Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a wafer-level package that includes a first thinned die, a multilayer redistribution structure, a first mold compound, and a second mold compound. The first thinned die resides over a top surface of the multilayer redistribution structure. The multilayer redistribution structure includes at least one support pad that is on a bottom surface of the multilayer redistribution structure and vertically aligned with the first thinned die. The first mold compound resides over the multilayer redistribution structure and around the first thinned die, and extends beyond a top surface of the first thinned die to define an opening within the first mold compound and over the first thinned die. The second mold compound fills the opening and is in contact with the top surface of the first thinned die.

Abstract: Microelectronic packages having hermetic cavities are provided, as are methods for producing such packages. In one embodiment, the microelectronic package includes a sensor die having first and second Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) transducer structures formed thereon. First and second cap pieces are coupled to the sensor die by, for example, direct or indirect bonding. A first hermetic cavity encloses the first MEMS transducer structure and is at least partially defined by the first cap piece and the sensor die. Similarly, a second hermetic cavity encloses the second MEMS transducer structure and at least partially defined by the second cap piece and the sensor die. A vent hole is fluidly coupled to the first hermetic cavity and is sealed by the second cap piece.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an at least partly hollow MEMS structure. In a first step one or more through-going openings is/are provided in core material. The one or more through-going openings is/are then covered by an etch-stop layer. After this step, a bottom electrically conducting layer, one or more electrically conducting vias and a top electrically conducting layer are created. The bottom layer is connected to the vias and vias are connected to the top layer. The vias are formed by filling at least one of the one or more through-going openings. The method further comprises the step of creating bottom and top conductors in the respective bottom and top layers. Finally, excess core material is removed in order to create the at least partly hollow MEMS structure which may include a MEMS inductor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a wafer-level package that includes a first thinned die, a multilayer redistribution structure, a first mold compound, and a second mold compound. The first thinned die includes a first device layer formed from glass materials. The multilayer redistribution structure includes redistribution interconnects that connect the first device layer to package contacts on a bottom surface of the multilayer redistribution structure. Herein, the connections between the redistribution interconnects and the first device layer are solder-free. The first mold compound resides over the multilayer redistribution structure and around the first thinned die, and extends beyond a top surface of the first thinned die to define an opening within the first mold compound and over the first thinned die. The second mold compound fills the opening and is in contact with the top surface of the first thinned die.

Abstract: An ionization chamber is disclosed that can free ions in water creating polarized atoms of hydrogen and oxygen derived from water in the process. The water can be comprised of non-potable waste water. Once the hydrogen and oxygen ions are released, and polarized in the process, the electrons can be aligned such that the end product is the release of hydrogen and the bonding of the oxygen with the free electrons of the other element(s) such as Titanium or Tungsten for example, without high heat or pressure as is normally required. The chamber is comprised of a series of metallic rods, a series of solid nickel mesh plates, a vacuum pump, a dual pulsed D.C. Power supply (from 200-800 VDC pulsed and a low power, ?24 VDC pulsed at 400-600 Hz.), a water bath chamber, a ceramic or Teflon encapsulated feeder assembly, and an R.F. Pulse generator.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a microwave reforming apparatus for gas reforming, and provides a new technology of converting carbon dioxide which is a main greenhouse gas generated during combustion, pyrolysis/gasification, and operation of fossil fuels, methane, and dispersions thereof into high-quality fuels. A microwave reforming apparatus according to the present disclosure uses a carbon receptor and thus can solve the conventional problem of price of catalyst and also enables compactification of a device, rapid startup and response time in several seconds, and application of various kinds of product gases including polymer hydrocarbon. Also, the microwave reforming apparatus according to the present disclosure uses its own internal reaction heat at the time of reforming and thus can maintain the optimum operating conditions for a wide range of flow rate and gas properties.

Abstract: A compact lightweight air filtration system is disclosed. The air filtration system includes a hydrophobic particulate/coalescing filter and a cleanable ozone converter housed in a housing with an inlet and an outlet. Air flowing from the inlet to the outlet passes through the particulate/coalescing filter element and then the cleanable ozone converter to remove particulates, aerosols, liquids, and ozone.

