Abstract: A non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention, comprises: Si: 2.0 to 3.5%, Al: 0.05 to 2.0%, Mn: 0.05 to 2.0%, In: 0.0002 to 0.003% by wt % and Fe and inevitable impurities as the remainder.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an austenitic steel having excellent surface characteristic, and a method of manufacturing the same. Provided are an austenitic steel having excellent surface characteristic, and a method for producing the same, the austenitic steel according to an aspect of the present disclosure comprising, by weight, carbon (C): 0.6% to 1.3%, manganese (Mn): 14% to 22%, copper (Cu): 5% or less (excluding 0%), chromium (Cr): 5% or less (excluding 0%), silicon (Si): 1.0% or less (excluding 0%), aluminum (Al): 0.5% or less (excluding 0%), phosphorus (P): 0.1% or less (including 0%), sulfur (S): 0.02% or less (including 0%), a remainder of iron (Fe), and inevitable impurities, wherein a microstructure of the austenitic steel comprises, by area, 5% or less of carbide and a remaining austenite structure, and a surface defect size of the austenitic steel is 0.3 mm or less.

Abstract: An austenitic stainless steel having excellent processability and surface characteristics and a method method of manufacturing the austenitic stainless steel are disclosed. The austenitic stainless steel includes, by weight %, 0.005% to 0.15% of carbon (C), 0.1% to 1.0% of silicon (Si), 0.1% to 2.0% of manganese (Mn), 6.0% to 10.5% of nickel (Ni), 16% to 20% of chromium (Cr), 0.005% to 0.2% of nitrogen (N), the remainder iron (Fe) and other unavoidable impurities, wherein a degree of Ni surface negative segregation defined by the following Formula (1) is in a range of 0.6 to 0.9. (CNi-Min)/(CNi-Ave)??Formula (1), where CNi-Min is a minimum concentration of Ni on the surface of the austenitic stainless steel and CNi-Ave is an average concentration of Ni on the surface of the austenitic stainless steel.

Abstract: A method for producing an austempered steel is provided. The method includes subjecting a steel alloy having a silicon content of 1.5 to 4.4 weight percent and a carbon content of 0.3 to 0.8 weight percent to continuous cooling followed by annealing. The cooling rate is initially sufficiently fast to prevent predominant formation of proeutectoid ferrite or pearlite, while subsequently at intermediate temperatures, the cooling rate is sufficiently slow to allow a transformation of the austenite to mainly ausferrite during cooling. The annealing is able to complete the transformation of carbon enriched austenite to ausferrite and to temper any martensite previously formed. The method results in the cost-efficient production of one or more continuously cooled and annealed austempered steel components or semi-finished products having mainly an ausferritic microstructure.

Abstract: A method for producing a high temperature component includes a shaping step of shaping a powder compact of a desired high temperature component shape using a specific powder shaping method, from an alloy powder of ?? precipitation strengthening-type Ni-based alloy, and a crystal grain coarsening step of coarsening a crystal grain size of the powder compact by heat treatment, wherein the powder compact contains 0.002% or more and 0.07% or less of C, and 5.40% or more and 8.40% or less of Al+Ti by mass percentage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a 3D-printed cobalt-based alloy product comprising carbon, tungsten and chromium with very good mechanical and thermal properties as well as a method of preparing the 3D-printed product and a powder alloy. The alloy has a high carbon content leading to high carbide content but small and evenly distributed carbides. A method facilitating 3D printing of high carbide content alloys such as the present alloy is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to the metallurgy field, in particular to the production of aluminium-based cast materials, and can be used for producing crucial components under high-load conditions. The primary application is for components used in automotive engineering, sports equipment, etc. Proposed is an aluminium-based high-strength alloy, containing zinc, magnesium, calcium, metal, titan, and at least one element from the group consisting of silicon, cerium, nickel, zirconium and scandium, using defined concentrations of the constituents. The technical result of the invention is increased strength properties of the alloy and the products made therefrom on account of the formation of secondary precipitates of a strengthening phase by means of dispersion hardening.

Abstract: An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a high strength magnesium alloy with excellent flame retardancy, wherein the magnesium alloy comprises 2.0-13.0 wt % of Al, 0.1-0.5 wt % of Mn, 0.0015-0.025 wt % of B, and 0.1-1.0 wt % of Y with the remainder comprising Mg and other unavoidable impurities, and comprises 6.5% or more of an Mg—Al intermetallic compound in terms of volume fraction, the Mg—Al intermetallic compound having an average grain size of 20-500 nm.

