Abstract: A wire/chain installing and tensioning device includes a wire-retaining rod, a post-engaging bracket, and a rod-receiving slot. The wire-retaining rod includes a rod body, a wire-engagement head, and a torque-receiving head. The rod-receiving slot normally traversing through the post-engaging bracket to receives the rod body. The wire-engagement head that receives and holds a wire to be tensioned is rotatably connected around a non-threaded section of the rod body. The torque-receiving head is terminally connected to a threaded section of the rod body and positioned opposite the wire-engagement head. The threaded section of the rod body is threadably engaged within the rod-receiving slot thus functioning as a linear actuator when the torque-receiving head is rotated by an external torque tool.

Abstract: A machine for manufacturing a reinforced net with hexagonal meshes including a plurality of permanently deformable wires, a reinforcing element, and a mechanism for the reciprocal coiling of first wires and second wires in twos. The mechanism has passages for the reinforcing elements, and a feed system for: the first wires, fed in from a plurality of containers mounted on board the machine and provided internally with a predetermined length of the first wires; for part of the second wires, fed in alternately with the first wires, so as to be interwoven therewith in twos in the coiling mechanism; and for the reinforcing elements, fed into the machine. For all the reinforcing elements, a wire receptacle is provided for one of the second wires, the wire receptacle being rotatable around the reinforcing element.

Abstract: A riveting tool chuck. The riveting tool chuck comprises a cylinder handgrip (1). A rotating member (2) and a transmission member (3) are disposed in the cylinder handgrip in a penetrating manner, the rotating member is axially positioned and circumferentially and rotatably connected to the cylinder handgrip, and the transmission member is circumferentially positioned and axially and movably connected to the cylinder handgrip, and the rotating member and the transmission member are connected by means of a thread structure (4).

Abstract: An apparatus for accessing an interior of a fuselage assembly. A tower having a number of platform levels may be driven into a selected tower position within an assembly area. The interior of the fuselage assembly may be accessed using the number of platform levels.

Abstract: A curing agent for water glass molding comprises: ester; amorphous silica; and water. The amorphous silica is formed by means of a pyrolysis method and/or by means of a precipitation method. Also disclosed is a use of the curing agent for water glass molding in preparation of a casting mold and a mold core. Respective components of the curing agent comprising ester, amorphous silica and water are mixed at a high speed to form a suspension. Next, the suspension is applied to prepare a water glass self-hardening sand. The curing agent does not cause powder contamination, and can be measured and added conveniently. Also disclosed are a manufacturing method of the curing agent for water glass molding and a water glass self-hardening sand.

Abstract: An investment casting pattern including: a consumable body formed of: a first body portion; and a second body portion; and a fastener arranged to form an interface between the first body portion and the second body portion, and to locate the first body portion relative to the second body portion, wherein the fastener is formed of a different material than the first body portion and the second body portion.

Abstract: A mold wash is used in a casting method using a lost foam to make a casting having a hole with a diameter of 12 mm or less. The casting method includes determining a thermal decomposition amount ?C(?,t) [wt %] of a resin binder when the mold wash is exposed at a temperature ? [° C.] for a time t [sec], and determining a room temperature transverse rupture strength ?b(?,t) [MPa] of the mold wash after receiving thermal loads, and performing casting with the mold wash having the room temperature transverse rupture strength ?b(?,t) after receiving thermal loads being equal to or larger than a threshold value ?cr [MPa].

Abstract: A method of making floor plate includes assembling a pair of casting rolls laterally disposed to form a nip, assembling a hot rolling mill downstream of the nip having work rolls with a surface pattern forming the negative of a raised slip-resistant pattern desired in a floor plate, introducing molten metal through at least one metal delivery nozzle to form a casting pool supported on the casting rolls above the nip; counter rotating the casting rolls to form shells on the casting surfaces of the casting rolls to cast metal strip of less than 2.2 mm thickness downwardly from the nip, and delivering the cast metal strip to and through the hot rolling mill to form by the negative of the slip-resistant pattern on the work rolls a raised slip-resistant pattern of between 0.3 and 0.7 mm in height in a floor plate of less than 1.7 mm thickness.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new pre-alloyed metal based powder, intended to be used in surface coating of metal parts. The powder is deposited using e.g. laser cladding or plasma transfer arc welding (PTA), or thermal spray (e.g. HVOF). The powder is useful for reducing friction and improving wear reducing properties of the deposited coating. Such coatings may also improve machinability. As friction or wear reducing component, inclusions of manganese sulphide or tungsten sulphide in the pre-alloyed powder may be used.

