Abstract: Disclosed is a method for estimating tension of a chain of a scraper conveyor, belonging to a method for estimating chain tension. The method comprises the following steps: embedding strain sensors in a plurality of scrapers of a scraper conveyor to measure the tension of weak coupling points between the scrapers and chains, converting acquired sensor signals into data signals through an A/D conversion unit, transmitting the data signals to a data control center using a wireless transmission module, further processing the tension data information of the weak coupling points through the data control center, establishing a chain tension distribution model, and determining an the estimated tension of the chain of the scraper conveyor. The method provided by the present invention is simple, efficient and practical, and the estimation of tension of the whole continuous moving chain is completed by the tension measurement at limited positions of the chain.

Abstract: A semiconductor differential pressure sensor includes a pressure detection element, which is arranged such that its main surface is fixed on a top of a first protrusion with an adhesive while a second protrusion is fitted into its opening. Thus, the pressure detection element is held with high holding power at an exact position. Moreover, the adhesive does not flow into a first pressure introducing path, whereby blocking of the first pressure introducing path is prevented. Furthermore, by providing a recess around the first protrusion, influence of thermal deformation of a resin package on pressure detection characteristics is decreased.

Abstract: A versatilely usable pressure sensor is described, which has a ceramic pressure measuring cell (5) clamped in the pressure sensor with interpositioning of a seal (1) outwardly sealing an interior of the pressure sensor and loadable via an opening (3) of the pressure sensor with a pressure (p) to be measured, and whose seal (1) comprises a film (21) of a thermoplastic material, especially polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), clamped (in an axial direction and extending perpendicularly to planes of the sealing surfaces (25, 27)) between a form-retaining, planar sealing surface (25) of the pressure measuring cell (5) and a form-retaining sealing surface (27, 27?) of a counterbody (19, 19?) outwardly surrounding the opening (3), characterized in that the film (21) includes a first film segment (23), which is clamped between the sealing surface (25) of the pressure measuring cell (5) and the sealing surface (27, 27?) of the counterbody (19), and the film (21) includes a second film segment (29), which extends over a la

Abstract: Provided is a pressure detection device, wherein a pressure detection unit includes: a pressure detecting diaphragm; a second connection portion; and four strain resistance portions. One of either a first connection portion or the second connection portion is formed of a magnet, and the other of either the first connection portion or the second connection portion is formed of a magnet or a magnetic body. The first connection portion and the second connection portion are arranged such that the first connection portion and the second connection portion are attracted by a magnetic force in a state where a flow passage unit is mounted on the pressure detection unit. The four strain resistance portions are attached to a region of a second surface of a pressure detecting diaphragm other than a center portion.

Abstract: A pressure sensor to measure low pressures, including: a body extending in a plane, the body including a measurement zone situated at an end of the body, a connection zone situated at another end of the body, the measurement zone including a cavity delimited by a wall, that is deformable under effect of a difference in pressure between inside of the cavity and an external environment, the deformable wall situated at rest in a plane parallel to the plane of the sensor; a mechanism measuring deformation of the deformable wall, the measurement mechanism situated in the cavity; an electrical connection connecting the measurement mechanism to the connection zone, the electrical connection arranged in the body.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described that relate to managing and/or generating sensor data. An example method may include receiving output data generated by a pressure sensor. The method may also include determining surface data, indicative of a surface type associated with a force applied to a surface of the pressure sensor, based on the output data. Furthermore, the method may include adjusting the output data based on the surface data to facilitate generating adjusted output data indicative of an adjusted pressure value generated by the pressure sensor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a leak detection method for GIS based on vibration signals and belongs to the technical field of apparatus for detecting or reacting mechanical or electrical troubles. The method is carried out by the following steps: 1) Installing a vibration sensor on each connecting flange of each gas-tight chamber of the GIS; 2) Starting the GIS; 3) Acquiring the vibration signals of sensors when the GIS operation is stable after starting; 4) Doing de-noise processing on the collected vibration signal; 5) Doing 4-layer wavelet packet decomposition of the vibration signal after noise reduction to obtain the energy proportion of the vibration signal in each frequency band; 6) Analyzing the energy proportion of the vibration signal in each frequency band in step 5), Then alarm to notify the relevant personnel. Return to step 3) until the fault has been solved.

Abstract: Methods and systems for leak testing flexible expandable bags are disclosed.