Abstract: High quality, catalyst-free boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) that are long, flexible, have few wall molecules and few defects in the crystalline structure, can be efficiently produced by a process driven primarily by Direct Induction. Secondary Direct Induction coils, Direct Current heaters, lasers, and electric arcs can provide additional heating to tailor the processes and enhance the quality of the BN-NTs while reducing impurities. Heating the initial boron feed stock to temperatures causing it to act as an electrical conductor can be achieved by including refractory metals in the initial boron feed stock, or providing additional heat via lasers or electric arcs. Direct Induction processes may be energy efficient and sustainable for indefinite periods of time. Careful heat and gas flow profile management may be used to enhance production of high quality BNNT at significant production rates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing aluminum nitride and aluminum nitride prepared by the same. Pure aluminum powder having a median particle size (D50) of 1.52 ?m was heated to a temperature in a range of 595° C.˜900° C. in a nitrogen containing atmosphere comprising nitrogen and argon gases, at atmospheric pressure for one hour to obtain aluminum nitride with a degree of nitridation exceeding 93%. According to the present invention aluminum nitride may be produced with high yield using a simple and inexpensive one-step heating method in a relatively short period of time.

Abstract: Porous three-dimensional networks of polyimide and porous three-dimensional networks of carbon and methods of their manufacture are described. For example, polyimide aerogels are prepared by mixing a dianhydride and a diisocyanate in a solvent comprising a pyrrolidone and acetonitrile at room temperature to form a sol-gel material and supercritically drying the sol-gel material to form the polyimide aerogel. Porous three-dimensional polyimide networks, such as polyimide aerogels, may also exhibit a fibrous morphology. Having a porous three-dimensional polyimide network undergo an additional step of pyrolysis may result in the three dimensional network being converted to a purely carbon skeleton, yielding a porous three-dimensional carbon network. The carbon network, having been derived from a fibrous polyimide network, may also exhibit a fibrous morphology.

Abstract: Processes for producing polycrystalline silicon by thermal decomposition of silane are disclosed. The processes generally involve thermal decomposition of silane in a fluidized bed reactor operated at reaction conditions that result in a high rate of productivity relative to conventional production processes.

Abstract: Processes for producing polycrystalline silicon by thermal decomposition of silane are disclosed. The processes generally involve thermal decomposition of silane in a fluidized bed reactor operated at reaction conditions that result in a high rate of productivity relative to conventional production processes.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to methods of forming calcium-silicate-hydrate particles by mixing a calcium source with a silicate source. In some embodiments, the mixing comprises sonication. In some embodiments, the mixing occurs in the presence of a surfactant and a solvent. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure further comprise a step of controlling the morphology of the calcium-silicate-hydrate particles. In some embodiments, the step of controlling the morphology of calcium-silicate-hydrate particles comprises selecting a stoichiometric ratio of the calcium source over the silicate source. In some embodiments, the formed calcium-silicate-hydrate particles have cubic shapes. In some embodiments, the formed calcium-silicate-hydrate particles have rectangular shapes. In some embodiments, the formed calcium-silicate-hydrate particles are in the form of self-assembled particles of controlled shapes.

Abstract: A process for preparing an aluminum-free boron containing zeolitic material comprising the framework structure MWW (BMWW), comprising (a) hydrothermally synthesizing the BMWW from a synthesis mixture containing water, a silicon source, a boron source, and an MWW template compound obtaining the BMWW in its mother liquor, the mother liquor having a pH above 9; (b) adjusting the pH of the mother liquor, obtained in (a) and containing the BMWW, to a value in the range of from 6 to 9; (c) separating the BMWW from the pH-adjusted mother liquor obtained in (b) by filtration in a filtration device.

Abstract: A process for producing a hexafluorophosphate salt comprises neutralizing hexafluorophosphoric acid with an organic Lewis base, to obtain an organic hexafluorophosphate salt. The organic hexafluorophosphate salt is reacted with an alkali hydroxide selected from an alkali metal hydroxide (other than LiOH) and an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, in a non-aqueous suspension medium, to obtain an alkali hexafluorophosphate salt as a precipitate. A liquid phase comprising the non-aqueous suspension medium, any unreacted organic Lewis base and any water that has formed during the reaction to form the precipitate, is removed. Thereby, the alkali hexafluorophosphate salt is recovered.

