Abstract: The invention relates to a modification process for modifying a biaxially oriented pipe, comprising a) providing a biaxially oriented pipe made by stretching a tube made of a thermoplastic polymer composition in the axial direction and in the peripheral direction, b) placing an insert within an end portion of the pipe, wherein the outer periphery of the cross section of the insert substantially matches the inner periphery of the cross section of the pipe and c) heating the end portion such that the end portion axially shrinks while the inner periphery of the cross section of the end portion is substantially maintained, to obtain a modified biaxially oriented pipe with a thickened end portion

Abstract: According to a method for manufacturing a structure that is provided, it is possible to prevent creases on a skin sheet when the skin sheet and a molten resin sheet are integrally molded using a mold. The method provided by the present invention is a method for manufacturing a structure including the step of integrally molding a skin sheet and a molten resin sheet using a mold. The molding is performed with the skin sheet under tension.

Abstract: Disclosed are a three-dimensional printer of a fused deposition modeling and software setting values thereof, which blocks transmitting calories of a nozzle upwards and simultaneously heats a lower aluminum output plate at a high temperature to locally transfer heat in a sandwich form to where an output proceeds, such that it is possible to realize miniaturization of engineering plastic printing at low energy, prevent the shrinkage of a printed object, and maximize adhesive strength between layers, wherein the three-dimensional printer is further provided with a nozzle made of SUS having excellent heat resistance to use an engineering plastic filament having a high melting temperature and obtain optimal quality within a numerical range of predefined software setting values, wherein the output plate is provided with a hard anodized aluminum plate so that both commodity plastic and engineering plastic material can be used without a need to attach an additional special sheet.

Abstract: A method of forming a three-dimensional object is carried out by: (a) providing a cyanate ester dual cure resin; (b) forming a three-dimensional intermediate from said resin, where said intermediate has the shape of, or a shape to be imparted to, said three-dimensional object, and where said resin is solidified by exposure to light; (c) optionally washing the three-dimensional intermediate, and then (d) heating and/or microwave irradiating said three-dimensional intermediate sufficiently to further cure said resin and form said three-dimensional object. Compositions useful for carrying out the method, and products made from the method, are also described.

Abstract: A system for manufacturing a three-dimensional article includes a resin vessel, a light engine, a support scaffold, and a positioning actuator. The resin vessel includes an opening closed by a transparent sheet with opposed upper and lower surfaces. The light engine is disposed below the transparent sheet and is configured to transmit or project radiation up through the transparent sheet for selectively curing layers of the resin over a build plane. The support scaffold includes at least one ridge having an upper surface that contacts the lower surface of the transparent sheet to reduce an unsupported width. At a first lateral position the scaffold blocks the radiation from reaching a first blocked region of the build plane. The positioning actuator is configured to laterally move the scaffold from the first position to a second position to allow radiation to reach the first blocked region of the build plane.

Abstract: A system for manufacturing a three-dimensional article includes a resin vessel, a vertical movement mechanism, and a light engine. The resin vessel includes a lower opening closed by a transparent sheet. The vertical movement mechanism is for positioning a support tray which supports the three-dimensional article. The light engine is disposed below the transparent sheet and is configured to selectively harden layers of resin over a build plane above the transparent sheet. The light engine includes a light bar coupled to a lateral movement mechanism. The light bar includes an array of light emitting devices and a device for impinging upon the transparent sheet. The impingement maintains a proper operating distance H between the transparent sheet and the build plane.

Abstract: Disclosed is a technology being implemented in an apparatus for depositing multiple layers of a stream of swarf particles. The stream of swarf particles is generated by interfacing a cutting abrasive wheel on a workpiece. The generated stream of swarf particles may be directed towards a cavity of a die. Multiple layers of stream of swarf particles further results in a 3D printed object that takes the shape of the cavity of the die. The apparatus may also be used to coat substrates. Substrates may include but not limited to metal surfaces, polymers, and ceramics.

Abstract: Various embodiments include methods for the powder-bed-based additive manufacturing of a workpiece comprising: manufacturing the workpiece layer by layer in a powder bed, including solidifying a respective uppermost layer of the powder bed using an energy beam. During the solidification of the respective uppermost layer of the powder bed, analyzing a geometry of previously solidified layers below the respective uppermost layer. The method may include reducing an average power over time introduced by the energy beam per unit of area of the powder bed with application of correction parameters if the heat dissipation into the previously solidified layers is reduced in dependence on the workpiece depth available below the energy beam.

