and internal combustion engine (ICE) gas emissions generated during industrial operations. One aspect of the invention at least partially utilizes a hot gas air knife to increase or partially increase surface area between a raw water and a hot gas in order to vaporize a proportion of the aqueous phase of the raw water and concentrate contaminants within a residual raw water concentrate. The water vapor generated by the vaporization process may be demisted, discharged directly to the atmosphere or alternatively condensed and captured for use. Another aspect relates to how the liquids and gasses interact to continuously flush the surfaces of the system which may help mitigate scaling issues. The invention may help facilitate rapid transfer of ICE combustion gas particulate and ICE combustion gas chemicals onto and into the raw water as it concentrates.

Abstract: A process for removing lead from a liquid is provided. The liquid is brought into contact with PbrD proteins having an amino acid sequence which has at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, and these proteins bind to lead ions present in the liquid, thus removing the lead ions from the liquid. The bound lead ions are subsequently recovered, such as in the form of an insoluble salt or compound or by cation exchange chromatography, and can then be recycled. The PbrD protein can be immobilized before being brought into contact with the liquid. The proteins are typically immobilized in a matrix of nanoparticles. The PbrD proteins can be recombinantly expressed, such as in a bacterial system (e.g. E. coli) or a yeast expression system.

Abstract: A storage container includes an input portion for receiving and filtering a source liquid to form an output liquid, a storage portion for storing the filtered liquid, and a base portion disposed below the storage portion including a UV light source for providing transmitted UV light to the filtered liquid, a UV light detector disposed an optical path length away from the UV light source for detecting received UV light through the filtered liquid in response to the transmitted UV light, a processor for determining an absorption or a transmission percentage in response to the transmitted UV light and the received UV light, for determining a safe condition, in response to the absorption or the transmission percentage respectively not exceeding or exceeding predetermined criteria, and one or more indicators for indicating that the liquid is safe for consumption to a user, in response to the safe condition.

Abstract: A water treatment system comprising an ion exchange vessel, a cationic resin located within the ion exchange vessel, and an anionic resin located within the ion exchange vessel.

Abstract: A piezoelectric deionization system uses a piezoid bed made up of multiple piezoids for deionization of a working fluid containing charged particles, ions, and/or ionic complexes. The working fluid may be salt water in various embodiments. A uniaxial compressive force is applied to the piezoid bed causing a piezoelectric effect in the piezoids, resulting in a piezoelectric field generated by each particle, which attracts charged particles, ions, and/or ionic complexes contained in the working fluid. The piezoid bed is contained in a closed chamber to which the uniaxial compressive force is applied. Monocrystalline quartz particles or another suitable piezoid, natural or synthetic, may be used. A fluid is used to purge the piezoid bed of charged particles, ions, and/or ionic complexes after the piezoid bed becomes saturated through use. The working fluid may be used to purge the piezoid.

Abstract: A functional water production device 1 comprises: a functional water production unit 2 for producing functional water including purified water, reduced water or acidic water obtained by electrolysis of water; a control unit 6 for controlling the functional water production unit 2 in a plurality of operational modes including a water purification mode, a reduced water mode, and an acidic water mode; and an operation unit 7 for switching the operational modes. The operation unit 7 comprises: an operational surface (71a); a display unit 72 for displaying operational areas 103, 104, and 105 corresponding to the operational modes along a first coordinate axis 101 in an order of pH of the functional water to be produced; and a position detecting unit 73 for detecting a position of the touch by a user on the operational surface (71a). Based on the information of the position, the control unit 6 determines the operational mode, and produces water according to the operational mode.

Abstract: A method for controlling mollusk populations is provided. Invasive mollusk populations may colonize lakes, rivers, streams, or other water sources such as commercial or industrial facilities. Mollusk populations may be eliminated or controlled by administering an organic acid solution to a raw water source colonized by mollusks. Organic acids such as lactic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, or glycolic acid may be utilized. Invasive mollusks may also attach to static surfaces such as marine equipment, boat hulls, or live wells. Attached mollusk or mollusk veligers may be eliminated or controlled by spraying attachment surfaces with an organic acid solution.

