Abstract: A process for producing crystalline sodium bicarbonate, comprising: feeding dried sodium bicarbonate solids with a mass flow rate to a fluid bed cooling unit, wherein said cooling unit comprises at least one cooling element through which flows a cooling fluid; flowing a fluidization gas stream in the fluid bed cooling unit to fluidize the dried sodium bicarbonate solids, in order for the dried sodium bicarbonate solids to be in thermal contact with the at least one cooling element; withdrawing a sodium bicarbonate product from the fluid bed cooling unit; and adjusting the temperature of the cooling fluid flowing through the at least one cooling element in order for the sodium bicarbonate product to have an outlet temperature of 95° F. or less, preferably less than 90° F., when being withdrawn from the fluid bed cooling unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing high-purity lithium carbonate and barium sulfate from discarded lithium secondary batteries, including: a first process for producing high-purity lithium phosphate from a discarded battery; and a second process for producing lithium sulfate from the lithium phosphate and producing lithium carbonate and barium sulfate from the lithium sulfate.

Abstract: An object is to provide a method for manufacturing a calcium carbonate block of no less than 0.1 cm in diameter and thickness, not including any impurities, and able to be employed as a raw material of an artificial bone that requires biosafety: the method includes: (a) shaping a calcium hydroxide block; (b) being exposed to carbon dioxide; and (c) immersing in a carbonate ion containing solution.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method of treating phosphate-containing waste, in particular phosphate-containing ash from waste-incineration plants, by wet-chemical digestion in order to obtain compounds of aluminum, calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen.

Abstract: Low scatter water clear zinc sulfide with reduced metal contamination is prepared by cleaning an inert foil with an acid cleaning method and also cleaning zinc sulfide to reduce metal contamination. The zinc sulfide is wrapped in the inert foil and then treated by a HIP process to provide a water-clear zinc sulfide. The low scatter water-clear zinc sulfide may be used in articles such as windows and domes.

Abstract: A stannous oxide powder which has a high dissolution rate into various acid solutions such as a plating solution and is particularly suitable as a Sn supply material to a plating solution, and a method for producing the stannous oxide powder are provided. The stannous oxide powder is a particle body having a plurality of plate-like protrusions protruding outward, and has an average particle size in a range of 1 ?m to 15 ?m.

Abstract: A method of producing a modification of pigments using atomic layer deposition (ALD) in varying electrical resistivity. More specifically, ALD may be used to encapsulate pigment particles with controlled thicknesses of a conductive layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO). ALD may allow films to be theoretically grown one atom at a time, providing angstrom-level thickness control.

Abstract: A water filtration system includes a raw water inlet; a pure water outlet; a purified water outlet; a waste water outlet; an integrated filter cartridge having first through sixth ports, of which the third port is connected to a first end of a communication flow path, and a second end of the communication flow path is connected to the second port and the purified water outlet, a water storage device is disposed to at least one of a flow path connected to the pure water outlet and the sixth port; and a return flow path having a first end connected to the purified water outlet and the second port and a second end connected to the waste water outlet and the fifth port.

Abstract: Systems and methods utilize heated waste flue gas to indirectly heat untreated water. The heated waste flue gas, which may come from a steam generator, passes through one or more heating coils in a vessel to vaporize untreated water and separate out solids and other contaminants before subsequent condensing. The steam generator may receive resulting treated water to produce steam for injection.

Abstract: A nanostructured material having a coral reef morphology of nanoflake walls is described. The nanostructured material comprises a Fe(II)/Fe(III) layered double hydroxide intercalated with an azo dye, and a synthesis method is discussed. The nanostructured material may be used to remove a contaminant from a solution by adsorption. The nanostructured material may be cleaned and reused with high adsorption efficiency.

Abstract: A flexible thermoplastic tube having a stiffening member installed inside is described herein. Mechanisms to couple both the stiffening member and outer tube are also described. The stiffened tube is particularly useful in oil skimming equipment for remediation of hydrocarbons in containment pools.