Abstract: Printhead (10) for a 3D printer, comprising an operational volume (17) for holding feedstock (20), the viscosity of which can change, the operational volume (17) being variable by moving a plunger (31, 31a, 31b) and being provided with an outlet (16) through which the feedstock (20) can be extruded by moving the plunger (31, 31a, 31b), the plunger (31, 31a, 31b) being equipped with temperature control means (36).

Abstract: A control device for a laser machining apparatus includes: a plurality of lasers, a plurality of scanners which respectively scans the laser beams outputted from the plurality of lasers, a scanner control unit which synchronously controls the plurality of scanners, and a laser control unit which synchronously controls the plurality of lasers, in which the scanner control unit performs tracking control to precede or delay operation of at least one scanner among the plurality of scanners relative to operation of another scanner among the plurality of scanners; and the laser control unit performs tracking control to precede or delay laser output of at least one laser among the plurality of lasers corresponding to the at least one scanner, relative to the laser output of another laser among the plurality of lasers corresponding to the other scanner.

Abstract: Conveyed goods of grains are fed from a pressure vessel into a conveyor line at a feed point for conveyance to a discharge point for supply to an extrusion head. The goods are plasticized in the extrusion head and extruded in a punctiform manner via a nozzle of the extrusion head. The extrusion head is moved dynamically by a manipulator during extrusion of the plasticized goods. Conveyor gas is force into the conveyor line by a gas compressor and allowed to escape the conveyor line at a separation point in a region of the discharge point. A gas positive pressure is temporarily applied by the gas compressor to the pressure vessel as the goods are fed from the pressure vessel into the conveyor line while bypassing the conveyor line via a first valve and closing a second valve in the conveyor line between the feed point and the gas compressor.

Abstract: Apparatus (1) for additively manufacturing three-dimensional objects (2) by means of successive layerwise selective irradiation and consolidation of layers of a build material (3) which can be consolidated by means of an energy source (4), wherein a control unit (6) is provided that is adapted to receive or generate encrypted object data relating to at least one three-dimensional object (2) to be built in a, in particular additive, manufacturing process performed on the apparatus (1), wherein the or a control unit (6) is adapted to decrypt the encrypted object data for performing the additive manufacturing process

Abstract: A method of printing a three-dimensional (3D) object and a support construction for the 3D object includes depositing a model material, layer-by-layer, on a fabrication platform, to print a first portion of the 3D object, and depositing a support material, layer-by-layer on the fabrication platform, to print the support construction, wherein, in a predetermined number of the deposited layers, the model material and the support material are deposited such that a gap is formed between a surface of the first portion of the 3D object and a surface of the support construction.

Abstract: A method of forming a textured effect on a substrate, the method comprising steps of: (a) creating a data file of an image having a thickness to be formed as the textured effect on the substrate, the data file comprising print image(s) and a number of times specified for printing of the print image(s); (b) preparing the data file for surface deposition by a printer; (c) providing the substrate on the printer; (d) the printer printing the print image(s) in the data file on the substrate using a layer of clear ink; (e) the printer UV curing the layer of ink; (f) repeating steps (d) and (e) for every print image of the print image(s) for the number of times specified in the data file such that the image formed as the textured effect on the substrate comprises a plurality of layers of printed and UV cured clear ink.

Abstract: An apparatus for fabricating an elastic nonwoven material generally includes a rotary ultrasonic horn and a rotary anvil positionable in close proximity to the ultrasonic horn. The anvil has a face with a width and a circumferential axis. The face has a plurality of ridges each of which defines a plurality of interspaced lands and notches.

Abstract: An in-situ fiber-optic temperature field measurement is disclosed that can allow process monitoring and diagnosis for thermoplastic composite welding and other applications. A distributed fiber-optic sensor can be permanently embedded in a thermoplastic welded structure when it is welded and left there to perform lifelong monitoring and inspection. The fiber optic sensor can include a dissolvable coating, or a coating matched to the composite material to be welded. Other applications include in-situ fiber-optic temperature field measurement on thermoset composite curing (autoclave), for thermoplastic and thermoset composites during compression molding, and for fiber-optic field measurements on freeze/thaw of large items of public health interest, such as stored or transported foodstuffs.