Abstract: A distributor device for use in a filling shoe for filling a mould cavity of a powder compression die, the distributor device having an inlet portion connectable to a powder supply; an outlet portion with an outlet opening; and a distributor portion arranged between the inlet portion and the outlet portion. The distributor portion includes one or more guide elements arranged to divide the distributor portion into a plurality of distributor channels. The distributor channels have an input with an input cross-sectional area at an upstream end of the distributor channel and an output with an output cross-sectional area at a downstream end of the distributor channel, wherein the input cross-sectional area differs from the output cross-sectional area for at least one of the distributor channels.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing method including depositing a first amount of metal powder on a print bed, the first amount metal powder forming a first layer, depositing a first binder component to the first layer in a first region, and depositing a second binder component to the first layer in a second region.

Abstract: A system for detecting a 3D printing error is described. The system comprising an image capturing device for generating at least one image of a first 3D print job creating an object and at least one image of a second 3D print job. The second 3D print job is creating the same object as the first 3D print job. The system also comprises an error detection module for comparing the at least one image of the second 3D print job to the at least one first image of the first 3D print job. The error detection module then triggers an error signal if a difference between the at least one image of the second 3D job and the at least one first image of the first 3D print job exceeds a threshold.

Abstract: Embodiments of systems and methods of additive manufacturing are disclosed. One embodiment includes an additive manufacturing system configured to deposit a metal powder, having a first chemical composition, onto a substrate or a previous layer of a part being additively manufactured, and tacking tracks of the metal powder to the substrate or the previous layer according to a pattern of a present layer of the part by applying a first energy along the tracks of the metal powder to sinter the tracks. The system is configured to deposit a metal wire, having a second chemical composition, along the tracks of the metal powder. Depositing the metal wire includes applying a second energy to the metal wire and the tracks of the metal powder, as sintered, to form a specified homogenous alloy of the first chemical composition and the second chemical composition as at least a portion of the present layer.

Abstract: A method of additive manufacturing metallic components, the method includes: forming a component in a layer by layer process, the component being formed integrally with at least one non-perforated support structure to be separated from the component after the layer by layer process, the support structure being formed with at least one wall that is non-perforated; and wherein after completion of the layer by layer process, the method includes exposing the component and support structure to at least one thermal pulse so as to weaken, or break, the interface(s) between the support structure and component prior to removal of the support.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment provides a method of manufacturing a curved porous component having a base material layer and a porous region through one-step laminated-molding, whereby it is possible to reduce a manufacturing time when manufacturing a product and to provide a porous component in which the shape and size of a porous region can be controlled. An implant including the porous component has an increased bone contact ratio, so bone growth between bones can be improved and products fitting to the frames of patients can be easily designed.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment provides a method of manufacturing a porous component having a base material layer and a porous layer through one-step laminated-molding, whereby it is possible to provide a manufacturing time when manufacturing a product and to provide a porous component in which the shape and size of a porous layer can be controlled. An implant including the porous component has an increased bone contact ratio, so bone growth between bones can be improved and products fitting to the frames of patients can be easily designed.

Abstract: A production method for an impeller includes: an impeller molding body forming step of forming an impeller molding body in which a reinforcement portion which reinforces at least one of end portions of the impeller in which an inlet and an outlet of a flow path are formed and the impeller are integrated with each other, by an additive manufacturing method using a metal powder; and a removal step of removing the reinforcement portion from the impeller molding body.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses flake metal lithium powder and a preparing method thereof; by ultrasonically pulverizing the metal lithium placed in a low-viscosity inert organic resolvent using a vacuum ultrasonic pulverization method, a micrometer scale flake metal lithium powder is prepared. The metal lithium powder may be used as an anode material for a lithium cell or lithium ion cell. The present method has advantages of high product purity, simple operation, low processing temperature, low cost, high efficiency, and less demanding on equipment, etc., and has a high prospect of being applied to mass production of metal lithium powder.