Abstract: A portable water purification system is disclosed. The system can have a water storage receptacle, a reverse osmosis filter, a pump, and a solar panel array group. The reverse osmosis filter can be configurable to convert source water into drinkable water, and the pump can be configurable to provide the source water from a water source to the reverse osmosis filter. The array group can have at least one bi-fold solar panel array, and the array group can be configurable to provide power for the pump. The water storage receptacle can be configurable to contain the drinkable water in one configuration and configurable to contain at least one component of the purification system for storage in another configuration.

Abstract: A multi-effect membrane distillation system includes first and second membrane distillation effects. Each effect (stage) includes a feed channel, a gap, and a vapor-permeable membrane separating the feed channel from the gap. A liquid feed is fed into the feed channel of the first effect via a feed inlet, and the liquid feed is extracted from the first-stage feed channel via a first feed-transfer conduit that delivers the liquid feed to the second-stage feed channel. The feed is extracted from the second-stage feed channel via a second feed-transfer conduit. At least one permeate-extraction conduit is coupled with the first-stage and second-stage gaps and is configured to extract permeate (e.g., pure water) therefrom.

Abstract: A method for removing hydrogen sulfide from a liquid stream is described. The method includes contacting the liquid stream including a first amount of hydrogen sulfide with a first side of a porous gas-liquid separation membrane. The hydrogen sulfide moves through the pores of the membrane from the first side to a second, opposite side of the membrane. The method further includes contacting a receiving fluid with the second, opposite side of the porous membrane to receive the hydrogen sulfide. The liquid stream is thus converted to a reduced-sulfide liquid stream having a second amount of hydrogen sulfide that is less than the first amount of hydrogen sulfide. A method for removing ammonia from a liquid stream is also described.

Abstract: A method for regulating ion transport between first and second regions of a liquid solution containing ionic species in at least one of said first and second regions, the method comprising applying a voltage on an electrically conductive mesoporous carbon membrane situated between said first and second regions of the liquid solution, wherein liquid flow between first and second regions is permitted only through said mesoporous carbon membrane, and the applied voltage is selected to modulate the degree of ion transport between said first and second regions, wherein an increase in applied voltage results in a reduction in the degree of ion transport between said first and second regions, optionally up to a critical voltage at which ion transport ceases.

Abstract: An ion exchange membrane is provided with a first cation exchange composition which has a cation exchange group and is formed in a sheet form; a first anion exchange composition which is disposed to be in contact with the first cation exchange composition, has an anion exchange group, and is formed in a sheet form. Furthermore, the ion exchange membrane is provided with a second cation exchange composition which has a cation exchange group, which is formed in a sheet form, and which is disposed to be opposed to the first cation exchange composition, and through which water permeates more easily than in the first cation exchange composition; and a second anion exchange composition which has an anion exchange group, which is formed in a sheet form, and which is disposed to be opposed to the first anion exchange composition, and through which water permeates more easily than in the first anion exchange composition.

Abstract: A device for electrocoagulation to treat a process stream, such as water, wastewater, or industrial waste. Also, a method to treat a process stream, such as water or wastewater, or industrial waste, utilizing said device. An electrocoagulation device configured to treat a process stream, the device including a cathode; an anode, wherein the anode is porous and water permeable; and a pressure system, wherein the pressure system is configured to flow at least 95% of the process stream through the anode.

Abstract: Provided is a deionization apparatus which includes: a porous electrode having fine pores; a non-pore ion exchange membrane that is formed in the porous electrode; a counter electrode that is spaced from the non-pore ion exchange membrane and faces the non-pore ion exchange membrane; and a spacer that is located between the porous electrode and the counter electrode, and that has a flow passage through which water to be treated passes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a TiO2-based coagulant and use thereof. The TiO2-based coagulant is obtained by the following steps: uniformly mixing acetylacetone and ethanol and dropwise adding titanium tetrachloride to obtain a solution A; mixing deionized water and ethanol to obtain a solution B; dropwise adding solution B to solution A; stirring to obtain a sol, and then aging the sol to constant weight to obtain the TiO2-based coagulant. The TiO2-based coagulant can be used for treating waste water and algae-laden water. The TiO2-based coagulant exhibits good coagulation effects and high stability, solves the problem of too low effluent pH caused by strong inorganic titanate acidity and is favorable to the subsequent treatment of waste water.