Abstract: The three-dimensional standard vibrator based on the aerostatic gas-floating decoupling device contains a base. The base is installed with a X axis vibrator, a X axis return mechanism, a Y axis vibrator, a Y axis return mechanism, a Z axis vibrator, and a three-dimensional vibration platform. The X axis vibrator and the X axis return mechanism are both installed along X axis but separated by the three-dimensional vibration platform. The Y axis vibrator and the Y axis return mechanism are both installed along Y axis but also separated by the three-dimensional vibration platform. There are two aerostatic gas-floating plates corresponding to the vibrator and connecting to the X axis and Y axis vibrators, respectively. Two intervals used to generate gas films are formed between the two aerostatic gas-floating plates and the three-dimensional vibrator, respectively. The X axis and Y axis return mechanisms both consist of a reset spring and an aerostatic gas-floating plate corresponding to the spring.

Abstract: A test appliance and a method for testing a mirror, e.g., a mirror of a microlithographic projection exposure apparatus. The test appliance has a computer-generated hologram (CGH), and a test can be carried out on at least a portion of the mirror by way of an interferometric superposition of a test wave that is directed onto the mirror by this computer-generated hologram and a reference wave. Here, the computer-generated hologram (CGH) (120, 320) is designed in such a way that, during operation of the appliance, it provides a first test wave for testing a first portion of the mirror (101, 301) by interferometric superposition with a reference wave in a first position of the mirror (101, 301) and at least a second test wave for testing a second portion of the mirror (101, 301) by interferometric superposition with a reference wave in a second position of the mirror (101, 301).

Abstract: A Fourier-transformer performs Fourier transform on a filter coefficient output from an adaptive equalizer which comprises a finite impulse response filter of N taps (N represents an integer of 2 or more) in a time direction. An eigenvalue sum calculator integrates a frequency-differentiation result of the Fourier-transformed filter coefficient and a complex conjugate of the Fourier-transformed filter coefficient to calculate a matrix, and calculates a sum of two eigenvalues of the matrix. A proportionality factor calculator calculates a proportionality factor for frequency from the sum of the two eigenvalues.

Abstract: The invention provides a measurement system to interrogate at least one birefringent optical sensor and a method to interrogate birefringent optical sensors at high speed and high resolution. The system and method detects, at least, a first and a second spectral feature that are polarization dependent, wherein the detected first and second spectral features correspond to different responses of at least one birefringent optical sensor.

Abstract: A modular cart for use with an anthropomorphic test device, an assembly including an anthropomorphic test device and a method of placing an anthropomorphic test device on a modular cart. The cart includes a wheeled base with a pair of upstanding posts that together with members that can be interchangeably secured to one of the posts in order to form one of a storage position or a ready-to-test position. In this way, when an anthropomorphic test device is placed on the cart between these members, the members and the posts cooperate with one another to have the anthropomorphic test device be in a generally seating position that can accommodate both storage and testing without having to reposition the anthropomorphic test device.

Abstract: A fixture for testing stiffness of a vehicle wheel by measuring vibration of the wheel includes a base and a retention member. The retention member is integral to the base. The retention member defines a distal end including a distal diameter and a proximal end being proximate to the base and including a proximal diameter. The proximal end includes a plurality of studs extending upwardly therefrom for being received by lug apertures defined by the vehicle wheel thereby securing the vehicle wheel to the retention member. The distal diameter includes a ratio to the proximal diameter of between 0.6 to 0.8 to one.

Abstract: A sample sectioning device including a housing having a base member, a cutting mechanism positioned on the base member and operable to cut sections from a sample, a sample holder dimensioned to hold a sample and operable to move with respect to the cutting mechanism during a cutting operation, and a waste removal assembly positioned below the cutting mechanism and the sample holder, the waste removal assembly having a first member and a second member that are dimensioned to remove waste produced during the cutting operation.

Abstract: An extractive system, such as SPME, has an adsorptive phase in the form of a porous coating that has essentially vertical, mutually supporting, columnar structures with nanospaces at the boundaries of the grains.

Abstract: An exhaust sampling system for an engine is provided. The exhaust sampling system may include a source of exhaust gas, an exhaust collection unit including at least one collection bag that selectively receives the exhaust gas, and a sample probe in fluid communication with the source of exhaust gas that selectively supplies the at least one collection bag with the exhaust gas. The exhaust sampling system may also include a controller that permits flow of the exhaust gas from the sample probe to the at least one collection bag in a first state and prevents flow of the exhaust gas from the sample probe to the at least one collection bag in a second state. The controller may determine an extraction rate of the sample probe based on an ON time of the engine during a test phase.