Abstract: A process for producing nickel powder capable of obtaining fine nickel powder in wet process and capable of decreasing content of impurities by medicament used in crystallization of nickel powder. A process for producing nickel powder, including a crystallization step for obtaining nickel crystal powder by reduction reaction in reaction solution in which water-soluble nickel salt, alkali hydroxide and the sulfur-containing compound is a compound having any of sulfur-containing functional group structure represented by —SH, sulfur-containing functional group structure represented by —S—S—, sulfur-containing functional group structure, and a ratio of substance quantity of the sulfur-containing compound and nickel in the reaction solution, a multiplication factor of the sulfur-containing functional group of the sulfur-containing compound, and a ratio of substance quantity of the metal salt of metal more noble than nickel and nickel is in a range of 0.1?A*B?0.75C+30 (0?C?100).

Abstract: Process for the production of containers for cosmetic products, comprising the steps of: providing a first bar made of metal or metal alloy; turning said first bar to obtain an element (2) having a tubular shape and defining internally a housing compartment (3); anodizing said element (2) to obtain a surface finishing processing; and inserting a cylindrical body (9) for containing a cosmetic product inside said housing compartment (3).

Abstract: A rotary cutting tool with a shank and an interchangeable cutting tip, wherein the shank includes a pocket which receives the interchangeable cutting tip via an interference fit. The pocket includes two centering wall portions which, when viewed along a central longitudinal axis, are oriented at a first angle with respect to one another, the first angle being greater than zero. The interchangeable cutting tip is axially displaceable between: an initial position, assumed upon being received in the pocket of the shank; a clamped position, wherein the interchangeable cutting tip is fixedly held with respect to the shank; and a bump-off position, wherein the interchangeable cutting tip is not fixedly held. A holding element holds the interchangeable cutting tip in the clamped position, and a spring assembly which displaces the interchangeable cutting tip between the clamped position and the bump-off position. Other variants and embodiments are broadly contemplated herein.

Abstract: A method can include vibrating a hard turning tool, and contacting the hard turning tool to a spinning work piece while vibrating the hard turning tool to remove material from the spinning work piece. The method can further include moving the tool in an axial direction and/or radial direction relative to the work piece.

Abstract: The chuck with locking device has a ratchet mechanism comprising a toothed ring with engagement teeth fixed to one of an outer casing and a base body. A ratchet pawl is coupled to the toothed ring when a locking control sleeve is in a locking position and the locking pawl is separated from the tooth ring when the locking control sleeve is in a release position. A release elastic element is arranged under compression between the outer casing and a locking ring. The locking ring is fixed inside a locking control sleeve. A cam groove is formed in the locking ring. A pin is inserted in the cam groove and in a hole formed in the base body. The locking control sleeve moves the locking ring between the locking and unlocking positions.

Abstract: A drill bit for forming a round hole in a workpiece, includes a cylindrical shank having a longitudinally extending fluted portion with opposed first and second ends, and defining a longitudinal axis about which the shank is rotatable. The fluted portion includes opposed helical flutes formed in the cylindrical surface of the fluted portion of the shank and extending longitudinally along and between the first and second ends of the fluted portion. The helical flutes each define a concave surface intersecting with the cylindrical surface of the shank to form opposed flute edges. The first end of the fluted portion includes a cutting tip intersecting the helical flutes, wherein at least one of the flute edges has a concave cross-section extending from the second end toward the first end of the fluted portion.

Abstract: A tool head is for machining edges of a workpiece and includes a first tool section with first blades and a second tool section with second blades. The second blades are positioned between the first blades when seen in the circumferential direction. The second section is movable relative to the first section in the direction of the longitudinal axis between a passive and active position. The second blades are axially recessed relative to the first blades in the passive position and project axially outwards between the first blades in the active position. The tool head has a pressure switching mechanism for moving the second tool section between the passive and active position. In a tool system, the tool head and an actuation element can be moved axially relative to each other. The at least one actuation surface and the actuation element are configured to be axially pressed towards each other.

Abstract: The technical problem to be solved by the present disclosure is to provide a single-sided high feed cutting insert which can have increased edge strength and reduced cutting load so as to be suitable for high feed machining. To this end, the single-sided high feed cutting insert of the present disclosure comprises: a short cutting edge disposed between a major surface and a short lateral surface; a long cutting edge disposed between the major surface and a long lateral surface; and a corner cutting edge disposed between the short cutting edge and the long cutting edge, wherein the short cutting edge has an outwardly convex curved shape when viewed from the major surface, and a minor surface has a straight shape when viewed from the short and long lateral surfaces, respectively.

