Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to test and measurement instruments structured to detect that a series of events occurred, and structured to generate a trigger signal in response to detecting that a final event in the series of events occurred. The trigger may be generated based on a timeout signal, or based on another event, trigger, or signal. Stored data in the acquisition memory may be marked relative to the detection of the final event. An external forced timeout signal may control which in a series of events is marked as a final event. The triggering on final event may be enabled after another trigger is satisfied, and may be used as one of many different types of triggers.

Abstract: An oscilloscope acquisition system comprises a trigger unit that is configured to receive an input signal and to generate an output signal, a frequency determination unit that is configured to receive the output signal and to determine the frequency of the output signal, and a time determination unit that is configured to determine a dynamic auto-trigger time value, wherein the time determination unit is configured to derive the dynamic auto-trigger time from the frequency of the output signal.

Abstract: A capacitor status monitor that attaches across the bushings on the exterior of a capacitor container (commonly referred to as a “can”). The capacitor status monitor, which draws operating power from the power line, detects the internal impedance of the capacitor can to detect internal failures down to the level of a single capacitor pack. The monitor may include a radio transmitter and/or a visual status indicator, such as an electronic flag, indicating the detection of an internal capacitor failure. The monitor may also include a power supply current transformer providing power to the monitor from the power line. Capacitor status monitors throughout the capacitor bank may communicate with a remote transmission unit (RTU), which communicates with a central control station that schedules capacitor maintenance based on the data received from the status monitors.

Abstract: A shunt strip that includes a plurality of shunts arranged in a grid with each of the shunts spaced from an adjacent shunt by a shunt-gap. A plurality of tabs connect the plurality of shunts and at least one tab is positioned within each shunt-gap. Also, a shunt with a generally parallelepiped shaped body has severed tab portions extending outwardly and downwardly from the body.

Abstract: A discrete input determining circuit is disclosed, which includes an input biasing network connected to a discrete input for providing a first input voltage, a voltage divider network for dividing the first input voltage into a second input voltage and a third input voltage, a first comparator, wherein a non-inverting input terminal of the first comparator receives the second input voltage, and a second comparator, wherein an inverting input terminal of the second comparator receives the third input voltage, wherein an inverting input terminal of the first comparator and a non-inverting input terminal of the second comparator receive a reference voltage, and an output terminal of the first comparator and an output terminal of the second comparator are configured to provide a logic output. A discrete input determining method is also disclosed.

Abstract: The Rogowski coil type sensor for measuring current includes a carrier and at least one secondary winding. The winding includes: at least one internal layer with a high turn density, which layer is wound in an “outward” first winding direction from the first end to a second opposite end of the winding, and at least one external layer with a low turn density, which layer is wound in a “return” second winding direction. The external layer with a low turn density includes: a first compensating portion with a high turn density, which portion is of small length and close to the first end, a central portion with a low turn density, which portion is of large length, and a second compensating portion with a high turn density, which portion is of small length and close to the second end.

Abstract: A detection circuit, provided in a gamma buffer circuit that includes at least one transistor that receives the application of a first voltage and generates gradation voltages on the basis of a plurality of gamma voltages, includes: a first comparison circuit that compares the largest gamma voltage with a substrate potential of the transistor and outputs a first comparison result signal, a second comparison circuit that includes an inverter which is operable under a second voltage as a source voltage, compares a threshold voltage of the inverter with the substrate potential, and outputs a second comparison result signal; and a detection result output circuit for outputting a detection result showing if the voltage decrease or power discontinuity of the first voltage is occurring on the basis of the first comparison result signal and the second comparison result signal.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for sensing opening of a current interrupt device (CID) of a battery unit. An apparatus for sensing opening of a current interrupt device of a battery unit according to the present invention is configured to include: a setting unit setting a predetermined voltage section when discharge of one or more battery units starts; a measuring unit measuring a voltage section pass time which is the time when the one or more battery units pass through the predetermined voltage section for each battery unit; and a detecting unit detecting a battery unit in which the current interrupt device (CID) is opened among the one or more battery units and detecting the number of battery cells in which the CID is opened among one or more battery cells included in the battery unit in which the CID is opened based on the voltage section pass time for each battery unit.