Abstract: A media bed in a biological reactor is backwashed in a plurality of short pulses. An outlet of the reactor is preferably located above, but close to, the top of the bed. During a pulse, the outlet is closed and the bed may be fluidized or otherwise expanded to above the level of the outlet. Between pulses, the bed settles to below the level of the outlet.

Abstract: A wastewater system is provided. The system includes channels and conduits for wastewater guidance and discharge. High aspect ratio channels and one or more distribution conduits are provided in the system such that wastewater, such as septic wastewater, is discharged from the system and into the system surroundings. The high aspect ratio channels are spaced apart from each other to allow for the discharge of the wastewater effluent from the system between the channels. The channels have a high height to width aspect ratio.

Abstract: A process for treating domestic wastewater may include directing wastewater into a tank containing a membrane filter and mixed liquor. The process may include recirculating wastewater and mixed liquor from a top end of the tank into a bottom end of the tank via a recirculation conduit. The process may include introducing a flow of wastewater and mixed liquor from the recirculation conduit into an aeration device and drawing ambient air into the aeration device using the flow of wastewater and mixed liquor from the recirculation conduit. The process may also include drawing wastewater and mixed liquor proximately surrounding the aeration device into the aeration device using the flow of wastewater and mixed liquor from the recirculation conduit. The process may include aerating a mixture of wastewater and mixed liquor with the ambient air below the membrane filter.

Abstract: A fiber bundle for bearing microorganisms. Fiber filaments are wound into a ring shape or have two ends bound into a bundle, or wires, ropes or bands made of staple fibers or fiber filaments are wound into a ring shape or have two ends bound into a bundle or are woven into a strip. A filter layer formed by fiber bundles for bearing microorganisms is characterized in large specific surface area and high porosity, and the unit capacity of bearing the microorganisms may be several times that of a granular filter material.

Abstract: A round meander septic tank includes an elongate baffle that divides the interior space of the tank into two semicircular chambers. Untreated wastewater is introduced to the first chamber through an inlet located near the first end of the baffle. The wastewater flows through the first chamber to a portal at the second end of the baffle and passes through the portal into the second chamber. A wastewater outlet from the tank is located in the second chamber near the first end of the baffle. Wastewater passing through the portal flows through the second chamber to the outlet and out of the tank. The baffle and the shape of the septic tank increase the distance that the wastewater must flow from the inlet to the outlet as compared to a rectangular meander tank with a single baffle.

Abstract: A water treatment system using electrocoagulation is provided. One of the stages of the water treatment is subjecting the water to electrocoagulation so that colloidal solids can be reduced, emulsions broken, and hydrocarbons and complex organics removed, without the application of substantial chemical substances to the contaminated water or even the use of any chemical substances. An electrocoagulation apparatus can comprise: a tank having a first end and a second end; a plurality of electrolytic cells provided in the tank, each electrolytic cell having at least one anode electrode and at least one cathode electrode defining an anode/cathode electrode pair; and a voltage supply connected to each electrolytic cell to supply a voltage across each anode/cathode pair.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing soluble silica efficiently from accompanied water, produced from wells containing calcium ion, soluble silica, and sulfate ion, and not clogging a reverse osmosis membrane in the reverse osmosis membrane treatment process after that, includes adding a magnesium salt to mix with the accompanied water under alkaline conditions to produce insoluble silica and calcium sulfate. A microfiltration (MF) membrane treatment process includes treating a first reaction solution obtained in said magnesium salt adding process, with a microfiltration membrane to separate insolubilized silica and calcium sulfate by filtration. An acid adding process includes adding an acid to and mixing with filtrate obtained in the MF membrane treatment process to render a pH value of the filtrate on the range from 5 to 9 and a negative Langeliar saturation index.

