Abstract: The disclosure relates to methods for determining imbibition of hydraulic fracturing fluids into hydrocarbon-bearing formations. More specifically, the disclosure relates to laboratory methods for determining certain unconventional flow parameters to measure the imbibition over time of hydraulic fracturing fluids into a low-permeability hydrocarbon-bearing rock formation.

Abstract: A CPU of an analysis apparatus performs a fluid analysis and derives transient distribution information that represents an accumulation distribution of a particulate layer on an inflow-side inner circumferential surface of a honeycomb structure at a time point after a short time interval ?t (step S130). The CPU then repeatedly performs a fluid analysis by taking into account the transient distribution information derived previous time to repeatedly derive transient distribution information (steps S130 to S150) and then derives post-transient-analysis distribution information that represents the accumulation distribution of the particulate layer at a later time point (step S160).

Abstract: Methods are provided for measuring the permeability and/or porosity of a rock sample having an “ultra-low” permeability while accounting for adsorption. The rock sample may be a sample obtained from a geological formation. The methods account for adsoption of gas within the rock samples.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for identifying one or more target constituents (e.g., white blood cells) within a biological sample is provided. The method includes the steps of: a) adding at least one colorant to the sample; b) disposing the sample into a chamber defined by at least one transparent panel; c) creating at least one image of the sample quiescently residing within the chamber; d) identifying target constituents within the sample image; e) quantitatively analyzing at least some of the identified target constituents within the image relative to one or more predetermined quantitatively determinable features; and f) identifying at least one type of target constituent within the identified target constituents using the quantitatively determinable features.

Abstract: The invention relates to a long path cell (10), in particular a Herriott cell, with (a) a primary mirror (12) and (b) a secondary mirror (14). According to the invention, it is provided that the primary mirror (12) has a first primary mirror segment (42.1) and at least one second primary mirror segment (42.2), which radially surrounds the first primary mirror segment (42.1), whereby the primary mirror segments (42) differ in their curvatures (R42.1, 42.2) or focal lengths, the secondary mirror (14) has a first secondary mirror segment (44.1) and at least one second secondary mirror segment (44.2) which radially sur-rounds the first secondary mirror segment (44.1), whereby the secondary mirror segments (44) differ in their curvatures (R42.1, R42.2) or focal lengths, the first primary mirror segment (42.1) and the first secondary mirror segment (44.1) are arranged in relation to each other such that a light beam is reflected back and forth between the two, and that the second primary mirror segment (42.

Abstract: A water quality sensor includes a housing including a light transmissive bucket mounted in an electrical washing appliance and a light transmissive inner barrel mounted in the bucket, an actuation module mounted in the inner barrel for detecting a water quality of a washing solution in the electrical washing appliance. Thus, if the bucket is cracked during manufacturing or due to a collision, the contact actuation module can still be well protected by the inner barrel, so that the washing solution in the electrical washing machine does not directly flow into contact with the actuation module to cause an accidental short circuit of the circuit substrate of the actuation module, improving the water resistance and service life of the water quality sensor.

Abstract: Provided is a surface condition monitoring apparatus including: a transparent member; a transmission unit including a transmitter that transmits electromagnetic waves from one side of the transparent member toward the other side; and a reception unit including a receiver that detects the electromagnetic waves that enter the one side of the transparent member from the other side, the transmission unit and the reception unit being arranged such that the receiver detects scattered waves of the electromagnetic waves transmitted from the transmitter, that enter the one side from the other side, the transmission unit being configured to be capable of transmitting a plurality of electromagnetic waves having different wavelengths, and the reception unit being configured to detect intensities of the scattered waves of the electromagnetic waves at different positions.