Abstract: Provided is a new method for producing a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries, by which even in the case of washing a spinel type lithium transition metal oxide with water or the like, the service life characteristics can be further enhanced, and the concentration of magnetic substances can be effectively reduced. Suggested is a method for producing a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries, the method including a water washing step of bringing a powder of a spinel type lithium transition metal oxide into contact with a polar solvent and thereby washing the powder; and a drying step of subsequently drying the powder by heating the powder to 300° C. to 700° C. in an atmosphere containing oxygen.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure resides in a positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries including a Li2MnO3—LiMO2 solid solution {M is at least one metal element} which shows two peaks in an X-ray diffraction pattern each having a peak top at a diffraction angle of 18° to 19° and satisfying 0.001<R(B/A)<0.03, the R(B/A) is the ratio of the intensity B of one of the peaks on the higher angle side to the intensity A of the other peak on the lower angle side.

Abstract: A water treating method includes a step of installing a cavitation generation ring in a part of a water communication pipe, and a step of passing water through the inside of the cylindrical portion at high pressure, thereby cavitation being generated in the cylindrical portion and clusters of molecules of water being fined. A cavitation generation ring is configured to be installed in a part of a water communication pipe. A water treating apparatus includes a cavitation generation ring, a water communication pipe and a pressurizing pump for water.

Abstract: Evaporation panel securing system can include first and second evaporation panels, and a security fastener to secure a male connector (first evaporation panel) within a female-receiving opening (second evaporation panel) in an orthogonally joined orientation, for example. The evaporation panels can include a plurality of evaporation shelves that are laterally elongated, vertically stacked, spaced apart from one another, and horizontally oriented; a plurality of vertical support columns positioned laterally along the plurality of evaporation shelves to provide support and separation to the plurality of evaporation shelves; a plurality of female-receiving openings individually bordered by two evaporation shelves and two support columns; and a plurality of male connectors positioned laterally at ends of the plurality of evaporation panels, wherein the male connectors of the first evaporation panel are releasably joinable with female-receiving openings of the second evaporation panel.

Abstract: Methods for removing anions from an aqueous solution include contacting the aqueous solution with an initial organic phase composition in a primary stage to form a first mixture, the initial organic phase composition including a quaternary amine and a weak organic acid; separating a nitrate-depleted raffinate from the first mixture; mixing the remaining organic phase (now containing nitrate) with a first basic solution to obtain a second mixture; separating an aqueous phase sulfate-containing scrub solution from the second mixture; mixing the remaining organic phase with a second basic solution to form a third mixture; and separating the third mixture into an aqueous phase nitrate-rich solution and a secondary organic phase composition. The secondary organic phase composition can be recycled. The raffinate, the sulfate-containing scrub solution, and the nitrate-rich solution can then be further processed.

Abstract: A solution for treating a fluid, such as water, is provided. The solution determines an ultraviolet transparency of a fluid before or as the fluid enters a disinfection chamber. In the disinfection chamber, the fluid can be irradiated by ultraviolet radiation to harm microorganisms that may be present in the fluid. One or more attributes of the disinfection chamber, fluid flow, and/or ultraviolet radiation can be adjusted based on the transparency to provide more efficient irradiation and/or higher disinfection rates.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in a liquid treatment process, and a method of use is described. The apparatus comprises an inlet configured to be connected to a source of liquid to be treated and an outlet for discharging liquid from the apparatus. At least one liquid treatment vessel or conduit is disposed between the inlet and the outlet, and is arranged to expose liquid in the vessel to ultraviolet radiation in an advanced oxidation process reaction. A source of ultraviolet radiation extending along the liquid treatment vessel or conduit, such that an annular flow volume is defined in the vessel or conduit around the source of ultraviolet radiation. A rotary device is disposed in the annular flow volume and a drive mechanism drives rotation of the rotary device. The rotary device is operable to induce cavitation in a liquid present in the annular flow volume.

Abstract: A biological filtration system for the neutralization of urine and other pool biologicals within a water filtration system of a pool or spa, providing for the neutralization of urine, bacteria, viruses and other biologicals, using a UVC lamp, a urease reaction chamber, a nitrifying bacteria reaction chamber and a nitrate filter prior to return to the water inlet supply line of the pool or spa.

Abstract: A process of treating water includes a membrane separation stage and a deionization stage separating raw water into a first concentrate stream and permeate stream, the first concentrate stream is separated at least in part into a second concentrate stream and permeate stream, the first permeate stream is fed into a diluate chamber from which it exits again as a product stream, the second permeate stream is fed into a downstream electrodeionization appliance from which it exits as a third concentrate stream, and the second and the third concentrate streams are degassed and added to the raw water stream before the stream is fed into the membrane separation stage.