Abstract: A combustion method in which heated flue gas heats a regenerator through which a mixture of fuel and flue gas is then passed to undergo endothermic reactions that produce syngas which is fed into a furnace together with a motive gas stream.

Abstract: A submerged combustion melter includes a floor, a roof, and a sidewall structure connecting the floor and roof defining an internal space. A first portion of the internal space defines a melting zone, and a second portion defines a fining zone immediately downstream of the melting zone. One or more combustion burners in either the floor, roof, the sidewall structure, or any combination of these, are configured to emit the combustion gases from a position under a level of, and positioned to transfer heat to and produce, a turbulent molten mass of glass containing bubbles in the melting zone. The fining zone is devoid of combustion burners or other apparatus or components that would increase turbulence above that in the melting zone. The melter may include a treating zone that stabilizes or destabilizes bubbles and/or foam. Processes of using the melters are a feature of the disclosure.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling the flow of vitrified material. In at least some embodiments, a vitrified material control system comprises a melt chamber (8) configured to contain a molten material (27) during operation of the control system; a siphon valve (11) configured to facilitate a flow of the molten material from the melt chamber; and a vacuum-generation system (26, 15, 16) configured to controllably deliver a vacuum to the molten material in the melt chamber and to thereby regulate a flow of the molten material from the melt chamber. In other embodiments, methods of controlling a flow of molten vitrified material from a heating device are disclosed. The methods may include, for example, applying a vacuum to the molten material to control a dwell time of the molten material in a vessel of the heating device and regulating the vacuum based on a measured temperature of the molten material.

Abstract: A machine is for the manufacture of a hollow glass article that includes at least one thin side wall. The machine includes at least one molten glass parison distributor, a blank mold including a cavity designed to successively receive at least one parison of molten glass, and components that form a blank of the article in the blank mold, transfer the blank into a cavity of the finishing mold, and form the article in the finishing mold. The cavity of the finishing mold includes at least one side part provided with a concave cavity to form, on the side wall of the article, a convex bulge directed towards the exterior of the article. The machine further includes a component that removes the bulge to give the side wall of the article a substantially constant thickness.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are apparatuses and methods for drawing sheet glass. More particularly, one or more sets of edge rolls can be configured to have a rotation axis angled away from a line orthogonal to the direction of flow of a ribbon of glass and positioned so as to contact the glass in the viscous region of the draw. Through control over the orientation and position of the one or more sets of edge rolls, sheet width attenuation may be eliminated, thickness of the beads that form along the edges of the glass sheet may be reduced, and instabilities associated with sheet width variation may be eliminated.

Abstract: The present invention provides a tin alloy bath for a float bath, an apparatus for manufacturing a float glass, a method for manufacturing a float glass that can provide a high quality float glass in which defects due to coagulation and falling of a volatile tin component have been suppressed, and a float glass manufactured using those. The above-mentioned tin alloy bath for a float bath is a molten metal bath to be placed in the float bath for supplying molten glass to a liquid surface of the molten metal bath, thereby forming into a glass ribbon, and includes 1 mass % or more of copper with the remainder being unavoidable impurities and tin.

Abstract: Methods are provided for laser processing arbitrary shapes of molded 3D thin transparent brittle parts from substrates with particular interest in substrates formed from strengthened or non-strengthened Corning Gorilla® glass (all codes). The developed laser methods can be tailored for manual separation of the parts from the panel or full laser separation by thermal stressing the desired profile. Methods can be used to form 3D surfaces with small radii of curvature. The method involves the utilization of an ultra-short pulse laser that may be optionally followed by a CO2 laser for fully automated separation.

Abstract: A method for forming an optical fiber preform is provided. The method includes inserting a glass core cane into a glass sleeve such that the glass sleeve surrounds a portion of the glass core cane and such that there is a gap between the glass sleeve and the portion of the glass core cane surrounded by the glass sleeve. The method further includes depositing silica soot onto at least a portion of the glass core cane and at least a portion of the glass sleeve to form a silica soot preform, and flowing gas through the gap during processing of the silica soot preform.