Abstract: A method of milling a piece of raw steel stock comprising: arranging a minimum of four solid pole extensions on top surface segments of a magnetic chuck such that the solid pole extensions are relatively evenly distributed under a piece of raw steel stock and within 2 inches of a perimeter of the piece of raw steel stock; arranging multiple mobile pole extensions beneath the piece of raw steel stock and on every other top surface segment of the magnetic chuck under the piece of raw steel stock that is not occupied by the solid pole extensions but beneath the piece of raw steel stock, each of the multiple mobile pole extensions having a biased top portion that contacts the piece of raw steel stock; milling the piece of raw steel stock with a face mill that generates steel chip as swarf; and recycling the steel chip.

Abstract: A controller 50 that controls a power tool such as, for example, a portable circular saw includes a controller case 70 that houses an electric circuit board 60. Electric elements 61, 62 that generate heat and/or are to be cooled on the electric circuit board 60 contact a thick wall portion 73b of the controller case 70, resulting in heat dissipation resulting in effective cooling of the controller 50.

Abstract: Provided is a portable cutter wherein the entire base has increased strength. This portable cutter is provided with: a body having a prime mover and a saw blade which is driven by the prime mover; a base having a through-hole through which the saw blade protrudes and sliding on a material to be cut; and a stand which rises from the base and to which the body is connected. If the direction in which cutting progresses is designated as a front-rear direction, a rib extending in the front-rear direction is provided to the base. The stand is configured such that, in the left-right direction, the stand is either located outside a region in which the through-hole is formed, or extended to the outside of the region. The positions, in the front-rear direction, of the stand and the rib partially overlap each other.

Abstract: A portable cutting table, with SLIDE, and a TABLE, an adjustable BACKPLATE to support material being cut, and a BASE, all which support a JIG SAW, mounted upside down on the SLIDE, to allow easy control of cutting to Molding, Millwork, Stair Edging, angled cuts, with easy control of motor/blade speed, and easy visibility of cutting markings on the material being worked upon.

Abstract: A method for continuous generating grinding of at least two gear workpieces with a topologically modified grinding worm comprising a topologically modified worm region to grind tooth flanks which are topologically modified on the gear workpieces, wherein the method comprises at least the following steps: a) providing a first gear workpiece, b) performing a topological generating grinding operation by carrying out relative movements between the first gear workpiece and the grinding worm, which comprises a relative feed movement, a relative axial feed which occurs parallel or obliquely to the tool rotation axis, and a relative shift movement, c) providing the second gear workpiece, d) performing a relative jumping motion extending substantially parallel or obliquely to the tool rotation axis between the second gear workpiece and the grinding worm, e) repeating step b) for the second gear workpiece.

Abstract: Method for hard machining of a precut and heat-treated gearwheel workpiece using a tool in a gear processing machine, having sensors and/or detectors, comprising: providing target data of the workpiece, determining a first relative movement of the tool relative to the workpiece based on the target data, executing the first relative movement, wherein an NC-controller brings the tool into contact with the workpiece in a controlled manner by the execution of the first relative movement, providing real-time measured values and movement data by means of the sensors and/or detectors during the execution of the first relative movement, performing an analysis of the real-time measured values together with the movement data and determining adapted, workpiece-specific relative movements, hard machining at least one region of a tooth of the workpiece, wherein the NC-controller executes the adapted, workpiece-specific relative movements of the tool relative to the workpiece.

Abstract: An electric discharge machining apparatus includes a tool electrode that performs electric discharge machining to a workpiece, a tubular extended guide in which the tool electrode is inserted, a long nozzle in which the tool electrode is inserted with a tip protruded, and provided along an outer wall surface of the extended guide so as to provide mist generating space between the extended guide and the long nozzle, a compressed gas supplying device supplying compressed gas into the mist generating space, and a pressurized working fluid supplying device supplying pressurized working fluid into working fluid filling space between the tool electrode and the extended guide

Abstract: An electric discharge machining apparatus includes a tool electrode that performs electric discharge machining to a workpiece, a housing in which the tool electrode is inserted, a compressed gas supplying device for supplying compressed gas into a mist generating region which is provided between an inner wall of the housing and the tool electrode, a first flow path through which the compressed gas flows and connecting the compressed gas supplying device with the mist generating region, a pressurized working fluid supplying device for supplying pressurized working fluid into the mist generating region, and a second flow path through which the pressurized working fluid flows and connecting the pressurized working fluid supplying device with the mist generating region.