Abstract: A forming module for forming a composite laminate part over a tool is provided. The forming module comprises a base, a ply carrier control assembly adapted for controlling the position of a flexible ply carrier on which composite resin plies are mounted, and a head section mounted on the base and adapted for automatically forming the composite resin plies from the ply carrier onto the tool.

Abstract: A material for an injection nozzle is molded into a form that includes a sacrificial tip around the nozzle exit orifice. The sacrificial tip is then machined away using any suitable machining process to expose the exit orifice. In this manner, an injection nozzle can be fabricated with favorable geometric characteristics.

Abstract: Prior to curing a composite workpiece assembly, an expandable element can be inserted into a cavity of the workpiece assembly. The expandable element is configured to expand when a predetermined change is produced in an attribute of the element. The attribute can be a temperature of the element. The element is expanded by producing the predetermined change, and the workpiece assembly is cured while the expanded element is in the cavity, so that the expanded element applies positive pressure to inner surfaces of the cavity during curing. The expanded element can be removed from the cavity after curing. The expanded element can comprise a plurality of expandable pellets.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a functional optical lens includes: bending a functional optical sheet formed by laminating a thermoplastic resin sheet layer including a thermoplastic resin to a functional optical film layer including a functional optical film; forming a functional optical laminate by laminating a thermoplastic resin composition by injection molding on the concave side of the functional optical sheet bent in the bending; and forming a functional optical lens by further laminating the thermoplastic resin composition by injection molding on the concave side of the functional optical sheet in the functional optical laminate formed in the forming the functional optical laminate.

Abstract: A methods of executing start, run, and stop sequences on a machine for converting a web of preformed pouches into inflated dunnage units. The pouches are defined by transverse seals extending from a remote edge to within a predetermined distance from an inflation edge.

Abstract: A tyre mold for curing and molding a tyre includes a plurality of tread segments for molding a tread rubber of the tyre. The plurality of tread segments, upon being connected with one another in a mold circumferential direction, forms a tread molding-surface that is substantially continuous in the mold circumferential direction through parting lines that appear between adjacent tread segments. The parting lines include one or more inclined parting lines inclined with respect to a mold axial direction, and the inclined parting lines extend straightly between ends in the mold axial direction of the tread molding-surface.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a pneumatic tire, a laminated body is formed of a film containing a thermoplastic resin or elastomer, and rubber sheets laminated on surfaces of the film. A winding starting end of the inner rubber sheet is on a side opposite to a winding direction of the laminated body with respect to an end of the film; an end of the outer rubber sheet at the winding starting end is at the same position as the end of the film or is positioned on a side of the winding direction of the laminated body with respect to the end of the film. An outer surface of the outer rubber sheet at the winding starting end and an inner surface of the inner rubber sheet of a winding finishing end are brought into contact by overlapping and bonding the winding starting end and the winding finishing end.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method of producing an article of footwear comprising: providing an upper; providing a mold and opening the mold; inserting the upper into the open mold; closing the mold; and injecting a pressurized molten resin, wherein, after the injecting, there is a gap filled with the resin between a side wall of the mold and an outer surface of at least a first portion of the upper, wherein the gap is essentially zero at a contacting point, wherein the gap increases gradually from the contacting point in at least a first region of the mold.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for printing onto a curved surface of an article are disclosed. An embodiment of a method may include receiving the article and extruding a composite yarn from a nozzle. A method may include attaching the composite yarn to the curved surface by moving the nozzle in a direction aligned with a first axis and a direction aligned with second axis along the curved surface. The first axis may be approximately normal to the print surface and the second axis may be approximately normal to the first direction. The article may be repositioned during printing to accommodate nozzle movement.