Abstract: A method for automatically altering an imaging area in microscopic imaging of a biological sample. In the method, a sample outline is differentiated from surrounding tissues by means of endogenous or exogenous markers; an initial sample imaging area is set; optical microscopic imaging is performed on a sample surface layer, wherein the imaging area is larger than an area to be imaged of the sample; an actual sample area is calculated by an outline identification algorithm using an imaging result of the sample surface layer and is set as an imaging area of next layer; optical microscopic imaging is performed on a sample to be imaged of the next layer according to the set imaging area, wherein the imaging area covers the area to be imaged of the sample and no redundant imaging is performed; and the above steps are repeated until a data acquisition task is completed.

Abstract: Shown is a gas sensor including a sensor element, a measurement chamber and an emitter element. The sensor element has a MEMS membrane which is arranged in a first substrate region. Furthermore, the measurement chamber is embodied to receive a measurement gas.

Abstract: An apparatus is described for performing dissolved gas analysis on electrical equipment having components immersed in electrical insulating liquid. The apparatus comprises an analyzer including a photo-acoustic spectroscopy (PAS) measurement system for performing gas analysis on a gas sample wherein the PAS measurement system has an elongated channel including a resonant cavity and an electromagnetic energy source. The resonant cavity includes a first portion and a second portion configured for containing at least part of the gas sample, wherein the first portion defines an optical pathway configured for propagation of electromagnetic energy from the electromagnetic energy source. The resonant cavity includes an element configured for obstructing the propagation of the electromagnetic energy through to the second portion of the resonant cavity.

Abstract: A method for detecting the presence of foreign fluids on surface comprises estimating an expected polarization response for a foreign fluid desired to be detected. Oil from an oil spill is one such foreign fluid. A polarimeter records raw image data of a surface (e.g., the surface of water) to obtain polarized images of the surface. IR and polarization data products are computed from the polarized images. The IR and polarization data products are converted to multi-dimensional data set to form multi-dimensional imagery. Contrast algorithms are applied to the multi-dimensional imagery to form enhanced contrast images, from which foreign fluids can be automatically detected.

Abstract: Methods and systems for measuring a specimen while actively stabilizing an optical measurement beam subject to changes in polarization by a rotating polarizer element are described herein. Movement of a focused measurement beam spot induced by a rotating polarizer element is compensated by actively controlling the position of an optical element in the beam path based on measurements of the focused measurement beam spot. Both feedback and feedforward control schemes may be employed to reduce beam position error. In one aspect, a measurement system includes a rotating optical polarizer, a beam position sensor, and an active beam compensating element in the illumination beam path, the collection beam path, or both. Beam position errors are detected by the beam position sensor, and control commands are communicated to the active beam compensating element to reduce the measured beam position errors.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an optical calibration device for in-chamber calibration of optical signals associated with a processing chamber, a characterization system for plasma processing chambers, methods of characterizing plasma processing chambers, and a chamber characterizer. In one example, the optical calibration device includes: (1) an enclosure, (2) an optical source located within the enclosure and configured to provide a source light having a continuous spectrum, and (3) optical shaping elements located within the enclosure and configured to form the source light into a calibrating light that approximates a plasma emission during an operation within the processing chamber.

Abstract: Methods and devices use in two-color measurement systems. The methods and devices include methods of making corrections, methods of calculating correction factors, fluorescence scanners, and microarray chips. The said methods and devices enable a user to correct fluorescence intensities for errors caused by the occurrence of FRET and/or cross-talk when two fluorophores are used in two-color fluorescence arrays.

Abstract: The concentration of mercury in a sample is measured by a reader secured to a camera-containing mobile electronic device. The reader has holders for sample and control solutions. First and second light sources emitting light at different colors illuminate the sample and control holders. Each holder contains gold nanoparticles, thymine-rich aptamers, and sodium chloride. The light sources illuminate the sample and control holders. An image is captured of the transmitted light through the sample and control holders, wherein the image comprises two control regions of interest and two sample regions of interest. The device calculates the intensity of the two control regions of interest and the two sample regions of interest and generates intensity ratios for the sample and control, respectively, at each color. The device calculates a normalized color ratio based on the intensity ratios and outputs a concentration of mercury based on the normalized color ratio.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for analyzing earth samples of a geological formation, comprising: performing a Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry measurement on an earth sample collected in the formation by: Irradiating the sample with infrared energy Measuring a spectrum representative of the infrared energy absorbed by the earth sample, analyzing the measured spectrum and obtaining from the analyzed measured spectrum a reconstructed spectrum corresponding to a combination of a plurality of standard spectra representative of elements contained in the earth sample, based on the measured spectrum and on the reconstructed spectrum, detecting a tar layer in the geological formation.