Abstract: A method for making a polycrystalline diamond compact. The method includes: 1) preparing a workblank of a polycrystalline diamond compact; and 2) thermally- or cold-etching the curved surface of the workblank of the polycrystalline diamond compact using laser. The thermally- or cold-etching the curved surface of the workblank of the polycrystalline diamond compact includes: employing a laser generator to produce a laser beam, expanding the laser beam, focusing the laser beam, to yield an energy concentration area on the surface of the workblank of the polycrystalline diamond compact, and etching the curved surface using the energy concentration area.

Abstract: An austenitic alloy material is provided that includes a base metal having a surface, and a film containing chromium oxide having a thickness of 0.1 to 50 ?m on at least one portion of the surface. A chemical composition at a depth position in the film at which the Cr concentration is highest contains, by atom %, 50% or more of Cr as a proportion occupied among components excluding O, C and N. The chemical composition of the base metal consists of, by mass %, C: 0.001 to 0.6%, Si: 0.01 to 5.0%, Mn: 0.1 to 10.0%, P: 0.08% or less, S: 0.05% or less, Cr: 15.0 to 55.0%, Ni: 30.0 to 80.0%, N: 0.001 to 0.25%, O: 0.02% or less, Mo: 0 to 20.0%, Cu: 0 to 5.0%, Co: 0 to 5.0%, W: 0 to 10.0%, Ta: 0 to 6.0%, Nb: 0 to 5.0%, Ti: 0 to 1.0%, B: 0 to 0.1%, Zr: 0 to 0.1%, Hf: 0 to 0.1%, Al: 0 to 1.0%, Mg: 0 to 0.1%, and Ca: 0 to 0.1%, the balance being Fe and impurities.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides: an adhesive coating composition capable of attaching (coupling) an electrical steel sheet without using an existing coupling method, such as welding, clamping, or interlocking; an electrical steel sheet laminate employing the same; and a manufacturing method therefor. The adhesive coating composition according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: 40-95 wt % of a first component comprising an organic/inorganic composite in which inorganic nanoparticles are substituted in a water-soluble resin; 1-50 wt % of a second component comprising a composite metal phosphate; and 1-10 wt % of an additive.

Abstract: A steel strip, sheet or blank used for painted parts, the steel strip, sheet or blank is optionally metallic coated. The steel is an Ultra Low Carbon (ULC) steel type having a composition of (in weight %): C: max 0.007 Mn: max 1.2 Si: max 0.5 Al: max 0.1 P: max 0.15 S: 0.003-0.045 N: max 0.01 Ti, Nb, Mo: if Ti?0.005 and Nb?0.005: 0.06?4Ti+4Nb+2Mo?0.60 otherwise 0.06?Ti+2Nb+2Mo?0.60 and one or more of the optional elements: Cu: max 0.10 Cr: max 0.06 Ni: max 0.08 B: max 0.0015 V: max 0.01 Ca: max 0.01 Co: max 0.01 Sn: max 0.01 resulting in a delta Waviness ?Wsa?0.12 ?m of the surface after the forming of the strip, sheet or blank.

Abstract: Provided is a high tensile strength steel having a tensile strength of 780 MPa grade or higher which is used for structural members of automobiles, and more specifically relates to high tensile strength steel having excellent bendability and stretch-flangeability while still satisfying characteristics of DP steels of low yield ratio and high ductility, and to a manufacturing method thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a shot ball having excellent strength and wear resistance. The shot ball according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes, by weight %, 0.09% to 1.3% of carbon (C), 3% to 29% of manganese (Mn), 1.0% to 8.0% of chrome (Cr), 0.05% or less of phosphorus (P), 0.05% or less of sulfur (S), 10% or less (excluding 0) of nickel (Ni), 7% or less (excluding 0) of molybdenum (Mo), 10% or less (excluding 0) of tungsten (W), the remainder iron (Fe), and other unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: A high-strength steel sheet has a chemical composition consisting of, in mass percent, C: 0.10 to 0.24%, Mn: 3.50 to 12.00%, Si: 0.005 to 5.00%, Al: 0.005 to 5.00%, P: 0.15% or less, S: 0.030% or less, N: 0.020% or less, O: 0.010% or less, Cr: 0 to 5.00%, Mo: 0 to 5.00%, Ni: 0 to 5.00%, Cu: 0 to 5.00%, Nb: 0 to 0.50%, Ti: 0 to 0.50%, W: 0 to 0.50%, B: 0 to 0.010%, Ca: 0 to 0.05%, Mg: 0 to 0.05%, Zr: 0 to 0.05%, REM: 0 to 0.05%, Sb: 0 to 0.50%, Sn: 0 to 0.50%, As: 0 to 0.05%, and V: 0 to 2.0%, with the balance: Fe and impurities, and a steel micro-structure at a ¼ sheet-thickness position includes, in area percent, retained austenite: 10.0 to 55.0%, high temperature tempered martensite: 30.0 to 75.0%, and low temperature tempered martensite: 15.0 to 60.0%, with the balance including fresh martensite: 0 to 10.0%, pearlite: 0 to 5.0%, and bainite: 0 to 5.0%.