Abstract: Described herein is a graphene material based membrane that provides selective resistance for solutes or gas while providing water permeability. A selectively permeable membrane comprising graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and also functionalized or crosslinked between the graphene, that provides enhanced salt separation from water or gas permeability resistance, methods for making such membranes, and methods of using the membranes for dehydrating or removing solutes from water are also described.

Abstract: Polysaccharide agents for removing solids from an aqueous suspension and methods for using the polysaccharide agents to remove solids from an aqueous suspension.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate generally to methods and systems for treating aqueous systems associated with industrial wastewater applications, in particular gas and crude oil drilling, pumping and production, in order to reduce or eliminate contamination and allow the water that is treated to be reused, in particular, to be reused for hydraulic fracturing.

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to a membrane bioreactor for strengthening membrane fouling control and method thereof. The embodiments may solve problems associated with existing techniques in the field of water treatment. The membrane bioreactor may include a reactor wall, a membrane element, a collecting pipe, a water collecting pipe, a vacuum table, a suction pump, a cleaning unit, an air compressor, an aeration pipe, an aeration head, an inlet pipe, and a drain pipe. The existing techniques related to membrane fouling control has problems such as complexity to operate, difficulties to clean online, and uses of chemicals, which may cause secondary pollution. The embodiments relate to a device that includes a set of automatic mechanical transmission units.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of water contaminated by polar and/or apolar organic compounds, and/or by heavy metal salts, and/or by oil dispersed or in emulsion, comprises sending said contaminated water to a system comprising: at least one adsorption (3) unit including at least one microporous or mesoporous alumina-silicate; at least one nanofiltration unit (7) including at least one hydrophilic nanofiltration membrane; wherein said hydrophilic nanofiltration membrane has a contact angle with water lower than or equal to 45°, preferably ranging from 25° to 40°.

Abstract: An efficient and economical wastewater treatment system is disclosed. The wastewater treatment system may comprise a first sump for receiving wastewater to be treated. The first sump includes a ring that acts a first focal point to gather the waste and remove solids. Suspended solids are transported from the first sump, through one or more filters, and sent to a second sump. The second sump is preferably in communication with one or more protein skimmers. The second sump preferably includes one or more secondary focal points for gathering suspended solids to be further treated by the one or more protein skimmers. The second sump may include a partition wall that separates the second sump into a main tank and a gathering tank. One or more collecting chambers may be disposed in the gathering tank. Inlet conduits disposed within the main tank create a cross-flow or horizontal vortex that forces water to cascade over the partition wall into the one or more collecting chambers.

Abstract: The present invention provides a chromium-containing water treatment method that allows treatment of water that contains chromium (chromium-containing water) at low cost. A chromium-containing water treatment method according to the present invention comprises: a reduction step in which chromium-containing water 11 and a liquid 12 containing 5-50 ppm of hydrogen sulfide are mixed, and the mixture is adjusted to pH 3.5 or lower and ORP 200-400 mV by adding an acid 13 thereto, so as to reduce chromium contained in the water; and a precipitation separation step in which a neutralizing agent is added to a solution 11? obtained via the reduction step so as to adjust the solution 11? to pH 8-9, thereby precipitating and separating, as a hydroxide, the reduced chromium contained in the solution.

Abstract: A method and a device for the continuous purification of a domestic or industrial water stream. After passing through a biological reactor to obtain a sludge of between 4 and 12 g/l of Dry Solids, the method involves feeding a series of chambers separated by restrictions at a flow rate q, injecting air into a second chamber at a flow rate Q>q, in order to obtain an emulsion, injecting a flocculant into a third chamber, and recovering the degassed emulsion in a drain pan. Flocculated and aerated sludge floats on top, such that the remaining liquid centrate has a Dry Solids content less than 100 mg/l and has a positive redox potential >50 mV and a value greater than 100 mV relative to the redox potential of the sludge at the inlet of the chambers, and is reinjected upstream from or into the biological reactor.