Abstract: An FI having an in-situ particle detector and a method for particle detection therein are provided. In one aspect, the FI includes a fan, a substrate support, a particle detector, and an exhaust outlet. The fan, substrate support, and particle detector are arranged such that, in operation, the fan directs air towards the exhaust outlet and over a substrate on the substrate support to create laminar flow. The particle detector, positioned downstream from the substrate support and upstream from the exhaust outlet, analyzes the air and detects particle concentration before the particles are exhausted. The collected particle detection data may be combined with data from other sensors in the FI and used to identify the source of particle contamination. The particle detector may also be incorporated into other system components, including but not limited to, a load-lock or buffer chamber to detect particle concentration therein.

Abstract: A multisensor employs an optical system that is modified by the index of refraction of fluid passing between a light emitter and light detector to successfully distinguish between air and water (of any turbidity) and between water of different turbidity values. The optical system may employ lenses contacting the fluid to change their focal length and thus to focus and defocus light on the light detector depending on an index of refraction of the fluid.

Abstract: Systems and methods for hyperspectral imaging are described. In one implementation, a hyperspectral imaging system includes a sample holder configured to hold a sample, an illumination system, and a detection system. The illumination system includes a light source configured to emit excitation light having one or more wavelengths, and a first set of optical elements that include a first spatial light modulator (SLM), at least one lens, and at least one dispersive element. The illumination system is configured to structure the excitation light into a predetermined two-dimensional pattern at a conjugate plane of a focal plane in the sample, spectrally disperse the structured excitation light in a first lateral direction, and illuminate the sample in an excitation pattern with the one or more wavelengths dispersed in the first lateral direction.

Abstract: The invention discloses a two-mode Raman optical projection tomography system. Samples are irradiated by the laser beam after the beam being expanded by beam expander. Optical signal of each mode will be separated by the beam splitter. Sparse sampling method is used for signal collection. Optical transmission projection signal acquisition module collects transmitted light of samples to form optical projection image. Multi-spectral Raman scattering signal acquisition module collects Raman scattering light produced by samples. Background noise is removed from the collected data. Sparse sampling data are reconstructed by using algebraic reconstruction method (ART) based on TV minimization. The three-dimensional structure image obtained by reconstruction and the three-dimensional chemical compositions image are fused to obtain the three-dimensional volume image with multiple information.

Abstract: Raman spectra of cells, such as normal human T- and B-cells from peripheral blood or human tonsil and the corresponding transformed cells are obtained by optically trapping the cells and obtaining their Raman spectra. The trapped cells can be subjected to one, two, or more different excitation wavelengths, and each wavelength of the corresponding Raman spectra can be stored in a separate channel. In preferred embodiments, two spectra are subtracted from each other to give a difference spectrum and each channel is analyzed independently to characterize the trapped cell. Alternatively, the Raman spectrum can be subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to characterize the trapped cell. The trapped cell thus classified can be sorted, or further manipulated.

Abstract: Aspects of Raman spectrum plane imaging device(s), belonging to the technical field of Raman spectra, are disclosed. In one example, a Raman spectrum plane imaging device may comprise a laser generation apparatus capable of adjusting an output wavelength, a light filtering apparatus, and a planar array detector. Laser light beams emitted by such laser generation apparatus may irradiate on a surface of a sample in a planar illuminating manner. According to systems herein, Raman scattered light generated by the sample under the excitation of the laser light beams is incident on the light filtering apparatus and is imaged on the planar array detector after selectively passing through the light filtering apparatus, to be received by the planar array detector. In some implementations, the light filtering apparatus may comprise an F-P interference device and a band-pass light filter.