Abstract: A method for purifying contaminated liquids, especially waste water with high TKN/BOD concentrations, by first introducing, into the contaminated liquid, an acidic coagulant such as a metal salt and then introducing a second alkaline coagulant, into the contaminated liquid which dramatically increases the speed and effectiveness of subsequent coagulation and flocculation and thereby removal of TKN/BOD. By comparing the total (molar amount of acidic coagulant cation+alkaline coagulant cation) with an equal molar amount of the acidic cation, superior removal of TKN/BOD are achieved due to a synergy between the acidic and alkaline coagulant versus using just an acidic metal coagulant.

Abstract: A ballast water treatment device includes an oxidant supply amount control device in which a storage unit stores a relationship between an absorbance of a raw water for a ballast and a dissolved organic carbon concentration thereof and another relationship between the dissolved concentration and a residual oxidant concentration required after a predetermined time from an oxidant supply, to kill organisms and to suppress their regrowth in the ballast. A calculation unit derives the required residual oxidant concentration corresponding to the absorbance measured by a meter by referring to the relationships and calculates a target oxidant supply amount using the required residual oxidant concentration. For the target, a control unit controls an oxidant supply device.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a novel membrane aerated anaerobic granular sludge reactor, belonging to the technical field of wastewater treatment. The reactor solves the problems of low solubility of gas substances in an aqueous solution, large gas-liquid mass transfer resistance and low mass transfer rate. The top of a reactor body is provided with a water outlet, and the middle side wall of the reactor body is provided with a middle water outlet; the middle water outlet of the reactor body is connected with a water inlet of a membrane module; a water outlet of the membrane module is connected with a bottom water inlet of the reactor body through a circulating pump, a water inlet is connected with the bottom water inlet of the reactor body through a feed pump, a high pressure gas cylinder outputs high pressure gas to the membrane module, and a gas pressure regulating valve is arranged between the high pressure gas cylinder and the membrane module.

Abstract: Methods and systems for controlling a denitrification reaction in a biological nitrogen removal reactor including denitrifying bacteria to favor denitratation of nitrate to nitrite and limit denitritation of nitrite to nitrogen gas are disclosed. pH, dissolved oxygen levels, solids retention time, and chemical oxygen demand to nitrogen ratio are controlled to favor this reaction. Wastewater or contaminated groundwater including concentrations of ammonium and nitrate are continuously fed to the biological nitrogen removal reactor along with a source of carbon and electrons as an influent, which is treated to form a nitrite effluent. The nitrite effluent may then be fed to an anammox reactor including anammox bacteria for production of nitrogen gas. The system may be operated under substantially anoxic conditions, which provides significant cost savings without sacrificing efficiency or productivity compared to traditional wastewater treatment systems and processes.

Abstract: A method for treating reverse osmosis concentrated water, comprises adding a precipitant and oxidant to reverse osmosis concentrated water for treatment, filtering to obtain clear liquid, and adding catalyst for water treatment to clear liquid for catalytic oxidation to obtain a first-stage treated water. Optionally, the liquid may be subjected after catalytic oxidation to an adsorption treatment; performing reverse osmosis treatment on first-stage treated water to obtain second-stage reverse osmosis product water and second-stage reverse osmosis concentrated water; and adding oxidant to second-stage reverse osmosis concentrated water for oxidation treatment to obtain directly discharged effluent water. The obtaining of effluent water may further comprise subjecting liquid after oxidation treatment to adsorption treatment. The above method can recycle 75-85 wt % of water, and operates easily.

Abstract: Provided is a method that can manufacture a glass material having excellent homogeneity by containerless levitation. With a block (12) of glass raw material held levitated above a forming surface (10a) of a forming die (10) by jetting gas through a gas jet hole (10b) opening on the forming surface (10a), the block (12) of glass raw material is heated and melted by irradiation with laser beam, thus obtaining a molten glass, and the molten glass is then cooled to obtain a glass material. Control gas is jetted to the block (12) of glass raw material along a direction different from a direction of jetting of the levitation gas for use in levitating the block (12) of glass raw material or the molten glass.