Abstract: A portion of a submerged combustion burner is disposed into a pressure vessel. The portion of the submerged combustion burner has a welded area that has a first microstructure defined by a first number of voids. The vessel is filled with an inert gas, pressurized, and heated. Pressurizing and heating operations are performed for a time and at a temperature and a pressure sufficient to produce a second microstructure in the welded area of the burner. The second microstructure is defined by a second number of voids less than the first number of voids.

Abstract: A method for producing glass vials, in particular pharmaceutical vials or pharmaceutical ampoules, from a glass tube is provided, the method including the following steps: (a) rotating the glass tube about a longitudinal axis thereof; (b) locally heating the glass tube from one side by means of at least one burner to at least the softening temperature of the glass; (c) reducing the diameter by pressing at least one forming body laterally against the heated region; and (d) separating the glass tube by means of a burner. A glass vial produced in such a way releases a reduced amount of alkali in accordance with ISO 4802 and has a decreased delamination tendency. Furthermore, in the hot-formed peripheral region, the alkali content is only slightly reduced when compared with the alkali content in the glass interior.

Abstract: Processes of chamfering and/or beveling an edge of a glass or other substrate of arbitrary shape using lasers are described herein. Three general methods to produce chamfers on glass substrates are disclosed. The first method involves cutting the edge with the desired chamfer shape utilizing an ultra-short pulse laser. Treatment with the ultra-short laser may be optionally followed by a CO2 laser for fully automated separation. The second method is based on thermal stress peeling of a sharp edge corner, and it has been demonstrated to work with different combination of an ultrashort pulse and/or CO2 lasers. A third method relies on stresses induced by ion exchange to effect separation of material along a fault line produced by an ultra-short laser to form a chamfered edge of desired shape.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of forming a hole in a glass substrate by using a pulsed laser, the method including (1) preparing the glass substrate including a first surface and a second surface that face each other; (2) forming a concave portion on the first surface by irradiating, with a first condition, the pulsed laser onto the first surface of the glass substrate through a lens; and (3) forming the hole by irradiating the pulsed laser onto the concave portion with a second condition such that energy density of the pulsed laser is less than or equal to a processing threshold value of the glass substrate.

Abstract: In a unit gravity environment, a glass preform is encased in a material to generate an encased glass preform. The material remains solid at the glass preform's crystal melting temperature and is inert with respect to the glass preform. The encased glass preform is placed in a microgravity environment and heated to a temperature above the crystal melting temperature until the glass preform melts and is free of crystals, wherein a crystallite-free glass preform is encased within the material. The crystallite-free glass preform is then cooled in the microgravity environment to generate a solid crystallite-free glass preform encased within the material. While still in the microgravity environment, the material encasing the solid crystallite-free glass preform is removed in the microgravity environment and the solid crystallite-free glass preform is polished. A glass optical fiber is then drawn from the solid crystallite-free glass preform in the microgravity environment.

Abstract: A high refraction low dispersion optical glass, the components thereof including, by weight percentage: B2O3: 1-30%; SiO2: 0-20%; La2O3: 25-55%; Gd2O3: 5-40%; Y2O3: 0-25%; Yb2O3: 0-10%; Ta2O5: 0-10%; Nb2O5: 1-30%; TiO2: 0-10%; ZrO2: 0.5-20%; WO3: 0-10%; ZnO: 0-15%; R2O: 0-10%; RO: 0-10%; Al2O3: 0-10%; GeO2: 0-10%; Bi2O3: 0-10%. A high refraction low dispersion environmentally friendly optical glass having excellent light transmittance may be obtained by reducing the Ta2O5 content within the glass components and introducing suitable amounts of rare earth oxide components having a high refraction low dispersion effect.

Abstract: An alkali borosilicate glass is provided that includes: SiO2 70-86 wt % Al2O3 0-5 wt % B2O3 9.0-25 wt % Na2O 0.5-5.0 wt % K2O 0-1.0 wt %, and Li2O 0-1.0 wt %. The proportions of the components are chosen in such a way that the weighted crosslinking index, that is, the mean number n of constraints per atom has a value greater than 2.9.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a joining material that can easily join materials to be joined even when characteristics and physical properties thereof differ greatly. To solve the above problem, the joining material according to the present invention is characterized by including a base material, a first layer that is disposed on one surface of the base material, and a second layer that is disposed on the other surface of the base material and includes a phase having a different coefficient of thermal expansion to that of the phase configuring the first layer, at least one of the first and second layers including glass having a softening point of 600° C. or lower.