Abstract: Devices, methods and systems for monitoring, sampling, and filtering or sanitizing the air of an environment are provided. Devices and methods including air filtering units with smart features including connectivity and reporting features are provided wherein a unit is provided to communicate with a system. Based on detected values related to air contamination and particulates entrained in the air, the system and methods are capable of performing various functions including reporting and remediation functions.

Abstract: A specimen extraction kit includes a flexible tubular container configured to contain an extraction liquid, two holding portions opposed to each other and arranged at opposite sides of the tubular container, a coupling portion that couples the opposing holding portions, and a bending rib arranged on each of the opposing holding portions and configured to bend the tubular container and an extraction subject.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to devices, methods and kits for blood sample separation and analysis. More particularly, the disclosure relates to devices, methods and kits that rapidly separate a blood sample into uniform solid and liquid phases in a sealed environment. A specific example includes a device with a door coupled to the housing, a blood sample separation medium, a mesh material and a desiccant. In one example, the blood sample separation medium is disposed between the housing and the mesh material, the desiccant is coupled to the door, the desiccant is distal from the mesh material when the door is in a first open position, and the desiccant is proximal to the mesh material when the door is in a second closed position.

Abstract: Described is a liquid inlet valve having a housing configured to receive the opening of a sample bottle, a valve, a nozzle positioned within the housing, and a tube that extends downwardly from the housing. The liquid inlet valve is useful for transferring liquid samples from a sample bottle to a solvent phase extraction (SPE) disk of a bottle extractor system for purposes of conducting environmental analysis.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring the effective dissolving of a polymer when the use region is not accessible. The apparatus includes a pipe on which are inserted, consecutively: a pump, a flowmeter, a water or brine inlet mechanism for diluting the mother solution flowing in the pipe, a mixer capable of in-line homogenization of the diluted mother solution, a first tube calibrated to simulate the distance and the conditions for moving the diluted solution in the main pipe between the point where the mother solution is diluted and the use region, a mechanism capable of reducing the pressure of the diluted solution flowing in the pipe upstream of the first tube that is calibrated from 10 to 10000 kPa (from 0.1 to 100 bar), a second calibrated tube for creating a head loss, and a device for measuring differential pressure between the inlet and the outlet of the second calibrated tube.

Abstract: A system for sensing characteristics of a fluid contained within a tank. The system including an ultrasonic sensor, a temperature sensor, and a controller. The ultrasonic sensor is configured to output a ultrasonic pulse into the fluid, receive an echo of the ultrasonic pulse, and output a signal based on the received echo. The temperature sensor is configured to sense a temperature of the fluid and output a temperature signal corresponding to the temperature of the fluid. The controller is configured to determine a time-of-flight based on the output of the ultrasonic pulse and the received echo of the ultrasonic pulse, receive the temperature signal, determine a characteristic of the fluid based on the time-of-flight and the temperature signal, compare the characteristic of the fluid to a baseline characteristic, and output a signal based on the comparison between the characteristic of the fluid and the baseline characteristic.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for testing wettability of tight oil reservoir. The method comprises: by using a nuclear magnetic resonance testing method, testing nuclear magnetic resonance maps of the tight oil reservoir in the saturated water state and in the saturated oil state; by using the nuclear magnetic resonance maps, analyzing a water-wetting degree and an oil-wetting degree of the tight oil reservoir; calculating a mixed wettability index of the tight oil reservoir, and estimating the wettability of the tight oil reservoir according to the mixed wettability index. This disclosure can effectively improve testing efficiency, quantitatively analyze the water-wetting degree and the oil-wetting degree of the tight oil reservoir, and improve accuracy of testing results.

Abstract: Method of characterizing particles suspended in a fluid dispersant by light diffraction, comprising: obtaining measurement data from a detector element, the detector element being arranged to measure the intensity of scattered light; identifying a measurement contribution arising from light scattered by inhomogeneities in the dispersant; processing the measurement data to remove or separate the measurement contribution arising from light scattered by inhomogeneities in the dispersant; calculating a particle size distribution from the processed measurement. The detector element is one of a plurality of detector elements from which the measurement data is obtained. The detector elements are arranged to measure the intensity of scattered light at a plurality of scattering angles, the plurality of scattering angles distributed over a plurality of angles about an illumination axis.