Abstract: Provided is a method that can manufacture a glass material having excellent homogeneity by containerless levitation. With a block (12) of glass raw material held levitated above a forming surface (10a) of a forming die (10) by jetting gas through a gas jet hole (10b) opening on the forming surface (10a), the block (12) of glass raw material is heated and melted by irradiation with laser beam, thus obtaining a molten glass, and the molten glass is then cooled to obtain a glass material. Control gas is jetted to the block (12) of glass raw material along a direction different from a direction of jetting of the levitation gas for use in levitating the block (12) of glass raw material or the molten glass.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for producing hollow microglass beads (3.4) from molten glass (3), wherein the hollow microglass beads (3.4) are manufactured in a diameter range from 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm in a continuously operating process while avoiding glass filament formation. Molten glass strands (3.1) exiting a melting device (1) are atomized by means of hot gas (14) to form glass particles (3.2). Subsequently, during passage through a rounding/expansion duct (6), the glass particles (3.2) are rounded to form solid microglass beads (3.3) and expanded to form hollow microglass beads (3.4). The hollow microglass beads (3.4) can advantageously be used as a filler for lightweight building materials or as a constituent part of coatings, paints and plasters/renders.

Abstract: The present discloses a mold for processing glass includes a concave mold provided with a cavity and a convex mold matched with the concave mold, the concave mold includes an inner wall for forming the cavity in a surrounding manner, the convex mold includes an outer surface, during mold closing, the convex mold extends into the cavity and is spaced from the inner wall of the cavity, a molding space for molding a three-dimensional glass structure is formed by the outer surface, facing the inner wall, of the convex mold and the inner wall of the cavity jointly in a surrounding manner. The present disclosure further discloses a method for processing glass. By the mold and method for processing glass provided by embodiments of the present disclosure, cracking of a three-dimensional glass product in a processing course can be prevented, and the yield is improved.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatuses and methods for non-contact processing a substrate, for example a glass substrate, overtop a gas layer. The support apparatus includes a plurality of gas bearings positioned on a pressure box supplied with a pressurized gas. Some embodiments are directed to a method of supporting and transporting softened glass. The method includes placing the glass in proximity to a gas bearing device having a support surface with a plurality of outlet ports disposed therein. Some embodiments are in directed to a glass processing apparatus comprising an air table configured to continuously transport and support a stream of glass and a plurality of modular devices supported by a support structure and disposed above the air table. Some embodiments are directed to a method for flattening viscous glass using a two-sided gas bearing device or a one-sided gas bearing device.

Abstract: A method of strengthening an alkali aluminoborosilicate glass. A compressive layer extending from a surface of the glass to a depth of layer is formed by exchanging larger metal cations for smaller metal cations present in the glass. In a second step, metal cations in the glass are exchanged for larger metal cations to a second depth in the glass that is less than the depth of layer and increase the compressive stress of the compressive layer. Formation of the compressive layer and replacement of cations with larger cations can be achieved by a two-step ion exchange process. An alkali aluminoborosilicate glass having a compressive layer and a crack indentation threshold of at least 3000 gf is also provided.

Abstract: To provide An Al2O3-free dental lithium silicate glass composition comprising the following components: SiO2: 60.0 to 80.0% by weight Li2O: 10.0 to 17.0% by weight K2O: 0.5 to 10.0% by weight a nucleating agent: 1.0 to 6.0% by weight a colorant: 0.0 to 10.0% by weight, and, a metal oxide Me(tetravalent)O2: 5.0 to 10.0% by weight.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a neutral barrier layer for coating the inner surface of a receptacle for holding products that are biocompatible for humans and/or animals, and to the receptacle obtained by said method. According to the invention, a solution is formed that contains at least one solvent, water, at least one complexing molecular alkoxysilane precursor, at least one surfactant, at least one pigment and/or coloring agent, and a catalytic acid, the complexed solution, which is undergoing hydrolysis and condensation, is homogeneously applied to at least one portion of the inner surface of the receptacle, the applied solution is dried at a specific drying temperature such that a layer is formed which is opaque, translucid and/or forms a particular pattern, and the receptacle is conveyed away, stored and filled with the product.