Abstract: A power detector with a detection signal input connectable to a source of a radio frequency signal and a detected power level output has a differential amplifier detector circuit with an input connected to the detection signal input and an output corresponding to the detected power level output. A feedback network is connected to the input and the output of the differential amplifier detector circuit. A mirror circuit is connected to the differential amplifier detector circuit. A root mean square current corresponding to a power level of the radio frequency signal from the source is mirrored and integrated, with a direct current voltage level being generated therefrom and output to the detected power level output.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for validating distributed energy resource as-designed parameters. In one embodiment the method comprises obtaining, from MLPE coupled to a PV module of the DER, data corresponding to sunrise on a particular day; obtaining, from MLPE, data corresponding to sunset on the particular day; determining, by the computer system and using the data corresponding to the sunrise and the data corresponding to the sunset, (i) the length of the particular day and (ii) the solar noon for the particular day; computing, by the computer system and using the length of the particular day and the solar noon for the particular day, an as-built latitude for the PV module and an as-built longitude for the PV module; and comparing, by the computer system, (a) the as-built latitude to an as-designed latitude for the PV module, and (b) the as-built longitude to an as-designed longitude for the PV module.

Abstract: The present application relates to an impedance estimation device and estimation method for a power distribution line, and particularly to an impedance estimation device and estimation method for a power distribution line that estimate the impedance of a power distribution line formed of power distribution wires from a pole transformer to a plurality of consumers and a plurality of lead-in wires.

Abstract: An on-board system for evaluating the severity of a lightning strike, intended to be installed in the interior of an airplane and connected to an avionic system of the airplane. The system comprises four devices, a master device and three slave devices, each device comprising a magnetic-field sensor. The devices are placed pairwise symmetrically about a plane of symmetry of the airplane, vertically in line with the leading edge of the wing of the airplane and vertically in line with the trailing edge of the wing, respectively. The system allows an evaluation of the severity of a lightning strike to be obtained depending on the measured magnetic fields.

Abstract: A method for detecting a short circuit within an energy store. The method includeds registering a current which flows through the energy store, registering a first voltage which is made available by the energy store at a first time, registering a second voltage which is made available by the energy store at a second time following the first time, determining whether the energy store is in a state of charge, a discharge state or in an open-circuit state, executing a first detection step when the energy store is in an open-circuit state, a second detection step when the energy store is in a state of charge, and a third detection step when the energy store is in a discharged state, and determining whether a short circuit is present based on the first and second voltage.

Abstract: A broken conductor detection method and apparatus are disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a measurement module to measure, at a node of a distribution system, a voltage value of each distribution feeder of the distribution system; a check module to check whether the measured voltage value of each distribution feeder is less than a voltage threshold used for the distribution feeder, the voltage threshold used for the distribution feeder being calculated based on a mean value of measured voltage values of other distribution feeders in the distribution system; a generating module to, upon a checking result indicating that a measured voltage value of a distribution feeder of the distribution system is less than the voltage threshold used for the distribution feeder, generate a signal indicating that the distribution feeder of the distribution system has a broken conductor; and a sending module to send the generated signal.

Abstract: Techniques are described for a method for detecting a fault. The method includes receiving, by a receiving electronic device, via a differential pair transmission line, from a transmitting electronic device, an electrical signal. The method further includes converting, by a receiving (Rx) serializer/deserializer (SerDes) operating at the receiving electronic device, the received electrical signal into a received digital electrical signal. The method further includes, determining, by one or more processors, an electrical signature of the received electrical signal from the received digital electrical signal when the received electrical signal is received by the receiving electronic device. The method further includes determining, by the one or more processors, based on the electrical signature, a position of a fault between the receiving electronic device and the transmitting electronic device. The fault causes the received electrical signal to be different than the transmitted electrical signal.

Abstract: A method for locating an anomaly in a distribution circuit including utility power lines includes coupling a radio frequency energy source to the utility power lines, transmitting chirped radio frequency signals into the utility power lines, receiving and digitizing/analyzing signals reflected from the chirped signals by impedance mismatches caused by components and features of the distribution circuit, and generating from the digitized signals of multiple sets of the chirped radio frequency signals a reference data set identifying at least the locations of at least some of the components and features of the distribution circuit. Later sets of the chirped radio frequency signals are transmitted into the utility power lines and signals reflected from the sets of chirped signals are received and digitized and are compared with the reference data set to determine if there are anomalies on the distribution circuit.