Abstract: The invention relates to glass ceramics based on the lithium metasilicate system (Li2O.SiO2(Li2SiO3)), which are mechanically processible in a simple manner in an intermediate stage of the crystallization and, after complete crystallization, represent a high-strength, highly translucent and chemically stable glass ceramic.

Abstract: A glass composition including 65 to 72 wt-% SiO2, at least 10.1 wt-% Li2O, at least 10.1 wt-% Al2O3, 0 to 2 wt-% K2O, at most 4 wt-% Na2O, 0 to 1.5 wt-% CaO, 0 to 1.5 wt-% CeO2, 1 to 5 wt-% P2O5, 0 to 0.5 wt-% V2O5, 0 to 1 wt-% Ag, and 0 to 1 wt-% ZrO2, based on a total weight of the composition. The composition is devoid of TiO2, Cu2O, BaO, Sb2O3, Nb2O5, MgO, La2O3, and SnO2. The proportion of Li2O to Al2O3 in the composition is in a range of from 1:1 to 1.5:1.

Abstract: Plasma etching processes for forming patterns in high refractive index glass substrates, such as for use as waveguides, are provided herein. The substrates may be formed of glass having a refractive index of greater than or equal to about 1.65 and having less than about 50 wt % SiO2. The plasma etching processes may include both chemical and physical etching components. In some embodiments, the plasma etching processes can include forming a patterned mask layer on at least a portion of the high refractive index glass substrate and exposing the mask layer and high refractive index glass substrate to a plasma to remove high refractive index glass from the exposed portions of the substrate. Any remaining mask layer is subsequently removed from the high refractive index glass substrate. The removal of the glass forms a desired patterned structure, such as a diffractive grating, in the high refractive index glass substrate.

Abstract: The invention provides low-emissivity coatings that are highly reflective of infrared radiation. The coating includes three infrared-reflection film regions, which may each comprise silver.

Abstract: A technical object of the present invention is to devise a glass sheet that facilitates position alignment with a substrate to be processed and is less liable to be broken during conveyance, or processing treatment of the substrate to be processed, to thereby contribute to an increase in density of a semiconductor package. In order to achieve the technical object, the glass sheet of the present invention includes, in a contour thereof: a contour portion; and a position alignment portion, in which all or part of an end edge region of the position alignment portion where a surface thereof and an end surface thereof intersect is chamfered.

Abstract: A method for generating various stress profiles for chemically strengthened glass. An alkali aluminosilicate glass is brought into contact with an ion exchange media such as, for example, a molten salt bath containing an alkali metal cation that is larger than an alkali metal cation in the glass. The ion exchange is carried out at temperatures greater than about 420° C. and at least about 30° C. below the anneal point of the glass.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for increasing the viscosity of a calcium-containing fluid by addition of a modifying agent. The resulting enhanced viscosity fluid may be used in a variety of applications including drilling, to create an enhanced-viscosity fluid, and demolition/mining to create an expansive putty for use in underwater and overhead applications.

Abstract: A gypsum slurry includes water, a hydraulic component including calcium sulfate hemihydrate and a linear polycarboxylate dispersant. The linear polycarboxylate anionic dispersant includes a first monomeric repeating unit and a second monomeric repeating unit. The first repeating unit of the linear polycarboxylate dispersant is an olefinic unsaturated carboxylic acid repeating unit or salt thereof. The second repeating unit of the linear polycarboxylate dispersant is a vinyl sulfonate. The slurry can be made into a gypsum panel. Methods of making gypsum slurry and a gypsum panel are also disclosed.

Abstract: A lightweight thermal insulating cement-based material is formed from a mixture that includes cement, water and a foaming agent. The foaming agent can be an aluminum powder or a surfactant. The insulating material has a maximum use temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius or more.

Abstract: A foam formulation for preparing polymer-grafted nanoparticles stabilized foam, including nanoparticles, monomers of a polymer to be grafted on the nanoparticle surface, polymerization initiator, surfactant and water. The polymer-grafted nanoparticles may act together with the surfactant to form single-layer assembling at the boundary of bubbles, which in turn stabilizes the foam. The generated foam shows much better stability in long-term storage, high-temperature drying process and alkaline environments than conventional wet foams. A method of preparing solid porous materials with the foam is also provided.