Abstract: An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a high-strength steel material having enhanced resistance to crack initiation and propagation at low temperature.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a steel material having excellent corrosion resistance for use in an oil tanker, a crude oil tank, and the like and, particularly to a steel material having excellent corrosion resistance in a dew condensation environment containing a sulfide gas and a method for producing the same.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the present invention relates to a magnesium alloy sheet and a manufacturing method thereof. The exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a magnesium alloy sheet including 0.5 to 2.1 wt % of Al, 0.5 to 1.5 wt % of Zn, 0.1 to 1.0 wt % of Ca, and a balance of Mg and inevitable impurities, with respect to a total of 100 wt % of the magnesium alloy sheet.

Abstract: Provided is a high-strength, heat-resistant, Ni-base alloy comprising Co: from 5 to 12%, Cr: from 5 to 12%, Mo: from 0.5 to 3.0%, W: from 3.0 to 6.0%, Al: from 5.5 to 7.2%, Ti: from 1.0 to 3.0%, Ta: from 1.5 to 6.0%, Re: from 0 to 2.0%, and C: from 0.01 to 0.20%. The high-strength, heat-resistant, Ni-base alloy is constituted of a Ni-based alloy, the balance of the Ni-based alloy comprising Ni and inevitable impurities. The density of the high-strength, heat-resistant Ni-base alloy is less than 8.5 g/cm3.

Abstract: A laser direct metal deposition method for a graphite substrate is provided. The laser direct metal deposition method includes creating an assembling by sliding an outer sheath over the graphite substrate. Further, laser direct metal deposition method includes performing a laser scanning of the outer sheath and performing a laser metal deposition over the graphite substrate with the outer sheath.

Abstract: A component for a hot-dip metal plating bath includes a base material and a thermal spray coating disposed to cover a surface of the base material. The base material includes ferritic stainless steel that contains: C: 0.10% to 0.50% by mass; Si: 0.01% to 4.00% by mass; Mn: 0.10% by mass to 3.00% by mass; Cr: 15.0% to 30.0% by mass; a total of Nb, V, Ti, and Ta: 0.9% by mass to 5.0% by mass; and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities. The ferritic stainless steel includes a microstructure that includes a ferrite phase as a main phase and a crystallized carbide, an area fraction of a Nb carbide, a Ti carbide, a V carbide, a Ta carbide, and a composite carbide thereof to the crystallized carbide of 30% or more. The component contains 50% by mass or more of Al.

Abstract: A method for producing a surface-modified component includes: a process of forming a thermal sprayed coating on a substrate; a process of irradiating a surface of the thermal sprayed coating with a high energy beam so as to cause an entirety of the thermal sprayed coating and a part of the substrate in a thickness direction to melt and then solidify, and thereby forming a densified modified layer; a process of forming a thermal sprayed coating on the modified layer which has been formed in the latest; and a process of irradiating a surface of the thermal sprayed coating with a high energy beam so as to cause an entirety of the thermal sprayed coating and a part of the modified layer which has been formed in the latest in the thickness direction to melt and then solidify, and thereby forming a densified modified layer.

Abstract: Plasma spray apparatus for coating substrates, including at least a working chamber including a plasma torch and at least a substrate support, in which an inert gas or a mixture of inert gases is contained at a pressure which is close to the normal pressure, and at least a gas circuit, in communication with said working chamber, including recirculating means of the inert gases contained in said working chamber. The recirculating means include a closed loop, including a blower and a first heat exchanger communicating with said working chamber for extracting the inert gases and supplying a first fraction of the cooled inert gases back into a first portion of the working chamber, and at least a path, communicating with said closed loop and including a compressor and a second heat exchanger for supplying a second fraction of the cooled inert gases into a second portion of the working chamber.