Abstract: A method for monitoring partial discharges in an electric power transmission system includes the steps of: detecting electric pulses from a component of the electric power transmission system, repeating a battery of different tests adapted to provide each a result indicative of partial discharge activity, the tests being continuously performed in succession one after the other in a preset period of time, each including a set of operations of acquisition and evaluations of the detected electrical pulses, and differing each other for a plurality of different combinations of values taken by test parameters used for executing the acquisition and evaluation operations; analyzing the results obtained with time by the batteries of tests executed at different execution times in the present period of time; and generating an alarm depending on the outcome of the analysis step.

Abstract: A semiconductor element test apparatus includes a first switch having a switching element, a coil, a second switch, a semiconductor element, a first rectifying element, and a second rectifying element. The first switch, the coil, and the second switch are connected in series to a power source. The semiconductor element is disposed to configure a loop path along with the coil and the second switch when the switching element is switched off. The semiconductor element has a diode element. A cathode electrode of the diode element is connected to a positive electrode of the power source. The second rectifying element is connected to the first rectifying element in series, and has a rectification direction opposite to a rectification direction of the first rectifying element. The first rectifying element and the second rectifying element configure, along with the coil, another loop path which is different from the loop path.

Abstract: A method of providing a temperature value from a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device can include receiving a test mode command that activates a temperature value output mode of operation; providing the temperature value to an output buffer circuit; providing an enable signal to the output buffer circuit; and outputting the temperature value that indicates a temperature range, the temperature value is outputted from the output buffer circuit to at least one terminal that is electrically connected external to the DRAM device; wherein the temperature value includes at least 5 binary bits.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided to determine deterioration of a photocoupler. The apparatus includes a detecting unit and a determining unit. The detecting unit receives an electric pulse signal outputted from the photocoupler. The amplitude of the outputted pulse signal depends on that of an electric AC voltage applied to the photocoupler. The detecting unit detects a duty ratio of the pulse signal. The determining unit determines whether or not the duty ratio is less than a threshold given for the determination. The determining unit also determines that the photocoupler has deteriorated in performance thereof more than a usable level if it is determined that the duty ratio is less than the threshold given for the determination.

Abstract: There is a need to improve estimation accuracy of a failure estimation method or its failure estimation apparatus that performs failure estimation on a targeted instrument based on history information about several instruments mounted with the same type of semiconductor device as an instrument targeted at failure estimation. A failure estimation apparatus that includes a history information database storing history information about a plurality of instruments mounted with the same type of semiconductor device and performs failure estimation on a targeted instrument mounted with a semiconductor device whose type equals the type, wherein the history information contains operation information and failure information; wherein the operation information indicates a chronological operating state of the semiconductor device mounted on the instruments; wherein the failure information indicates a failure cause of a failed instrument; and wherein the operating state is categorized into a plurality of classifications.

Abstract: An apparatus including an array of sensors including a plurality of chemical sensors and a plurality of reference sensors, each chemical sensor coupled to a corresponding reaction region for receiving at least one reactant, and each reference sensor comprising a field effect transistor having a gate coupled to a corresponding reference line and an access circuit for accessing the chemical sensors and the reference sensors and a controller to apply bias voltages to the reference lines to select corresponding reference sensors, acquire output signals from the selected reference sensors, and identify one or more defects in the access circuit based on differences between the acquired output signals and expected output signals.

Abstract: The disclosed technology generally relates to integrated circuit devices with wear out monitoring capability. An integrated circuit device includes a wear-out monitor device configured to record an indication of wear-out of a core circuit separated from the wear-out monitor device, wherein the indication is associated with localized diffusion of a diffusant within the wear-out monitor device in response to a wear-out stress that causes the wear-out of the core circuit.

Abstract: Probe systems and methods for automatically maintaining alignment between a probe and a device under test (DUT) during a temperature change. The methods include collecting an initial image of a planar offset fiducial and determining an initial height reference of a height offset fiducial. The methods further include changing a temperature of the DUT, automatically maintaining a planar alignment between a probe and the DUT during the changing, and automatically maintaining a height alignment between the probe and the BUT during the changing. The probe systems include a chuck, which defines a support surface configured to support a substrate that includes the DUT, and a probe head assembly, which includes a probe configured to contact a corresponding contact pad of the DUT. The probe systems further include a substrate thermal module, which is configured to regulate a temperature of the DUT, and a controller programmed to execute the methods.