Abstract: Object: To provide a biochip for use in exhaustive analysis of a particular protein including DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) in a body fluid through Raman quantitative analysis.

Abstract: An identification method, for determining whether a sample of an unknown composition is a sample of a known composition to which a known amount of a SERS-active taggant compound has been added, includes the steps of: obtaining a sample of the unknown composition; adding to the composition a plurality of SERS particles to form a mixture, each SERS particle including:—a core including a nanoparticle having a plasmonic surface,—a SERS-active internal standard compound adjacent the plasmonic surface and,—a shell, the shell encapsulating the core and the SERS-active internal standard compound; obtaining a SERS spectrum from the mixture; and comparing the SERS response ratio SATC:SAISC from the SERS spectral response of the SERS-active taggant compound and the SERS spectral response of the SERS-active internal standard compound in the unknown composition with the SERS response ratio SATC:SAISC from the known composition.

Abstract: Techniques, apparatus and systems are described for performing label-free monitoring of processes. In one aspect, a label-free monitoring system includes an array of label-free optical sensors to detect an optical signal in response to synthesis of one or more target genetic structures. Each label-free optical sensor is functionalized with a respective target genetic structure. The system also includes a fluid flow control module that includes fluid receiving units to provide paths for different fluids to flow into the fluid flow control module and at least one switch connected to the fluid receiving units to selectively switch among the fluid receiving units to receive a select sequence of the fluids through the fluid receiving units. The select sequence of the fluids includes at least a dNTP or base.

Abstract: Methods and systems for estimating values of parameters of interest of structures fabricated on a wafer with a signal response metrology (SRM) model trained based on reference measurement data collected from the same wafer are presented herein. In one aspect, the SRM model is an input-output model trained to establish a functional relationship between reference measurements of structures fabricated on the wafer to raw measurement data collected from the same wafer. The raw measurement data collected from the wafer is employed for training the SRM model and for performing measurements using the trained SRM model. In another aspect, the SRM model uses the entire set of raw measurement data collected from a number of measurement sites across the wafer for both training and subsequent measurement at each individual site. In a further aspect, the SRM model is trained and utilized to measure each parameter of interest individually.

Abstract: Provided in one example is an apparatus, including a substrate supporting a microfluidic channel, a bubble jet inertial pump supported by the substrate adjacent the microfluidic channel to pump fluid through the microfluidic channel and an optical sensor on a first side of the microfluidic channel. A light emitter on a second side of the microfluidic channel is to pass light across the microfluidic channel to the optical sensor.

Abstract: A detection device 1 includes an irradiator 3, a photodiode 4, and an evaluation portion 5. The irradiator 3 emits laser light to a surface of a substrate W. The light resulting from the laser light reflected at the surface of the substrate W is incident on the photodiode 4, and the photodiode 4 detects a first position P1 at which the light is incident. The evaluation portion 5 includes a calculation portion and a detection portion. The calculation portion calculates an inclination of the surface of the substrate W on the basis of the first position P1 and a second position P2 at which light is incident on the photodiode 4 when the laser light is reflected at the surface of the substrate W that is flat. The detection portion detects a defect formed on the surface of the substrate W on the basis of the inclination.