Abstract: A carburization method for steel is contemplated, with austenitic stainless steel showing particular promise. The surface is first passivated with an acidic solution and then subjected to low temperature (between ˜350 to 550° C. or between ˜650 to 1,000° F.) carburization in the presence of a concentrated carbon solution (e.g., carbon monoxide, hydrogen gas, and nitrogen gas), followed by a repeated cycle of passivation and carburization under identical conditions but for a comparatively shorter period of time relative to the first cycle. The carburized surface is allowed to cool and cleaned, after which the resulting surface is shown to have ultrahigh tensile strength, increased interatomic bonding strength, and lowered electrical and thermal conductivity. To the extent this method can be employed to completely saturate and penetrate the workpiece (e.g., a foil), the resultant material and article are formed entirely from a novel composition.

Abstract: A vapor deposition system comprises a vacuum chamber and two or more process modules each configured for processing a semiconductor substrate. Each process module is removably connected to a respective port of the vacuum chamber such that each process module is in vacuum communication with the vacuum chamber when connected to the respective port. A port sealing mechanism is configured to create a vacuum seal at each port such that when a first port is sealed and a first process module is disconnected from the first port, a vacuum condition is maintained within the vacuum chamber while the first process module is open to atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: Article comprising a polymeric substrate having a first major surface comprising a plurality of particles attached thereto with plasmonic material on the particles. Articles described herein are useful, for example, for indicating the presence, or even the quantity, of an analyte.

Abstract: An article comprises a body and at least one protective layer on at least one surface of the body. The at least one protective layer is a thin film having a thickness of less than approximately 20 microns that comprises a ceramic selected from a group consisting of Y3Al5O12, Er2O3, Er3Al5O12, and a ceramic compound comprising Y4Al2O9 and a solid-solution of Y2O3—ZrO2.

Abstract: The vapor deposition source includes a containing unit configured to contain vapor deposition particles and a plurality of nozzles aligned in a line form along an X axis direction, and in the vapor deposition source, the plurality of nozzles at an end portion in the X axis direction of the containing unit protrude in an oblique direction toward the end portion in the X axis direction, arrangement density of nozzles provided at the end portion in the X axis direction of the containing unit is higher than arrangement density of nozzles provided at a center portion of the containing unit, and a line connecting upper end faces of the nozzles adjacent to each other at the end portion in the X axis direction of the containing unit is linearly provided.

Abstract: Vapor deposition apparatuses and methods for coating a substrate with at least two functional coatings that include a hydrophobic coating are described herein. Some embodiments include a vapor deposition apparatus with at least a first evaporator and a second evaporator, where the evaporator configured to apply the hydrophobic coating is raised above the other evaporator and is thus closer to the substrate. Others include methods of coating a substrate with such evaporators and different distances. Embodiments of the present disclosure can be useful for coating eyeglass lenses. Still others are disclosed.

Abstract: A substrate supporting device for a vacuum sputtering equipment is provided, including a frame and a plurality of first bars and second bars intercrossing each other and arranged on the frame. A plurality of nodes is formed at intersections of the first and the second bars, and a plurality of pins configured to support the substrate is mounted on at least a part of the nodes. In the disclosure, by mounting the bars formed in a mesh shape on the frame, the entire range of the substrate can be stabilized, and the vibration and the fragment may be reduced; the first and the second bars have a smaller width so as to reduce the isolation effect on the temperature, and the mesh holes formed between the first and the second bars are uniformly distributed in the frame to avoid the uneven film quality caused by the difference in heating temperature.

Abstract: A clamping device includes a first clamping member including a main rotating member rotatable around a main rotating shaft provided on a first end side of an evaporation mask to face a support member across the evaporation mask, the main rotating member including an auxiliary rotating shaft, and the first clamping member further including an auxiliary rotating member rotatable around the auxiliary rotating shaft to come into surface-contact with a second surface of the evaporation mask.