Abstract: A system and a method capable of identifying a heat source position corresponding to a failure portion are provided. An analysis system according to the present invention is an analysis system that identifies a heat source position inside a semiconductor device, and includes a tester that applies an AC signal to the semiconductor device, an infrared camera that detects light from the semiconductor device according to the AC signal and outputs a detection signal, and a data analysis unit that identifies the heat source position based on the detection signal.

Abstract: Techniques for memory I/O tests using integrated test data paths are provided. In an example, a method for operating input/output data paths of a memory apparatus can include receiving, during a first mode, non-test information at a data terminal of a first channel of the memory apparatus from a memory array of the first channel via a first data path, receiving during a first test mode, first test information at the data terminal of the first channel from a first additional data path coupling the first channel with a second channel of the memory apparatus, and wherein an interface die of the memory apparatus includes the first data path and the additional data path.

Abstract: A method for testing a system-on-a-chip (SoC) is described. The method includes parsing a file to determine functions to be performed by components of the SoC. The method further includes receiving a desired output of the SoC and generating a test scenario model based on the desired output of the SoC. The test scenario model includes a plurality of module representations of the functions and includes one or more connections between two module representations of the plurality of module representations. The desired output acts as a performance constraint for the test scenario model. The test scenario model further includes an input of the SoC that is generated based on the desired output, the plurality of module representations, and the one or more connections. The test scenario model includes a path from the input via the plurality of module representations and the one or more connections to the desired output.

Abstract: Techniques facilitating determination and correction of physical circuit event related errors of a hardware design are provided. A system can comprise a memory that stores computer executable components and a processor that executes computer executable components stored in the memory. The computer executable components can comprise a simulation component that injects a fault into a latch and a combination of logic of an emulated hardware design. The fault can be a biased fault injection that can mimic an error caused by a physical circuit event error vulnerability. The computer executable components can also comprise an observation component that determines one or more paths of the emulated hardware design that are vulnerable to physical circuit event related errors based on the biased fault injection.

Abstract: A register array includes a plurality of groups of latches. Each of the groups of latches includes a first latch, a second latch, and a test latch connected to the first latch and the second latch. During functional operation the first latch and the second latch process data, in response to the same read/write clock signal supplied simultaneously to the first read/write clock input and the second read/write clock input. During test operation a skewed test clock signal of an original test clock signal is supplied at different timings to the first latch, the second latch, and the test latch, and a single scan signal is input to the first latch. The single scan signal cascades from the first latch through the test latch to the second latch, and is output by the second latch, within a single cycle of the original test clock signal.

Abstract: Magnetoresistive sensors are used to measure a load current of a switch. In some implementations, additionally a further current sensor may be used. In other implementations, more than one magnetoresistive sensor may be provided.

Abstract: A battery fuel gauge circuit for determining the state of charge of a rechargeable battery is presented. The circuit comprises: a coulomb counter for providing values that are indicative of a charging current or discharge current provided to/by the battery; a voltage sensor; a first pre-processing unit to provide a current change estimate based on the values provided by the coulomb counter; an event filter unit to confirm whether the current change estimate exceeds a certain threshold; an electromotive force unit to determine an electromotive force value of the battery; a state of charge estimator unit to determine the state of charge of the battery based on the electromotive force value.

Abstract: A method is provided for determining the reliability of state of health parameter values for a battery including a plurality of battery cells, the method including the steps of receiving, for a state of health parameter, a plurality of measured parameter values for the battery, comparing the measured parameter values with at least one predetermined parameter criterion; and determining that the measured state of health parameter values are reliable if the state of health parameter values fulfill the at least one predetermined parameter criterion. A corresponding system, computer program, and computer readable medium are also provided.