Abstract: A pneumatic transport system (10), comprising at least one material transport carrier for transporting a pneumatic transportable material (M) in the pneumatic system (10) by means of a pneumatic device (1a) adapted to operate with negative pressure on the material transport carrier to transport the pneumatic transportable material (M) in the pneumatic system (10) comprising one or more tubes (13) forming a continuous transport path (CL), wherein a pressure-drop monitoring element (3a) is provided and adapted to monitor filter performance of a separating filter (16) provided in the transport path (CL) and adapted to separate the material transport carrier and the transportable material (M) in the transport path (CL).

Abstract: A method for determining porosity associated with organic matter (PAOM) in a well or formation is provided. A system for performing the method is also provided.

Abstract: A system and method for sorting sperm is provided. The system includes a housing and a microfluidic system supported by the housing. The system also includes an inlet providing access to the microfluidic system to deliver sperm to the microfluidic system and an outlet providing access to the microfluidic system to harvest sorted sperm from the microfluidic system. The microfluidic system provides a flow path for sperm from the inlet to the outlet and includes at least one channel extending from the inlet to the outlet to allow sperm delivered to the microfluidic system through the inlet to progress along the flow path toward the outlet. The microfluidic system also includes a filter including a first plurality of micropores arranged in the flow path between the inlet and the outlet to cause sperm traveling along the flow path to move against through the filter and gravity to reach the outlet.

Abstract: Systems and methods for imaging a plurality of blood fluid samples or other types of samples include processing at least a portion of a sample to enhance imageability of certain particles in that portion and subsequently imaging the sample portion. In some instances, processing and imaging of various samples may be staged in a manner to optimize throughput of the system or method.

Abstract: Reflectometer, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer, and polarimeter systems having a supercontinuum laser source of coherent electromagnetic radiation over a range of about 400-about 2500 nm, a stage for supporting a sample and a detector of electromagnetic radiation, wherein the supercontinuum source provides a coherent beam of electromagnetic radiation which interacts with a sample, and the detector system comprises functional combinations of gratings and/or combination dichroic beam splitter-prisms, which themselves can be optimized as regards wavelength dispersion characteristics, directs wavelengths in various ranges to various detectors that are well suited to detect them.

Abstract: Devices, methods, systems, and computer-readable media for a dual wavelength source gas sensor are described herein. One or more embodiments include a gas sensor, comprising: a dual wavelength source to transmit a first wavelength and a second wavelength via an optical path, wherein a gas is present through the optical path, a detector to receive the first wavelength and the second wavelength via the optical path, and a computing device coupled to the detector to determine an determine a signal intensity for the first wavelength and the second wavelength.

Abstract: Systems and methods disclosed herein, in accordance with one or more embodiments provide for imaging gas in a scene, the scene having a background and a possible occurrence of gas. In one embodiment, a method and a system adapted to perform the method includes: controlling a thermal imaging system to capture a gas IR image representing the temperature of a gas and a background IR image representing the temperature of a background based on a predetermined absorption spectrum of the gas, on an estimated gas temperature and on an estimated background temperature; and generating a gas-absorption-path-length image, representing the length of the path of radiation from the background through the gas, based on the gas image and the background IR image. The system and method may include generating a gas visualization image based on the gas-absorption-path-length image to display an output image visualizing a gas occurrence in the scene.

Abstract: A method and system for an aerospace vehicle. A pulse of electromagnetic radiation is transmitted into the composite sandwich panel such that the composite sandwich panel is heated above an ambient temperature. An amount of infrared radiation generated in the composite sandwich panel is detected in response to transmitting the pulse of electromagnetic radiation into the composite sandwich panel using a time window selected to detect the amount of infrared radiation when the pulse of electromagnetic radiation heats the composite sandwich panel. The amount of infrared radiation detected indicates a level of moisture in the composite sandwich panel.

Abstract: A lightpipe is coupled to a spectrometer based on a laterally variable optical filter. The lightpipe may be used for both guiding the illuminating light towards a sample and collecting light reflected or emitted by the sample upon illumination, for spectral measurements at a distance from the sample afforded by the lightpipe. The lightpipe may include a slab of homogeneous transparent material for unconstrained bidirectional propagation of light in bulk of the material. The lightpipe may be solid, hollow, or sectioned for separated guiding of the illuminating and the reflected light.