Abstract: A curable glass coating composition including 5-70 wt % aliphatic polycarbonate diol, 5-60 wt % crosslinker, 1-20 wt % extender, 4-20 wt % fatty alcohol, and 2-30 wt % crystalline or amorphous powder filler material, and optionally 2-20 wt % aliphatic polyester polyol and 2-20 wt % cycloaliphatic epoxy. The coating composition can be applied to a glass substrate and cured to form a decorative cured polyurethane coating layer on the substrate that has improved caustic and UV resistance.

Abstract: A method for producing reinforced glass, reinforced glass and an electronic device are provided. The method for producing reinforced glass includes: subjecting glass to a first reinforcing treatment; detecting a first stress parameter of the glass subjected to the first reinforcing treatment, and determining whether the glass subjected to the first reinforcing treatment is qualified according to the first stress parameter; subjecting the glass to a second reinforcing treatment when the glass subjected to the first reinforcing treatment is qualified; detecting a second stress parameter of the glass subjected to the second reinforcing treatment, and determining whether the glass subjected to the second reinforcing treatment is qualified according to the second stress parameter; and subjecting the glass to a touch-polishing treatment when the glass subjected to the second reinforcing treatment is qualified, so as to obtain the reinforced glass.

Abstract: A non-frangible glass article strengthened by a dual or two-step ion exchange (IOX) process, where the first IOX step leads to a depth of compressive layer FSM_DOL>0.1·t or, in some embodiments, FSM_DOL>0.15·t, where t is the thickness of the glass, is provided. The glass article has a compressive stress CS1 after the first IOX step at the surface of from 100 MPa to 400 MPa or, in some embodiments, from 150 MPa to 300 MPa. The first IOX step is followed by a second IOX step, leading to a “spike” compressive stress CS2 after the second IOX step at the surface of greater than 500 MPa or, in some embodiments, 700 MPa. The width of the spike generated by the second IOX is between 1 ?m and 30 ?m, or between 8 ?m and 15 ?m, using the criteria where the magnitude (absolute value) of the slope of the spike is higher than 20 MPa/?m.

Abstract: A bonding element, a bonding element matrix and composite materials with a wide range of attractive properties that may be optimized, including, but not limited to, mechanical properties, thermal properties, magnetic properties, optical properties and nuclear properties, as a result of a first layer and second layer structure or core, first layer, and second layer structure of the bonding elements, as well as methods for making the bonding elements and the corresponding ceramic and/or composite materials.

Abstract: The use of an additive, including at least one water-soluble polymer, which is a homo- or copolymer of at least one monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, and optionally at least one alkali silicate as a liquefier for geopolymers. The additive can be produced in a simple and inexpensive manner and is particularly suitable for liquefying geopolymers, in particular geopolymers containing metakaolin.

Abstract: Cementitious materials having high damage tolerance and self-sensing ability are described herein. These materials may replace conventional concrete to serve as a major material component for infrastructure systems with greatly improved resistance to cracking, reinforcement corrosion, and other common deterioration mechanisms under service conditions, and prevents fracture failure under extreme events. These materials can also be used for the repair, retrofitting or rehabilitation of existing concrete structures or infrastructure systems. Furthermore, these materials may offer capacity for distributed and direct sensing of cracking, straining and deterioration with spatially continuous resolution wherever the material is located, without relying on installation of sensors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device comprising a cable and/or a cable accessory, said cable and/or said cable accessory comprising at least one composite layer obtained from a composite composition based on at least one cellulose derivative, at least one organic compound having a boiling point or a decomposition temperature above about 100° C. and at least one cement composition selected from an aluminosilicate geopolymer composition and a magnesium-based composition, as well as to a method of manufacturing such a device.

Abstract: Ceramic composite materials, devices and methods are shown. In selected examples, ceramic materials are processed at low temperatures that permit incorporation of low temperature components, such as polymer components. manufacturing methods include, but are not limited to, injection molding, autoclaving and calendaring.

Abstract: A thermal barrier coating for a turbine engine component contains neodymia, optionally alumina, and zirconia. The thermal barrier coating has resistance to CMAS attack and a low thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A thermal barrier coating for a turbine engine component contains neodymia, optionally alumina, and zirconia. The thermal barrier coating has resistance to CMAS attack and a low thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A silicon carbide-natured refractory block includes a fire-resistant block body, and a calcination coated layer. The fire-resistant block body includes a silicon carbide-natured refractory having a predetermined configuration. The calcination coated layer includes silicon oxide made by heating an outer superficial portion of the fire-resistant block body to oxidize at least some of silicon carbide therein to turn the silicon carbide into the silicon oxide. The silicon oxide sinters the calcination coated layer to increase the corrosion resistance.