Abstract: An example method to reduce data handling on lithium ion battery monitors is provided and includes receiving a request from a micro-controller for data associated with one or more cells, receiving signals corresponding to monitored properties from the cells, calculating derivative properties from the monitored properties, dividing a default data into a plurality of portions, and sending the derivative properties and one of the portions to the micro-controller according to at least a first compute logic option or a second compute logic option. The default data can include cell voltages, auxiliary inputs, stack voltage, reference output voltage, analog voltage output, analog voltage input, temperature, and reference buffer voltage. The default data is provided sequentially to the micro-controller in as many consecutive read backs as the number of portions, where each portion corresponds to the default data measured at a distinct time instant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transformer relay and a battery voltage measurement system using the same and the transformer relay includes: a transformer transforming voltage of a voltage measurement signal according to a wiring ratio of a first wiring and a second wiring; and a relay transferring voltage of a battery while an operation state is changed to an On state when the transformed voltage of the voltage measurement signal is input and the battery voltage measurement system using the transformer relay, includes: the transformer; and a measurement unit measuring a battery voltage value by receiving the voltage of the battery from the relay.

Abstract: A storage battery control device includes: a voltage measurement means for measuring terminal voltage of a storage battery; a current measurement means for measuring charge current and discharge current of the storage battery; a capacity calculation means for calculating a cumulative capacity of the storage battery by using the charge current measured by a current measurement unit; a control means for determining an operation of the storage battery, based on at least one of the terminal voltage, the charge current, the discharge current, and the cumulative capacity; and a charging/discharging control means for causing the storage battery to operate in accordance with an instruction from the control means, and the charging/discharging control means causes the storage battery to charge by a first charging method from a discharge end voltage to a first charge voltage, to charge by a second charging method at the first charge voltage, to charge by the first charging method from the first charge voltage to a secon

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus includes a couch, a gantry, a receiving coil, a converter, and a collector. On the couch, a subject is placed. The gantry supports a static magnetic field magnet and a gradient coil. The receiving coil receives a magnetic resonance signal emitted from the subject. The converter converts a magnetic resonance signal output from the receiving coil into a digital signal, thereby generating magnetic resonance signal data. The collector collects the magnetic resonance signal data. The couch or the gantry includes a coil port that connects the receiving coil and the collector to each other. The converter is provided in the coil port or a relay device that relays between the receiving coil and the coil port.

Abstract: A phase actuator for a continuously adjustable phase displacement at a first frequency is provided. The phase actuator has a first inductance with tapping point, a first continuously variable capacitor, and a transformation network. A signal input and a signal output of the phase shifter are connected by the first inductance. The first continuously adjustable capacitor is connected in parallel to the first inductance. The tapping point is connected via a transformation network to a reference mass, where an impedance value of the transformation network corresponds to a quarter wave transform of a capacitance value of the first continuously variable capacitance at the first frequency.

Abstract: A superconducting magnet coil arrangement has multiple superconducting coils and at least one of the superconducting coils is provided with a secondary coil of insulated resistive wire mechanically attached to a surface of the superconducting coil.

Abstract: An apparatus includes at least a first electrically conductive coil having at least first and second coil sections which are separated and spaced apart from each other, and a support structure disposed to support the first and second coil sections. The support structure, and an associated method of supporting the electrically conductive coil, maintain relative axial positions of the first and second coil sections to be fixed when the first electrically conductive coil is energized and de-energized, and allow each of the first and second coil sections to expand radially when energized.

Abstract: The clinical analyzers automatically electronically monitor selected parameters and automatically electronically adjust parameters to maintain the analyzer within desired operational ranges. The clinical NMR analyzers can be configured as a networked system with a plurality of clinical NMR analyzers located at different use sites.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of monitoring dynamics of patient brain state during neurosurgical procedures includes receiving a plurality of brain response images acquired using a functional MRI scan of a patient over a plurality of time points and selecting a plurality of image features from the brain response images. One or more recurrent neural network (RNN) model are used to directly estimate one or more brain state measurements at each time point based on the image features. Once estimated, the brain state measurements are presented on a display.

Abstract: An MRI method includes: defining image regions on an object; setting imaging conditions for the defined image regions; and acquiring MR images for the image regions according to the set imaging conditions. The imaging conditions may be set by displaying information about the defined image regions and setting the imaging conditions for the image regions based on the displayed information.

Abstract: A method for determining a change over time in a biomarker in a region to be examined of a patient is provided. The change is determined from magnetic resonance data using a magnetic resonance measuring system with sequences and protocols for measuring the biomarkers by functional resting state connectivity by rsfMRI, perfusion values, magnetic resonance spectra of voxels, or morphometry of organs. A control unit has programs which evaluates the biomarker and a data memory which stores the results of the evaluation and additional data. During a first examination, a quantity result of the biomarkers is determined and stored in the data memory. During a follow-up examination, at least one previous item of the result and additional data from the first examination stored in the data memory are used for determining a quantitative change in the biomarker.