Abstract: A power delivery system includes a power-input-channel, an AC/DC converter, one or more controller-circuits, a silicon-controlled-rectifier, a transformer, and a pair of output-leads. The power-input-channel receives alternating-current from a power-source. The AC/DC converter converts the alternating-current to a direct-current at a converter-output. The one or more controller-circuits are connected with the converter-output and control a signal indicative of a desired-power-level delivered for a desired-time. The silicon-controlled-rectifier is connected with the power-input-channel and controls an SCR-output-voltage to an SCR-output-channel proportional to the signal. The transformer reduces the SCR-output-voltage from a primary-side to a secondary-voltage on a secondary-side. The pair of output-leads are connected with poles of the secondary-side. A solder-joint is disposed between the pair of output-leads.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for collecting flux in a way that improves the cleanliness inside a furnace by improving flux collection efficiency, reduces flux viscosity to maintain a liquid state even at ordinary temperature, and makes the flux collection unit more easily serviceable includes a rosin particle contained in an atmosphere gas, and vapor of a solvent or an atomized solvent particle are mixed in a mixing section provided upstream of a flux collection unit-side inlet, and a gas containing a mixed particle is cleaned by means of electrostatic precipitation. The solvent particle adheres to the rosin particle, and forms an aggregate of large particle size that can be more easily charged by corona discharge. This improves the flux collection rate of electrostatic precipitation collection, and, because the rosin particle dissolves in the solvent particle, the collected flux can have reduced viscosity.

Abstract: A welding regime may implements cyclic short circuits under a closed loop voltage control approach. Upon clearing or imminent clearing of the short circuit, a current recess is implemented. The current recess reduces the current that would otherwise be applied to the weld, resulting in multiple benefits. The recess may be implemented by suspending voltage command signals. Following the current recess, normal control is resumed with the then-current voltage command.

Abstract: A hybrid welding apparatus selectively switches between MAG welding and TIG welding. The apparatus includes a control device (1), which includes a welding output unit (10) for outputting a welding voltage and a welding current. When MAG welding is selected, the positive terminal of the welding output unit (10) is connected to a MAG welding torch (2), and the negative terminal is connected to a welding base material (4). Meanwhile, when TIG welding is selected, the positive terminal of the welding output unit (10) is connected to the welding base material, and the negative terminal is connected to a TIG welding torch (3).

Abstract: A method for controlling a pull motor, the method including generating an error signal based on a difference between a signal representing a force applied on a wire by a push motor and a signal representing a desired force applied on the wire by the push motor; comparing a signal representing a force applied on the wire by the pull motor and the error signal, and generating an output signal based on the comparison; and controlling an armature current of the pull motor based on the output signal is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fillet welded joint and a manufacturing method thereof, and addresses the problem of providing a fillet welded joint having excellent weld fatigue strength while suppressing low temperature cracking. In a fillet welded joint according to the present invention, a tensile strength of a base material is 980 MPa or more, a carbon equivalent is 0.36 or more and 0.60 or less, a tensile strength [MPa] is 1950 times or more of the carbon equivalent [wt%], an average carbon equivalent of weld metal is 0.45 or more and 0.65 or less, and at a prescribed position below a surface of a weld toe, a Vickers hardness HVbond at a boundary between the weld metal and a heat affected zone, an average value HVwmt of the Vickers hardness of the weld metal in a position 0.1 mm or more and 0.3 mm or less to the weld metal side of the boundary, and an average value HVhaz of the Vickers hardness of the heat affected zone in a position 0.1 mm or more and 0.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a projection welding machine, and more particularly, to a projection welding machine for avoiding an accident in which an operator's hand gets caught between an upper electrode unit and a lower electrode unit, and preventing a fault in welding operation from occurring due to incorrect seating of a nut on the lower electrode unit.