Abstract: Provided is an interferometer for inspecting a test sample. The interferometer includes: a light source for providing a light beam; a beam splitting element, splitting the light beam into first and second incident light, wherein the first incident light is reflected by the test sample into first reflection light; a reflecting element, reflecting the second incident light into second reflection light; an optical detection element, receiving the first and the second reflection light into an interference signal; and a signal processing module, coupled to the optical detection element, for performing spatial differential calculation on the interference signal to generate a demodulation image of the test sample.

Abstract: A scattering absorber measurement device includes a light source for outputting a plurality of light pulses having different wavelengths input to a scattering absorber, a photodetector for detecting each light pulse propagating inside the scattering absorber and output a detection signal, and a computation unit for calculating a reduced scattering coefficient and an absorption coefficient according to a time-resolved spectroscopic measurement method on the basis of the detection signal. The computation unit determines data related to a ratio of reduced scattering coefficients among wavelengths of the plurality of light pulses and calculates the reduced scattering coefficient and the absorption coefficient on the basis of a time-resolved measurement profile of each wavelength based on the detection signal and the data related to the ratio.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor structure includes patterning one or more fin structures disposed over a top surface of a substrate, a given one of the fin structures comprising a first semiconductor layer comprising a first material disposed over the top surface of the substrate and a second semiconductor layer comprising a second material disposed over a top surface of the first semiconductor layer. The method further includes forming a liner over the one or more fin structures, and performing an anneal process to form one or more nanoscale features in a top surface of the second semiconductor layer. The second material exhibits enhanced diffusion, relative to the first material, at an interface of the liner and sidewalls of the given fin structure.

Abstract: The imaging optical system is for acquiring a clear final image, even if an intermediate image is formed at a position that overlaps with an optical device, by preventing scratches or the like of the optical device from becoming superimposed on the intermediate image, and has imaging lenses that form a final image and at least one intermediate image, a first phase-modulating element that imparts a spatial disturbance to a wavefront of light from an object, and a second phase-modulating element disposed at a position so that at least one intermediate image is interposed between the element and the element and that cancels the spatial disturbance, wherein the element has cylindrical lenses arranged with a space therebetween, and arranged so that a principal point of the whole system is positioned in a vicinity of a pupil position of the imaging lenses.

Abstract: The device for the microbiological analysis of a support (41) adapted to contain microorganisms marked by a fluorophore agent comprises illuminating means adapted to illuminate said support (41) comprising two bases (21) on each of which is mounted at least one group of light sources (22), with said sources (22) of that group being regularly spaced from each other to form an array for illuminating said support (41), said bases (21) being fixed to a frame of said device, one on each side of an opening (9) formed in said frame, with said bases (21) being inclined towards each other in the direction of a predetermined location for reception of said support (41) in said device.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments relate to a system that displays an image of the characteristics of the biological tissue. During operation, the system enables a user to illuminate a measurement location in an area of interest on the biological tissue by manipulating a point measurement probe, wherein the point measurement probe delivers both an excitation beam and an overlapping aiming beam that is visible to a camera. Next, the system obtains fluorescence information from a fluorescence signal emitted from the measurement location in response to the excitation beam. The system then captures an image of the area of interest using the camera and identifies a portion of the image that corresponds to the measurement location by identifying a location illuminated by the aiming beam. Finally, the system generates an overlay image by overlaying the fluorescence information onto the portion of the image that corresponds to the measurement location, and then displays the overlay image to a user.

Abstract: Disclosed are calibration apparatuses for fluorescent microscopy instruments and methods of making and using them. Specifically, disclosed are calibration apparatuses with a fluorescent layer, such as photoresist, deposited on a substrate, with an optional layer of a reflective material, such as chrome. Illumination of the fluorescent and/or reflective layers, and detection and analysis of the resulting emissions allows evaluation of the instrument with respect to both reflective and fluorescent channels. Selection of appropriate fluorescent materials for the one or more fluorescent layers allows the evaluation of an instrument with respect to different fluorophores, as would be used with an instrument capable of two color detection.