Abstract: A novel approach for CEST MR imaging is called Multi-echo Length and Offset VARied Saturation (Me-LOVARS) CEST. This method allows efficient collection of additional CEST data without penalty in scan time, which could be useful for enhancing the contrast, increasing the specificity or improving quantification of exchange. As CEST-MRI has shown promise at both the pre-clinical and clinical levels, including for detecting and grading brain tumors and evaluating ischemia, using either endogenous CEST contrast or through administration of CEST contrast agents. This fast and robust imaging method is suitable for accelerating image collection and widening the scope of applications for CEST-MRI.

Abstract: An MRI system according to an embodiment includes an MRI sequence controller and an MRI system controller. Serving as a prescan unit, the MRI sequence controller performs a prescan for acquiring a sensitivity distribution of a coil. Serving as a main scan unit, the MRI sequence controller performs a main scan for acquiring signals of a magnetic resonance image. Serving as a corrector, the MRI system controller corrects the sensitivity distribution in accordance with a distortion that is contained in the magnetic resonance image and that results from the performing of the main scan. Serving as a generator, the MRI system controller generates an output magnetic resonance image using the corrected sensitivity distribution.

Abstract: A calibration device adapted to be used with a measurement instrument includes a controller, two or more ports, two or more power measurement circuits each connectable with one of the two or more ports, and a non-transitory computer readable storage medium accessible to the controller within which characterization data related to the two or more ports is storable. The calibration device is adapted to be connected with the measurement instrument via a data bus to transmit data and receive commands between the controller and the measurement instrument. The two or more ports are adapted to be interchangeably connectable with ports of the measurement instrument.

Abstract: A small, ultra-light-weight star tracker for space applications uses an out-of-field rejection filter to reduce the physical size and mass of the star tracker by effectively eliminating the need for a sun shade. The out-of-field rejection filter combines a converter for converting randomly polarized light to p-polarized light with an angular selectivity filter that can reject out-of-field p-polarized light. The underside of the angular selectivity filter can be used to reflect a calibrated light source into the optical path.

Abstract: Methods and systems for determining a location and an identity of a portable device are provided. The system includes apparatus for transmitting timing synchronization information, a plurality of stationary ultrasonic base stations and a plurality of portable devices. Each ultrasonic base station is configured to receive the timing synchronization information and to transmit a corresponding ultrasonic location code in a time period based on the received timing synchronization information. Each portable device is configured to: 1) receive the timing synchronization information, 2) detect the ultrasonic location codes from the ultrasonic base stations and 3) transmit an output signal including a portable device ID representative of the portable device and the detected ultrasonic location code. Each portable device is synchronized to detect the ultrasonic location code in the time period based on the received timing synchronization information.

Abstract: Electronic devices and a method of providing electronic warfare (EW) data in an encapsulated architecture in a vehicle are generally described. Emitters targeting the vehicle during a mission may be detected and an observable history of each emitter obtained as a function of time. Properties of each emitter may be both inferred based on the observable history and extracted from locally-stored pre-mission intelligence. The emitter properties, as well as current and historical state and threat level of the emitter and effectiveness of various countermeasures may be stored in an adaptive radar model (ARM) for the emitter. Each emitter may have its own ARM. The ARM may be used to take appropriate countermeasures for a particular emitter, based on the emitter alone or taking into account all of the emitters.

Abstract: A radar device includes: radar transmitting circuitry which, in operation, generates Nt radar signals by modulating Nt transmission code sequences and transmits the radar signals via Nt transmission antennas, Nt being more than 1; and radar receiving circuitry which, in operation, receives reflection wave signals via Nr reception antennas and performs Doppler frequency analysis, Nr being more than 1. The radar transmitting circuitry stores a predetermined pulse sequence and Nt or more orthogonal code sequences, second half elements of the Nt or more orthogonal code sequences are arranged in an order reverse to first half elements of the Nt or more orthogonal code sequences and generates each of the Nt transmission code sequences by multiplying elements of the predetermined pulse sequence by elements of the Nt or more orthogonal code sequences different from each other.