Abstract: A device for collecting and feeding compaction material to a press, comprising a collection cart having a compaction material collection compartment, and a compaction material feed device, with which the cart can be docked. The cart has a floor and opposing side walls and the compaction material can be removed, by an upward lifting motion, from the cart by the feed device and then fed to the press. A web-type, flexible or articulated carrier element with a floor portion and at least two opposing wall portions, each having an upper free edge, is provided on or in the cart. The carrier element, in an initial position, has a U-shaped form running parallel to at least two opposing side walls and the floor of the cart, when the cart is docked with the feed device. The carrier element can be shortened or lifted at one of the free edges.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a baling apparatus that includes a baling chamber. The baling chamber is configure to receive material to be baled. Material to be baled can be compressed into the baling chamber. Adjacent to the baling chamber is a set of baling guides configured to guide baling ties. Each baling guide has an entrance and an exit, such that the baling tie enters and exits the baling guide some distance apart and at the same wall of the baling chamber.

Abstract: A method for monitoring the position and assessing the correct position Pi of a work slide (5) of a wedge drive tool (2) in a press (11), without a position sensor. The slide (5) of the wedge drive tool (2) is actuated from an end position (XE) back to the starting position (XA) of the slide (5) by a spring (10). The spring (10) is arranged in the wedge drive tool (2). The press (11) is opened from a lower press position to an upper press position while a slide bed (5B) of the wedge drive tool (2) is relieved. The position of the slide (5) is indirectly detected in that at least the restoring force of the spring (10) is detected and evaluated.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a servo hydraulic press for sheet metal forming. The press comprises a hydraulic cylinder, at least two servo motors and at least two pumps for supplying pressurized fluid to the hydraulic cylinder, where each servo motor drives at least one pump. The servo motors are operable at variable speed, and the first servo motor and first pump are operable in an opposite direction to the second servo motor and the second pump. With this arrangement, the servo hydraulic press may be operated at low speed without causing damage to the pumps or motors.

Abstract: A refuse truck body having a main compartment and at least one side compartment includes shields to close a rear opening of the compartments. A respective pushing device is provided for discharging refuse from each compartment. In a closed position, the shield is latched to the truck body by a locking device that selectively locks and unlocks each shield against its opening. A sequencing system is operatively connected between a lock for the packing unit and the actuator for closing and latching the shields, which prevents unlocking and raising the packing unit before the shields are closed and latched to the truck body. A sequencing system is operatively connected between the pushing device for a compartment and the actuator for closing and latching the shields, which prevents operation of the pushing device to discharge refuse from the compartment unless the shield for that compartment is unlatched.

Abstract: A conveyor of a cardboard-folding station receives a cardboard blank having a first portion, first and second lateral closing walls hinged thereto and facing upstream and downstream, respectively, an upper closing wall hinged to the second lateral closing wall and facing downstream, a third and a fourth lateral closing wall hinged and partly raised with respect to the first portion and projecting from sides of the conveyor. An article rests on the first portion, with four flanks or the article respectively facing the four lateral closing walls of the blank. At a first folding zone the third and fourth lateral closing walls are folded to cover the third and the fourth flanks of the article, and at a second folding zone the second lateral closing wall and the upper closing wall are folded to cover the article's second flank and its upper face.

Abstract: Described is a manufacturing a non-rigid container, the method including one or more of the following steps: coating a surface of a fabric with a water-based adhesive; leaving the product to cure for a predetermined period of time; temporarily adhering a paper to said adhesive surface of said fabric in a heat fusing press; cutting one or more required pattern pieces; stitching said one or more patters pieces together in a desired fashion; and coating said material with a hydrophobic coating.

Abstract: A machine for converting a sheet material into a relatively less dense dunnage product includes a forming assembly and a feeding assembly downstream of the forming assembly. The forming assembly is configured to cause lateral edges of the sheet material to roll towards one another, forming a tubular shape. A deflector at a downstream end of the forming assembly is configured to engage the lateral edges of the sheet material and to urge the lateral edges into an interior of the tubular shape. This juxtaposes lateral edge portions of the sheet material adjacent the respective lateral edges. A forming channel at a downstream end of the forming assembly faces the deflector to receive the lateral edge portions and shape them into a tab. Finally, the feeding assembly includes rotating connecting members that engage and connect together the overlapping lateral edge portions of the sheet material forming the tab.