Abstract: The invention relates to substrates, in particular to transparent substrates, optionally colored, coated with an infrared-reflecting layer and capable of being used as glazing in buildings or in vehicles. Said coated substrates are made up of the combination of a glass substrate in which the composition has a redox of less than 15%, characterized by infrared reflection RIRV so that RIRV?1.087*TLV, wherein TLV is the light transmission of the glass, and an infrared reflecting layer characterized by light transmission TLC so that TLC?1.3*TIRC, wherein TIRC is the infrared transmission of the layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high-transparency glass having a high fining action at a low temperature and capable of achieving redox lowering more than before. The present invention relates to a glass containing 1 to 500 ppm of a total iron oxide (t-Fe2O3) in terms of Fe2O3, having a redox ([divalent iron (Fe2+) in terms of Fe2O3]/[total (Fe2++Fe3+) of divalent iron (Fe2+) and trivalent iron (Fe3+) in terms of Fe2O3]) of 0% or more and 25% or less, containing, as expressed by mass percentage based on oxides, 50 to 81% of SiO2, 1 to 20% of Al2O3, 0 to 5% of B2O3, 5 to 20% of Li2O+Na2O+K2O, and 5 to 27% of MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO, and having a bubble disappearance-starting temperature (TD) of 1485° C. or lower.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composite material, particularly a composite material for ceramic tiles, stone cladding, surface tops (e.g. worktops), and the like. The composite materials are typically derived from waste products. The composite materials of the present invention are formed from a glass component and a non-glass mineral component (e.g. ceramics and/or glaze). Generally the composite materials do not require any binders (especially synthetic binders) to hold the materials together. Therefore, the composite materials and products made therefrom are typically recyclable.

Abstract: A sealed structural body has an internal space and is made of glass, wherein at least a part of a boundary between the internal space of the sealed structural body and the outside is separated by a sealing material containing a metal material and a lead-free oxide glass. The lead-free oxide glass contains at least one of element Ag or P, Te, and V.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a substrate is disclosed. The method comprises the following steps: step one, depositing an amorphous silicon layer on a base material; step two, depositing a silicon dioxide layer with a first thickness on the amorphous silicon layer; and step three, etching the silicon dioxide layer until a thickness thereof is reduced to a second thickness. According to the method of the present disclosure, the silicon dioxide layer with a needed thickness can be manufactured on the amorphous silicon layer. When the ELA procedure is performed, the silicon dioxide layer has an enough thickness to prevent the formation of protrusions at grain boundary of polysilicon, so that the semi-conductive layer manufactured therein can have a relatively low roughness.

Abstract: The invention relates to an intertwined multilayer primer/fluoropolymer coating on the glass substrate. The final coating has excellent wet adhesion to glass, good weathering, durability, chalking resistance, chemical resistance, and dirt pickup resistance. The coating is an environmentally friendly aqueous, fluoropolymer coating composition. The coating process involves applying a polyurethane primer to the glass substrate, and partially, but not completely crosslinking this primer coating. An aqueous hydroxyl-functional fluoropolymer coating is then applied to the partially cross-linked primer coating, and the coating allowed to fully cure. The invention also relates to the intertwined multilayer primer/fluoropolymer coating on the glass substrate. The final coating has excellent wet adhesion to glass, good weathering, durability, chalking resistance, chemical resistance, and dirt pickup resistance.

Abstract: A solar protection and/or thermal insulation glazing including a substrate, in particular a glass substrate, provided with a stack of thin layers which act on solar radiation, the stack having the succession of the following layers, starting from the surface of the glass: an underlayer or a set of underlayers, the underlayer(s) having dielectric materials, a layer based on titanium oxide also having silicon, the overall Si/Ti atomic ratio in said layer being between 0.01 and 0.25, and in which Si and Ti represent at least 90% of the atoms other than oxygen, the thickness of the layer being between 20 and 70 nm, an overlayer or a set of overlayers, said overlayer(s) having dielectric materials.