Abstract: The present application relates to a tracking arrangement for the tracking of a material defect in a sheet material, such as a container material or a product-packaging material. The tracking arrangement may comprise a defect sensor, which is configured to detect a material defect in a sheet material moving thereby or therethrough. The tracking arrangement may also comprise a first structure sensor, which is configured to detect at least one inherent structural feature of the sheet material itself in the region of the material defect, as well as a control arrangement, which is configured to receive data from said first structure sensor.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical tablet properties, including surface roughness, gloss and temperature, are determined in real-time using Raman spectroscopy. A plurality of coated pharmaceutical tablets are provided having a distribution of known values of a surface property to be modeled. The Raman spectrum of each coated tablet is acquired to generate a distribution of Raman spectra. A correlative model is then developed based upon the distribution of the acquired Raman spectra relative to the distribution of the known values of the measured property. The Raman spectrum of a pharmaceutical tablet is then acquired during and/or after a coating process, and the value of the surface property of the tablet is determined using the correlative model. The steps associated with model development are carried out off-line, whereas the step or steps associated with acquiring the Raman spectra of the pharmaceutical tablet during (preferable) or after online coating process(es) are carried out on-line using a remote, fiber-coupled probe.

Abstract: Metrology methods and modules are provided, which comprise measuring intensity spatial distributions and peaks of spots at the pupil plane of a metrology system that correspond to various diffraction orders scattered from target cells and calculating overlay(s) of the target cell(s) from the measured intensity spatial distributions and peaks. For example, intensity peak or distribution of zeroth diffraction orders from four cells, first diffraction orders from two cells as well as diffraction orders from a single cell may be used to derive an overlay estimation, which may also be compared to standard overlay measurements for different purposes. Intensity spatial distributions may also be used to derive weight function for adjusting measurements or the metrology system.

Abstract: A method and system are presented for use in optical measurements on patterned structures. The method comprises performing a number of optical measurements on a structure with a measurement spot configured to provide detection of light reflected from an illuminating spot at least partially covering at least two different regions of the structure. The measurements include detection of light reflected from said at least part of the at least two different regions comprising interference of at least two complex electric fields reflected from said at least part of the at least two different regions, and being therefore indicative of a phase response of the structure, carrying information about properties of the structure.

Abstract: Methods and systems for transforming positions of defects detected on a wafer are provided. One method includes aligning output of an inspection subsystem for a first frame in a first swath in a first die in a first instance of a multi-die reticle printed on the wafer to the output for corresponding frames, swaths, and dies in other reticle instances printed on the wafer. The method also includes determining different swath coordinate offsets for each of the frames, respectively, in the other reticle instances based on the swath coordinates of the output for the frames and the corresponding frames aligned thereto and applying one of the different swath coordinate offsets to the swath coordinates reported for the defects based on the other reticle instances in which they are detected thereby transforming the swath coordinates for the defects from swath coordinates in the other reticle instances to the first reticle instance.

Abstract: An equipment mount for an x-ray apparatus is disclosed. The mount comprises a main shield element, a peripheral shield element and a secondary shield element arranged to permit a mounting element to pass through the main shield element in a shielded manner. A support apparatus for an x-ray apparatus is also disclosed. The support apparatus comprises a separable bearing for translating a support part between a first position and a second position and an elevator mechanism for translating the support part from the second position to a third position, thereby separating the bearing. A manipulator stage for an x-ray apparatus is also disclosed. The stage comprises a first support structure arranged to support a sample stage and supported at first and second positions either side of the sample stage by second and third support structures, the second and third support structures being configured to allow the first support structure to raise and lower while remaining supported at both ends.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for quick imaging and inspection of a moving target. The apparatus comprises a passage, a scanning and imaging device (106), a first position sensor (101), a second position sensor (103), and a control unit (105). The control unit (105) powers on an electron induction accelerator in the scanning and imaging device (106) to make the electron induction accelerator enter a standby state when the control unit (105) receives from the first position sensor (101) a detection signal indicating that a moving target (100) enters the passage, and controls a beam emitting time point and a beam emitting mode of the electron induction accelerator to correspondingly inspect different parts of the moving target (100) when the second position sensor (103) detects that different sections pass through a radiation scanning area.