Abstract: A sheet folding apparatus includes a sheet folding unit disposed to fold a sheet and a conveyance unit disposed to feed the sheet to the sheet folding unit in a feed direction orthogonal to a fold direction of the sheet folding unit while correcting a skew of the sheet. The conveyance unit includes an elongated reference guide, a conveyance mechanism disposed to convey the sheet in the feed direction while exerting a force on the sheet toward the reference guide, an adjustment mechanism disposed to adjust an inclination of the reference guide with respect to the feed direction. The apparatus further includes an input unit through which a user inputs a folding misalignment amount of the sheet folded by the sheet folding unit. The inclination of the reference guide is corrected by the adjustment mechanism based on at least the folding misalignment amount inputted through the input unit.

Abstract: A forming device for gathering the width of a traveling web is disclosed. The forming device includes opposing arrays of flute-forming bars that can be interlaced to define therebetween a longitudinal flute-forming labyrinth effective to reduce the width of a web traveling therethrough by a preselected take-up ratio. The flute-forming bars are curved beginning at an entry end of the forming device such that they converge in a lateral direction as they proceed in the machine direction. In this manner, individual elements of the web traveling between the respective arrays in the machine direction follow contour lines along the curved bars or between adjacent ones of the curved bars so that no such element crosses any flute-forming bar in the cross-machine direction as the web travels and is fluted. A corrugating die for introducing a near-net shape to the intermediate-fluted web is also disclosed, as are a corrugating line incorporating these operations and methods for its operation.

Abstract: A multilayer film for use in packaging organoleptic sensitive products has the structure seal/bulk/tie #1/core/tie #2/tie #3/odor barrier, in which the seal layer contains a homogeneous ethylene/?-olefin copolymer having a density of at least 0.906 g/cc. The odor barrier contains a polyester, amorphous polyamide, polycarbonate, polyvinylalcohol, and/or cyclic olefin copolymer. The 7-layer film above, and variants thereof, can be produced by coextrusion, extrusion coating, lamination (via adhesive, heat, etc). Packaging articles include pouches. Packaged products have the organoleptic sensitive product in the pouch made from the film, or made from a film without the odor barrier layer, with the pouch being sealed inside a separate bag containing the odor barrier layer.

Abstract: A peelable package is described. The package comprises a first sealant layer comprising low density polyethylene and a first contaminant and a second sealant layer comprising polyethylene polymer, such as high-density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer or blends of such, and a second contaminant. The first contaminant and the second contaminant are selected from the group consisting propylene/ethylene copolymer with ethylene content from about 0.1 mol % to about 5 mol %, polypropylene homopolymer, butene/ethylene copolymer and polybutene homopolymer. The first contaminant of the first sealant layer may be the same as or different than the second contaminant of the second sealant layer. Also described are various embodiments of the first sealant layer, the second sealant layer and the peelable seal that is formed between the first sealant layer and the second sealant layer.

Abstract: Absorbent microstructure panels are described herein. An example filter device includes a plurality of microstructure panels each having a front surface and a back surface, and a plurality of capillary ridges protruding from the front surface. The plurality of capillary ridges are each spaced apart from one another. The plurality of microstructure panels form an absorbent microstructure array by layering the plurality of microstructure panels together such that the plurality of capillary ridges of one microstructure panel contacts the back surface of an adjacent microstructure panel to create capillary tubes that draw fluid into the absorbent microstructure array.

Abstract: A flexible display substrate, a flexible display device, and a method of fabricating a flexible display substrate are provided. The flexible display substrate includes: a back plate including a display area which include a bending area and a non-bending area; and a back film layer disposed on the back plate and including a first sub-back film layer and a second sub-back film layer, wherein the first sub-back film layer is disposed on the non-bending area, and the second sub-back film layer is disposed on the bending area and covers a portion of the bending area.

Abstract: A first embodiment of faucet mat includes a generally flexible body having an absorbent top layer and a liquid impermeable bottom layer. A first hole extends through the body of the mat for receiving a faucet therethrough. The first hole is spaced from the peripheral edge or outer edges of the mat and defines an inner mat edge that is configured to engage a lower end or lower portion of the faucet. One or more additional holes can be provided for receiving additional sink parts therethrough. A slit extends from each hole to the peripheral edge. One or more suitable fasteners can be provided along each inner mat edge, slit, or both.