Abstract: To provide a dielectric porcelain composition and an electronic component that demonstrate ferroelectricity. A dielectric porcelain composition that is characterized by having a perovskite-type oxynitride as a principal component and by including a polycrystalline body that demonstrates ferroelectricity.

Abstract: A ceramic powder containing at least one of a nitride and a carbonitride of a metal element as a major component, the metal element being one or more elements selected from the group consisting of a group 4 element, a group 5 element and a group 6 element, the ceramic powder having particles having an average particle size of 5 ?m or less, and an oxygen content of 0.3% by mass or less.

Abstract: A ceramic bonded body may include a first member, a second member, a joining layer between the first member and the second member, and a covering layer which covers the joining layer and is located over the first member and the second member. The first member and the second member may include aluminum nitride-based ceramic. The joining layer and the covering layer may include at least aluminum, calcium, yttrium, and oxygen where, in 100 mass % of all of the constituents configuring the joining layer and the covering layer, the aluminum is 21 mass % or more converted to oxides, the calcium is 21 mass % or more converted to oxides, and the sum of the aluminum and the calcium converted to oxides is 86 mass % or more. The covering layer has a content of yttrium converted to oxides greater than that of the joining layer.

Abstract: A method of making a ceramic honeycomb article which includes: applying at least one green membrane coating layer on a green substrate, the green substrate comprising a plurality of cells comprised of a plurality of interior channels and a plurality of porous interior walls between the channels; drying the at least one green membrane coating layer on the green substrate to produce a green coated substrate; and firing the green coated substrate into a porous substrate, wherein applying the at least one green membrane coating layer and the drying the at least one green membrane coating layer are repeated from 2 to 10 times prior to firing to form multiple green membrane coating layers on the green substrate and wherein the firing the green coated substrate forms a ceramic honeycomb article comprised of the porous substrate and multiple fired coating layers on the porous substrate.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method for obtaining a finished or semi-finished zirconia-based article (1), the article having a metallic external appearance and non-zero surface electrical conductivity, characterized in that the method includes the steps consisting in: taking at least one zirconia article, pre-shaped in its finished or semi-finished form; placing said article inside a chamber (10) in which a gaseous mixture is arranged, this gaseous mixture including at least a first hydrogen and carbon based gas compound in a first concentration (C1) and a second hydrogen and nitrogen based gas compound in a second concentration (C2); heating the gaseous mixture until the molecules of the first and second compounds dissociate and keeping said article in the reactive atmosphere thereby created to obtain diffusion of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in the external surface (2) of said article and to form stoichiometric carbonitride (ZrCx—Ny) at the surface, and prior to the step of heating the process gases

Abstract: The invention provides for methods, devices, and systems for pyrolyzing biomass. A pyrolysis unit can be used for the pyrolysis of biomass to form gas, liquid, and solid products. The biomass materials can be selected such that an enhanced biochar is formed after pyrolysis. The biomass can be pyrolyzed under specified conditions such that a selected biochar core is formed. The pyrolysis process can form a stable biochar core that is inert and/or resistant to degradation. The biochar or biochar core can be functionalized to form a functionalized biochar or functionalized biochar core. Functionalized can include post-pyrolysis treatments such as supplementation with microbes or physical transformations including annealing and/or activation.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to the development of improved fertilizer for precision and sustainable agriculture. A method was developed wherein efficient NPK nanocomposite for plant nutrition was synthesized in a single step using aerosol science and technology concepts. Further a formulation was prepared by addition of ZnO, TiO2 and other nanoparticles to the NPK nanocomposite. Also, an aerosol based foliar application technique was developed for the precise delivery of nanoparticles to the plants.

Abstract: A fertilizer derived from an organic source and a method of making are provided. The fertilizer of the present invention advantageously has a nitrogen content greater than 4%. The method of making the fertilizer also produces potable water.