Abstract: A welder assembly includes a welding mechanism; a carriage plate, the welding mechanism fixedly coupled to the carriage plate; a translation assembly, the carriage plate fixedly coupled to the translation assembly, the translation assembly comprising a force sensor; a ball screw, the translation assembly moveably coupled to the ball screw; and, an axial drive motor coupled to the ball screw, wherein the ball screw is movably coupled to the translation assembly such that rotation of the axial drive motor forces linear translation of the translation assembly.

Abstract: A wedge for on-line inspection of a weld includes a wedge body defining a coolant channel and at least one couplant channel, and a coolant input port in fluid connection with a first end of the coolant channel. The wedge body has a surface for disposing a phased array ultrasonic transducer comprising an array of ultrasonic elements. The coolant channel is formed in proximity to the surface for disposing the phased array ultrasonic transducer such that coolant flowing through the coolant channel maintains the phased array ultrasonic transducer below a predetermined temperature without obstructing the array of ultrasonic elements.

Abstract: A method of monitoring a heating operation on an component by a flame torch, including the steps of producing a flame with the flame torch, rotating the component with respect to the flame so that a circular weld is created on the component, and providing a first sensor that is operatively engaged with the component so that the first sensor monitors rotation or non-rotation of the components.

Abstract: A method includes depositing a plurality of dopant particles within a predetermined region of a transparent material. The method also includes focusing a laser beam along an optical axis to a focal region that overlaps with at least a portion of the predetermined region. The focal region can irradiate at least a first dopant particle of the plurality of dopant particles. The method further includes adjusting a parameter of the laser beam to generate a plasma configured to form an inclusion within the transparent material. The method additionally includes scanning the focal region along a path within the transparent material to elongate the inclusion generally along the path.

Abstract: A method of welding a workpiece by using a laser is provided which includes disposing a workpiece in a region to be irradiated with laser light from a laser oscillator; and irradiating the workpiece with the laser light from the laser oscillator such that an irradiated portion of the workpiece is melted and welded while sweeping the laser light over the workpiece by relatively moving the laser light and the workpiece. The laser light is formed of a main beam and an auxiliary beam, at least part of the auxiliary beam being disposed anteriorly in a sweep direction, and the main beam has a power density equal to or greater than a power density of the auxiliary beam.

Abstract: The embodiment of the invention discloses a micro-zone laser heating apparatus and method. The micro-zone laser heating apparatus comprises: a laser characteristic determination module, for obtaining first characteristic parameters of the laser required for heating based on the parameters of the current micro-zone to be heated of the sample; a controller, electrically connected to the laser characteristic determination module for generating a control signal based on the first characteristic parameters; a laser output module, electrically connected to the controller for outputting a laser based on the control signal to heat the sample micro-zone to be heated.

Abstract: An actuator may include a stator, a pole; a bobbin; and windings provided around an exterior surface of the bobbin. The stator may include a stator body; and a plurality of magnets circumferentially arranged around an inner surface of the stator body. The stator, the pole, and the bobbin may be coaxial. An outer diameter of the pole may be smaller than an inner diameter of the bobbin such that the bobbin is movable in an axial direction over an exterior surface of the pole. An outer diameter of the bobbin may be smaller than an inner diameter of the stator such that the bobbin is movable in an axial direction inside the plurality of magnets circumferentially arranged around the inner surface of the stator body.

Abstract: In a track determination device, a CAD data acquisition unit acquires shape data that represents a shape of a three-dimensional formed object. A deposition direction setting unit generates control information for controlling a lamination device that laminates the molten metal in order to form a formed object, based on the shape data acquired by the CAD data acquisition unit. The control information is information indicating at least a specific deposition direction of the molten metal such that an error between a first deposition position set in advance and a second deposition position in accordance with an actual laminated state is reduced. A control program output unit outputs the control information generated by the deposition direction setting unit.

Abstract: A process for forming a metal part from an additive manufacturing process with a smooth surface that includes the steps of printing the part using an AM process, heating the printed part to its solution heat treat or annealing temperature, placing the printed part in a fluidized salt bath for a short period of time to smooth a rough surface on the metal part, and then rapidly cool the heated metal part to prevent any change in grain structure. If the metal part is made from a metal material that oxidizes, then the metal part is treated in an enclosed chamber with Argon gas.