Abstract: An optical fiber cord includes: an optical fiber; and a cover material covering the optical fiber, the cover material being formed by braiding a plurality of yarns. Moreover, an abnormality detection system includes: the optical fiber covered with the cover material formed by braiding the plurality of yarns; a scattered light detector configured to detect scattered light occurring in the optical fiber and output data on intensity distribution in a longitudinal direction of the optical fiber; and a data processor configured to determine the presence or absence of an abnormality based on the data outputted from the scattered light detector.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a substrate for surface enhanced Raman scattering, a fabricating method for the same and an analyzing method using the same. The present disclosure may provide a substrate for surface enhanced Raman scattering having excellent surface enhanced Raman scattering effects by randomly stacking of Ag nanowires in a simple way by utilizing a substrate having a filtering function, and a method for efficiently analyzing a material to be analyzed using the same.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a light detection device and a system that utilizes such device are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, the light detection device can include a housing that includes a port disposed in a top surface, a receptacle disposed within the housing and adapted to receive a sample, a detector disposed within the housing along an optical axis and including an input surface having an active area, and a reflector disposed within the housing along the optical axis between the receptacle and the input surface of the detector. The reflector can include an input aperture disposed adjacent the receptacle, an output aperture disposed adjacent the input surface of the detector, and a reflective surface that extends between the input aperture and the output aperture.

Abstract: A method and system for determination of contaminants, such as black powder, in a flowing fluid, such as natural gas, is disclosed. The method comprises transmitting a plurality of light beams over a spectrum of wavelengths through the flowing fluid and receiving a plurality of measurements relating to transmitted and scattered light beams over the spectrum of wavelengths. The received plurality of measurements are compared with a plurality of stored patterns and a result indicative of the determination of the contaminants is output.

Abstract: Described herein are various technologies related to inspecting transparent containers for both opaque and transparent defects. An emitter is configured to direct a color gradient through a sidewall of a transparent container, such that color of light that passes through the sidewall varies across the sidewall. A camera is configured to capture an image of the sidewall of the transparent container while the color gradient passes through the sidewall of the container. A computing system receives the image and determines whether the sidewall of the container includes either an opaque or a transparent defect based upon the image.

Abstract: A method of evaluating a semiconductor wafer, which has a polished surface, by using a laser surface-inspection device including incident and light-receiving systems, includes evaluating the semiconductor wafer by detecting, as a light point defect, an abnormality of a process-induced defect and a surface-adhered foreign matter present on the polished surface of the semiconductor wafer, on the basis of measurement result obtained by directing incident light to the polished surface of the semiconductor wafer from one incident system and receiving, with a first light-receiving system, radiation light which has been radiated by the incident light being reflected or scattered by the polished surface, measurement result obtained by receiving the radiation light with a second light-receiving system, and measurement result obtained by receiving the radiation light with a third light-receiving system, and at least one of a light-receiving angle and polarization selectivity differs among the first, second and third li

Abstract: An X-ray inspection apparatus includes an X-ray irradiation unit that irradiates an article with X-rays, an X-ray detection unit that detects the X-rays transmitted through the article, an inspection unit that generates an X-ray transmission image of the article based on a signal output from the X-ray detection unit and performs inspection of the article based on the X-ray transmission image, and a control unit that controls the X-ray irradiation unit and the X-ray detection unit. The control unit executes a first control of controlling the X-ray irradiation unit such that an irradiation output is increased if a detection output of the X-ray detection unit is decreased when the control unit controls the X-ray irradiation unit such that the irradiation output of the X-ray irradiation unit becomes a first irradiation output. The control unit executes the first control in a state where the article is not irradiated with the X-rays.

Abstract: A composition analysis method includes iteratively irradiating a sample with an ion beam, irradiating a specific portion of the sample that is thinned by the irradiation of the ion beam with an electron beam, and detecting an intensity of an X-ray generated from the sample by the irradiation of the electron beam. The method further includes determining an identity of an element included in the sample based on at least one detection result obtained in the iterative process.

Abstract: NMR logging of hydrocarbon formations may be performed with a gradient multi-frequency NMR technique using an increased packing density of the sensitive volumes such that the radiofrequency (RF) pluses for adjacent sensitive volumes interfere. An exemplary method may include applying first and second sequences of RF pulses at first and second frequencies, respectively, the second sequence being applied at a time interval following the first sequence; acquiring the NMR relaxation data from first and second sensitive volumes corresponding to the first and second frequencies, respectively; and selecting the first and second frequencies and the time interval to allow for interference between the first sequence of RF pulses and the NMR relaxation data from the second sensitive volume in order to increase a signal-to-noise ratio and a signal-to-noise ratio per square root of time of the NMR relaxation data.