Abstract: A stretchable composite sheet in which a plurality of stretchable elastic members (rubber threads) are adhered and fixed to where peaks of pleats (folds) of two non-woven fabric sheets and the plurality of the stretchable elastic members (rubber threads) are in contact therewith, with the stretchable elastic members (rubber threads) being positioned in an orthogonal direction with respect to the peaks of the double-layer pleats (folds). Coating of adhesive is applied to the entire circumferential surfaces of the stretchable elastic members (rubber threads) during the intermittent conveyance of the stretchable elastic members. An apparatus for manufacturing the stretchable composite sheet is provided with a coater application head which applies adhesives through slit grooves thereof to each of the stretchable elastic members (rubber threads) passing through the slit grooves.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of manufacturing a preform (120) from a reinforcement fabric by depositing a first fibre layer (112) and depositing a second fibre layer (114) partially over the first layer before cutting a plurality of preforms from the reinforcement fabric.

Abstract: This disclosure includes fiber-reinforced composites including and/or formed in part from fibrous non-woven layers, stacks of layers that can be consolidated to form such composites, articles, such as portable electronic device housing panels, including such composites, and methods for making such composites and articles. In some composites, at least one of the non-woven layer(s) includes: (1) a first thermoplastic material that may be present as a first set of resin fibers; (2) a second thermoplastic material that may be present as a second set of resin fibers, the second thermoplastic material having a transition temperature and/or a low-shear viscosity that is higher than that of the first thermoplastic material; (3) a first set of reinforcing fibers; and/or (4) a second set of reinforcing fibers of a type distinct from that of the first set of reinforcing fibers.

Abstract: A device and a method for connecting lamination parts to form a lamination stack, in which lamination parts are punched out from an electrical strip that is coated on at least one of its flat sides with a hot-melt adhesive varnish layer, the lamination parts that have been punched out are stacked, and then connected in an integrally joined manner through thermal activation of the hot-melt adhesive varnish layer to form a plurality of lamination stacks. Before the lamination parts are punched out, the electrical strip is prepared in a subregion of the hot-melt adhesive varnish layer in such a way that after the lamination part is punched out, this lamination part facilitates separation of the stacked lamination parts into lamination stacks. In the preparation of the electrical strip, the layer thickness of the hot-melt adhesive varnish layer on the electrical strip is at least reduced through removal by laser light in order to produce the subregion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a laminate in which a plurality of members including at least a glass are bonded via a bonding agent. The glass bonded has a chamfered portion in an end portion of a lamination surface of the glass, and the bonding agent adheres to the chamfered portion.

Abstract: A reinforced glass composite screen which is relatively lightweight and provides relatively high strength and visibility. The glass composite is comprised of alternating layers of tempered glass, graphene, and/or plastics with an optional laminated layer of plastic in the case of directional specific impact to prevent shattering.

Abstract: A composite middle frame for use in an electronic communication device includes at least two connecting layers. Each connecting layer is an endless structure. At least one of the connecting layers is made of plastic, and the remaining connecting layers are made of metal.

Abstract: A badge may include an amorphous metal shell having a visible surface and an opposed back surface, and a plastic base molded to the back surface. The badge may also include a polymer visible layer molded to a portion of the visible surface.

Abstract: The present disclosure a speaker box comprises a shell having a receiving space, a speaker unit accommodated in the receiving space, an acoustic channel formed in the receiving space, an auxiliary vocal cavity, a bezel and a cover plate. The speaker unit comprises a diaphragm for vibrating sound. The diaphragm separates the receiving space into a anterior vocal cavity and a posterior cavity, the acoustic channel connects the anterior vocal cavity with the outside world and forms the anterior cavity together with the anterior vocal cavity. The auxiliary vocal cavity is provided with the first pass connected with the anterior cavity and the second pass connected with the outside world, and the bezel is completely covered with the first pass and forms a fixed. The bezel is provided with a channel running through it, and the auxiliary vocal cavity is connected with the anterior cavity through the channel.

Abstract: Improved automotive security has led to an increase in carjacking and smash and grab crimes. Tempered glass offers little resistant to attacks. Laminated glass improves penetration resistance but only by several seconds. By including a stiff frame in the laminate and a plastic interior 5 layer, the present invention significantly increases the amount of time that an occupant has to react and possibly escape an attack by driving off or for the attack to be detected. In the event of an accident, the invention also provides improved occupant retention, especially for movable glass that is not bonded to the vehicle.