Abstract: Provided is a radiation phase-contrast imaging device capable of assuredly detecting a self-image and precisely imaging the internal structure of an object. According to the configuration of the present invention, the longitudinal direction of a detection surface of a flat panel detector is inclined with respect to the extending direction of an absorber in a phase grating. This causes variations in the position (phase) of a projected stripe pattern of a self-image at different positions on the detection surface. This is therefore expected to produce the same effects as those obtainable when a plurality of self-images are obtained by performing imaging a plurality of times in such a manner that the position of the projected self-images on the detection surface varies. This alone, however, results in a single self-image phase for a specific region of the object.

Abstract: There is provided a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) measurement cell for use with a solution enabling the introduction of a gas into said solution. The measurement cell includes at least a detection volume designed to be installed in a static magnetic field of an NMR spectrometer, and includes in said detection volume, a gas introduction zone, a measurement chamber for the solution at a distance from the gas introduction zone and a network of conduits for the solution formed to set up fluid communication between the gas introduction zone and the measurement chamber. The gas introduction zone includes at least one gas inlet in the network of conduits, to generate bubbles in the gas introduction zone only. There is also provided a method of manufacturing such a measurement cell and a measurement assembly including such a measurement cell.

Abstract: A device for the analysis of fluid distribution in an absorbent article is disclosed. The device provides for a frame, a pressure chamber disposed in contacting and mating engagement with the frame, and a NMR sensor in cooperative engagement with the frame and the pressure chamber. The pressure chamber further comprises a top plate and a conformable surface. The absorbent article is disposable between the top plate and the conformable surface. The NMR sensor is disposable proximate to the pressure chamber and is capable of measuring a fluid distribution in the absorbent article when the absorbent article is disposed between the top plate and the conformable surface of the pressure chamber and the NMR sensor is disposed proximate to a surface of the absorbent article.

Abstract: A diesel fuel quality inspection apparatus, which is mounted to a lower end portion of a moisture storing part coupled to a lower portion of the filter portion and a filter portion for filtering foreign materials contained to fuel for inspecting moisture contained to diesel fuel to identify quality of fuel may include a body portion coupled to a lower end portion of the moisture storing part, a guide portion formed with a hollow type circular cylinder shape on a bottom surface in the body portion, and a first inspection portion formed to be fixed with a predetermined height in the guide portion.

Abstract: A system for in-situ identification of a working fluid disposed in at least one piece of equipment, the system including: a working fluid reservoir that contains the working fluid; an in-situ sensor disposed in the working fluid reservoir such that it detects properties of the working fluid or computes properties from the generated spectra of the working fluid; a transmitter that transmits the detected spectra of the working fluid and equipment identification information; and a cloud computing system that receives the detected spectra and the equipment identification information transmitted from the transmitter, wherein the cloud computing system compares the spectra and equipment identification information against a reference database to determine whether or not the spectra of the working fluid substantially matches the stored reference spectra associated with the expected or specified fluid for the equipment.

Abstract: A material removal process referred to as spalling is used to provide flexible and stretchable sensors that can be used for healthcare monitoring, bio-medical devices, wearable electronic devices, artificial skin, large area sensing, etc. The flexible and stretchable sensors of the present application have high sensitivity that is comparable to that of a bulk silicon sensor. The flexible and stretchable sensors comprise single crystalline spring-like structures that couple various resistor structures together.

Abstract: A humidity sensor that includes a humidity sensitive material. A sensing circuit associated with the humidity sensitive material estimates the ambient humidity based upon the humidity sensitive material. A heating element is associated with the humidity sensitive material. A temperature circuit increases the temperature proximate the humidity sensitive material and thereafter the sensing circuit estimates the ambient humidity.

Abstract: An electrode that comprises a nanostructured material that comprises pyrolyzed date palm leaves that are obtained from a pyrolysis of an agro-waste containing date palm leaves in an inert gas and in a temperature range of 800 to 1600° C., an electrochemical cell thereof, and a method of determining a hydroquinone concentration in a hydroquinone-containing solution with the electrochemical cell. Various combinations of embodiments are also provided.