Abstract: An inflator of a vacuum atmosphere conversion chamber is provided. The inflator comprises a first charging pipe including a first valve body, a second charging pipe including a second valve body, a pressure monitoring and judging module, an oxygen concentration monitoring and judging module and a control module. The pressure monitoring and judging module is connected separately to the vacuum atmosphere conversion chamber and the control module, the oxygen concentration monitoring and judging module is connected separately to the vacuum atmosphere conversion chamber and the control module, and the control module is connected separately to the first valve body and the second valve body. An inflation method of vacuum atmosphere conversion chamber and a vacuum sputtering equipment are also provided. The inflator, the inflation method and the vacuum sputtering equipment can switch the charging gases, for eliminating the safety hazard on the basis of solving the oxidation issue effectively.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a plurality of single crystal CVD diamonds. The method includes mounting a plurality of single crystal diamond substrates on a first carrier substrate. The plurality of single crystal diamond substrates is subjected to a first CVD diamond growth process to form a plurality of single crystal CVD diamonds on the plurality of single crystal diamond substrates. The plurality of single crystal CVD diamonds are mounted in a recessed carrier substrate and subjected to a second CVD diamond growth process.

Abstract: A method for creating metal patterns. A metal oxide film/metal film is deposited on a substrate in a reactor. After the metal oxide film/metal film has been deposited, the desired metal regions/metal oxide regions are formed on the metal oxide film/metal film using a reduction/oxidation reaction. A reducing/oxidizing gas is fed into the reactor. Furthermore, a heat source, such as a thermal probe or a high intensity laser beam, is pulsed to heat and form metal regions/metal oxide regions on the metal oxide film/metal film within the metal's reduction/oxidation window. In this manner, benefits over prior patterning techniques are achieved, including greater control and uniformity, reduced cost, less waste and potential for sub-5 nm features.

Abstract: A chamber lid assembly includes: a central channel having an upper portion and a lower portion and extending along a central axis; a housing at least partially defining a first and a second annular channel, each fluidly coupled to the central channel; a first plurality of apertures disposed along a horizontal plane through the housing to provide a multi-aperture inlet between the first annular channel and the central channel; a second plurality of apertures disposed along a horizontal plane through the housing to provide a multi-aperture inlet between the second annular channel and the central channel, wherein the first and the second plurality of apertures are angled differently with respect to the central axis so as to induce opposing rotational flow of gases about the central axis; and a tapered bottom surface extending from the lower portion of the central channel to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid assembly.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus includes: a process chamber in which a substrate is processed; a substrate support configured to support the substrate in the process chamber; a plurality of reaction gas supply holes formed in a wall of the process chamber opposite to a substrate mounting surface of the substrate support; a reaction gas supply pipe that is fixed to the process chamber and communicates to each of the reaction gas supply holes; a plurality reaction gas suppliers, each including a plasma generator installed on an upstream side of the reaction gas supply pipe; a plasma controller that is connected to the plasma generator and is configured to individually control a plurality of plasma generators; and a controller configured to control the substrate support, the plurality of reaction gas suppliers, and the plasma controller.

Abstract: Methods of depositing uniform films on substrates using multi-cyclic atomic layer deposition techniques are described. Methods involve varying one or more parameter values from cycle to cycle to tailor the deposition profile. For example, some methods involve repeating a first ALD cycle using a first carrier gas flow rate during precursor exposure and a second ALD cycle using a second carrier gas flow rate during precursor exposure. Some methods involve repeating a first ALD cycle using a first duration of precursor exposure and a second ALD cycle using a second duration of precursor exposure.

Abstract: Provided is a method for depositing a metal thin film by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using an organometallic complex as a source material and without using radical species such as plasma and ozone, which have a possibility of deactivation. The method is an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method for metal thin films which includes: a process of supplying an organometallic complex having an aromatic anionic ligand and/or an alkyl ligand into a reaction chamber in which a substrate is installed; and a process of supplying a mixture gas containing a nucleophilic gas and an electrophilic gas into the reaction chamber, the ALD method substantially not using either one of a gas in a plasma or radical state and a gas containing oxygen atoms.

Abstract: Exemplary semiconductor showerheads may include a first plate characterized by a first surface in which a plurality of first apertures are defined, and further characterized by a second surface opposite the first surface and from which extends a plurality of annular members. Each annular member of the plurality of annular members may extend from a separate first aperture of the plurality of first apertures. A channel may be defined by each first aperture and corresponding annular member. The showerheads may also include a second plate coupled with the first plate and characterized by a first surface facing the first plate and a second surface opposite the first surface. A plurality of second apertures may be defined through the second plate within an internal area of the second plate. Each annular member of the plurality of annular members may extend within a separate second aperture of the plurality of second apertures.