Abstract: Biological waste management systems are provided herein. A waste management system may include a waste shredder, an accumulator tank, a water supply, a digester tank, and a grinder pump. The accumulator tank may define an accumulation chamber downstream from the waste shredder to receive a shredded biologic waste or a decomposition agent. The water supply may be in fluid communication with the accumulator tank to provide a water flow to the accumulation chamber. The digester tank may define a digestion chamber in fluid communication with the accumulation chamber to receive a slurry mixture comprising the biologic waste and the decomposition agent. The grinder pump may be disposed in fluid communication with the accumulation chamber to grind the slurry mixture upstream from the digester tank.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to fertilizer compositions and methods of using the compositions to grow crops. The disclosed compositions are especially useful at growing crops under drought or nutrient-deprived conditions.

Abstract: An improved solvent system for the formulation and application of N-alkyl thiophosphoric triamide urease inhibitors. These formulations provide safety and performance benefits relative to existing alternatives and enable storage, transport and subsequent coating or blending with urea based or organic based fertilizers. These formulations are comprised primarily of environmentally friendly aprotic and protic solvents (particularly dimethyl sulfoxide and alcohols/polyols) to stabilize the urease inhibitor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a particle and a composition for e.g., hypergolic ignition of rocket propellant. The disclosed particle and the composition comprise an energetic fuel additive and an ignition agent wherein the ignition agent is deposited on a surface of the particle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing butadiene from an ethanol feedstock comprising a step of converting ethanol into butadiene, a step of separating the reactants into a hydrated butadiene effluent, an impurities effluent and an ethanol-butadiene effluent, a separation step that separates the ethanol-butadiene effluent into a butadiene distillate and a contaminated reactants effluent, a step of purifying the butadiene by extractive distillation and an effluent treatment step.

Abstract: A separation system for separating a feed stream comprising propylene and propane and a method for separating such feed stream. The separation system includes a distillation column for producing a light stream comprising propylene and a heavy stream comprising propane; a reboiler for reboiling a part of the first heavy stream to produce a boiled heavy stream; a condenser for cooling the light stream to produce a condensed light stream; and an absorption refrigerator for receiving water and providing chilled water, for receiving hot water from a waste heat source and providing a cooled hot water and for receiving cooling water and providing a heated cooling water. The absorption refrigerator is arranged such that the cooling of the water and the hot water occurs by the cooling water. The condenser is arranged such that the cooling of the light stream occurs by the chilled water from the absorption refrigerator.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fluorination method comprising providing an aryl fluorosulfonate and a fluorinating reagent to a reaction mixture; and reacting the aryl fluorosulfonate and the fluorinating reagent to provide a fluorinated aryl species. Also disclosed is a fluorination method comprising providing, a salt comprising a cation and an aryloxylate, and SO2F2 to a reaction mixture; reacting the SO2F2 and the ammonium salt to provide a fluorinated aryl species. Further disclosed a fluorination method comprising providing a compound having the structure Ar—OH to a reaction mixture; where A is an aryl or heteroaryl; providing SO2F2 to the reaction mixture; providing a fluorinating reagent to the reaction mixture; reacting the SO2F2, the fluorinating reagent and the compound having the structure Ar—OH to provide a fluorinated aryl species having the structure Ar—F.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the dehydrochlorination of a chlorinated alkane to produce a chlorinated alkene. In particular, the processes comprise contacting a chlorinated alkane, a base, and a phase transfer catalyst.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of glycols from a saccharide-containing feedstock in a reactor system, said process comprising: i) providing a first feed stream comprising said saccharide-containing feedstock in a first solvent at a N temperature of no more than 160° C.; ii) providing a second feed stream comprising a tungsten-based retro-aldol catalytic species and an alkali metal containing species in a second solvent at a temperature in the range of from 150 to 250° C.; iii) combining the first feed stream and the second feed stream, before they are provided to the reactor system, to form a combined feed stream; iv) providing the combined feed stream to the reactor system and operating the reactor at a temperature in the range of from 150° C. to 250° C.; and v) also contacting the combined feed stream with a hydrogenation catalytic species in the presence of hydrogen, wherein the molar ratio of alkali metal:tungsten in the combined feed stream is in the range of from 0.55 to 6.