Abstract: Coated articles include two or more functional infrared (IR) reflecting layers optionally sandwiched between at least dielectric layers. The dielectric layers may be of or including silicon nitride or the like. At least one of the IR reflecting layers is of or including titanium nitride (e.g., TiN) and at least another of the IR reflecting layers is of or including indium-tin-oxide (ITO).

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to methods for the integration of electrochromic films onto a substrate, such as a glass window, and the systems/structures formed via such methods.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing clinker includes sintering raw meal in a kiln to clinker, preheating the raw meal (prior to sintering the raw meal) in a preheater using a main flue gas stream from the kiln as heat source, dedusting the main flue gas downstream of the preheater at a temperature below the boiling point of mercury (thereby obtaining mercury loaded dust) and withdrawing a bypass flue gas stream from the kiln. The method is configured to efficiently remove mercury from the manufacturing process if mercury in the bypass flue gas is vaporized by injecting of at least a fraction of the mercury-loaded dust into the bypass flue gas stream. Subsequently, the bypass flue gas is dedusted and cooled down. Thereby, the mercury can be adsorbed by injecting an adsorbent (such as activated charcoal) into the bypass flue gas. With subsequent removal of the adsorbent, mercury is finally removed from the manufacturing process.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing clinker including the steps of sintering raw meal in a kiln to clinker, preheating the raw meal in a preheater using a main flue gas stream from the kiln as a heat source, dedusting the main flue gas downstream from the preheater at a temperature below the boiling point of mercury, thereby obtaining mercury-loaded dust and withdrawing a bypass flue gas stream from the kiln. Implementation of the method results in efficient removal of the mercury from the process if mercury in the bypass flue gas is evaporated by injecting at least a fraction of the mercury-loaded dust into the bypass flue gas stream. Subsequently, the bypass flue gas is dedusted and cooled down. The mercury can be adsorbed by injecting an adsorbent like activated charcoal into the bypass flue gas. With the subsequent removal of the adsorbent, mercury is finally removed from the process.

Abstract: The present invention provides cement grinding additive compositions and methods which allow a PVC-safe, powerful, and robust defoaming agent to be uniformly dispersed throughout a broad concentration range while retaining storage stability even in cases wherein the defoaming agent is highly diluted. Exemplary cement grinding additive compositions comprise at least one amine cement grinding additive; an air detrainer selected from the group consisting of (i) ethoxylated, propoxylated fatty alcohol or alkylphenol, (ii) polyalkoxylated polyalkylene polyamine, or (iii) a mixture thereof.

Abstract: A method for reducing the net amount of carbon dioxide generated in the manufacture of concrete by pre-carbonating calcium rich cementitious materials prior to the addition of ordinary Portland cement is disclosed. Additionally, a composition of concrete is disclosed, which is manufactured by using a mixture of pre-carbonated cementitious materials and ordinary Portland cement.

Abstract: Proposed is a polycondensation product comprising as monomer components at least one aryl polyoxyalkylene ether, at least one vicinally disubstituted aromatic compound, at least one aldehyde and also optionally further aromatic compounds; processes for preparing same, and also use thereof as dispersant for aqueous suspensions of inorganic binders and as grinding assistant for inorganic binders.

Abstract: A method for making geopolymer cementitious binder compositions for cementitious products such as concrete, precast construction elements and panels, mortar, patching materials for road repairs and other repair materials, and the like is disclosed. The geopolymer cementitious compositions of some embodiments are made by mixing a synergistic mixture of thermally activated aluminosilicate mineral, calcium sulfoaluminate cement, a calcium sulfate and a chemical activator with water.

Abstract: This application relates to making magnesium oxychloride boards. A magnesium oxychloride slurry is mixed by directing magnesium chloride, magnesium oxide, at least one phosphate, at least one inorganic salt, and water into a mixer and mixing these ingredients together to form a slurry. At least one filler is then mixed with the slurry. The slurry is directed to a mold. The mold is formed with the slurry to form a magnesium oxychloride board. The magnesium oxychloride board is then cured.