Abstract: Provided are gas distribution apparatus with a delivery channel having an inlet end, an outlet end and a plurality of apertures spaced along the length. The delivery channel is separated into a plurality of zones by partitions. Each of the plurality of zones has an inlet and an outlet.

Abstract: Embodiments of apparatus for supplying vaporized reactants to a reaction chamber are described herein. In some embodiments, a showerhead assembly for depositing multiple materials on a substrate includes a plurality of gas delivery portions, each gas delivery portion having an inlet, a wedge shaped body that defines a plenum, and a plurality of openings disposed on a bottom surface of the gas delivery portion, wherein each of the plenums are fluidly isolated from each other.

Abstract: A novel technique that is a resin etching technique without using chromic acid and can be operated at an industrial level is provided by a resin surface etching method characterized in that, in etching a resin surface, one set of the following steps (a) and (b) is performed two or more times without performing a resin swelling step: (a) a step of treating the resin surface with a solution containing an oxidizing agent and adsorbing the oxidizing agent on the resin surface, and (b) a step of activating the oxidizing agent adsorbed on the resin surface in the step (a).

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a water-based treatment solution which makes it possible to form a chemical-conversion-treated coating film having further improved corrosion resistance. The present invention relates to a water-based treatment solution for a chemical conversion treatment of a steel sheet or a plated steel sheet. The water-based treatment solution contains an organic resin including a fluororesin, a Group-4A metal compound, and at least one binding promoter selected from the group consisting of dimethyl adipate, diethyl adipate, di(iso)propyl adipate, di(iso)butyl adipate, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di(iso)propyl phthalate and di(iso)butyl phthalate.

Abstract: A method for forming a metallic structure having a secondary component includes positioning the secondary component on a main formation surface of a main tool, the main formation surface corresponding to a desired shape of a first layer of material. The method also includes depositing a layer of material on the secondary component and the main formation surface using a cold-spray technique such that the layer of material bonds to the secondary component. The method also includes removing the layer of material and the secondary component to form the metallic structure.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a method of repairing a non-line of sight feature on a surface, the method comprising machining a worn irregular non-line of sight surface to provide a substantially planar repair surface, depositing a nickel plate base layer having a base layer thickness on the substantially planar repair surface, and depositing a protective layer having a protective layer thickness on the nickel plate base layer.

Abstract: The use of a physical mixture of partially stabilized and fully stabilized zirconium oxide powder for producing a thermal barrier coating results in good thermal barrier properties and good mechanical properties is provided.

Abstract: A method of applying a corrosion barrier includes applying a conversion coat onto a component and applying a layer of ceramic material over the conversion coat by atomic layer deposition. The conversion coat and the ceramic material provide corrosion resistance. A component with a corrosion barrier is also disclosed.

Abstract: A surface treatment layer for a titanium-containing substrate includes a disordered metal oxide lattice having metal nitride compounds doped in the disordered metal oxide lattice. A method of surface treating a metal substrate includes introducing oxygen to a titanium-containing substrate to thereby form an oxide layer within the titanium-containing substrate, and, after the step of introducing oxygen, introducing nitrogen to the titanium-containing substrate to thereby modify the oxide layer to form a surface treatment layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of etching a metal barrier layer and a metal layer. The method includes forming the metal barrier layer and the metal layer on a substrate, and using an etching composition to etch the metal barrier layer and the metal layer. The etching composition may include an oxidant selected from nitric acid, bromic acid, iodic acid, perchloric acid, perbromic acid, periodic acid, sulfuric acid, methane sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, or a combination thereof, a metal etching inhibitor including a compound expressed by Chemical Formula 1, and a metal oxide solubilizer selected from phosphoric acid, phosphate, carboxylic acid having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for anti-fouling of a surface (30) of a marine structure (50) when in contact a liquid like seawater. The arrangement has floating electrodes and a power source (130) coupled to conductors in contact with the liquid, which conductors are distributed across the marine structure for providing an electrical potential across a protected area (40) of the surface. The floating electrodes (110) are arranged on the surface covering a protected area. Each floating electrode has a conductive layer being electrically isolated from the surface, and a dielectric layer (112) separating the conductive layer and the liquid. The power source is arranged to generate voltage pulses for charging and discharging the floating electrodes due to changes in the electrical potential for generating charging and discharging currents in the liquid at the dielectric layer. Effectively, such currents prevent or at least reduce biofouling.