Abstract: A gas sensor is provided with a sensor element having a detecting portion; an insulator supporting the sensor element in a state where the detecting portion is protruded therefrom, the sensor element being inserted through the insulator; a housing supporting the insulator; an inner cover covering the detecting portion; and an outer cover covering the inner cover. An inner flange portion of the inner cover and an outer flange portion of the outer cover are supported between the insulator and the housing. A protrusion is formed on a corner portion facing the insulator, the protrusion contacting with the insulator. An end face of the outer flange portion is positioned radially closer to an outer side with respect to a radial direction, than a position of an end face of the inner flange portion.

Abstract: An ion-sensitive structure includes a semiconductor structure and a layer stack disposed on the semiconductor structure having a doped intermediate layer including a doping material and a first metal oxide material. The semiconductor structure is configured to change an electric characteristic based on a contact of the ion-sensitive structure with an electrolyte including ions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gating element for switching or modulating the ion current in ion mobility spectrometers, particularly in miniature ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) operated at atmospheric pressure, where the ion current of an ion source is modulated with a continuous modulation function and the mobility spectrum is generated from the measured ion current by a correlation analysis with the modulation pattern. The invention proposes using a layered plate with apertures (apertured plate) rather than a grid (or a series of grids), said apertured plate comprising at least three conductive and two insulating (or low-conductivity) layers arranged alternately, which are firmly bonded with each other.

Abstract: Device for the representation, in a frequency-wave number reference frame f-k, of the propagation of an ultrasound wave in a dihedral guide (1), which comprises ultrasound emitters (2) referenced by “Ej” with j an integer varying between 1 and N, N a strictly positive integer and ultrasound receivers (3) referenced by “Ri” with i an integer varying between 1 and M, M a strictly positive integer, the receivers being disposed spatially over a first segment of a straight line according to a regular pitch “A”, which comprises means for processing the signal received by the receivers, originating from the emitters, and in which the processing means comprise means for calculating a modified discrete spatial Fourier transform, for a spatial integration variable “x”, centered in the middle of said first segment and running through the receivers in the direction of increasing x, and for a wave vector k(x) equal to a product k.

Abstract: A sensor assembly is provided includes a sensor housing, a first sensor, and a second sensor. The sensor housing operatively connected to a body having a first end and a second end. The first sensor is disposed within the sensor housing. The second sensor is disposed within the sensor housing and is spaced apart from the first sensor. The first sensor and the second sensor face towards a first position feature and a second position feature that is disposed on a movable member that is received within the body.

Abstract: In a method for determining conditions of a road and a tire, a measurement of a sound signal produced by the tire running on the road during a timeframe is recorded, and a spectral density of a power of the sound signal over a frequency interval is determined. The frequency interval is segmented into frequency bands, and each frequency band is associated with a representative data element representing a mean acoustic power measured in the frequency band. The representative data elements obtained from the measurement form variables of a vector associated with the measurement. A road condition and a tire condition are determined via a discriminant analysis of the representative data elements using a learning base. Each representative data element is obtained by finding a ratio between a mean acoustic power measured in a corresponding frequency band and a total acoustic power measured over an entirety of the frequency interval.

Abstract: A manufacturing method is used for an outer joint member of a constant velocity universal joint. The outer joint member includes a cup section having track grooves formed in its inner periphery, which are engageable with torque transmitting elements, and a shaft section formed at a bottom portion of the cup section. The manufacturing method includes welding the cup and shaft members by irradiating a beam to joining end portions of the cup and shaft members, causing an outer surface including the welded portion to be formed into a flat smooth surface by removal processing, irradiating ultrasonic waves to the flat smooth surface with one probe at an incident angle which prevents total reflection in a circumferential angle beam flaw detection method, and setting a focal point of the ultrasonic waves to positions from a surface to an inside of the welded portion, to thereby perform inspection.