Abstract: A method for producing a tool coated with a hard coating, the method including the following steps: applying a TiAIN coating layer onto a substrate with a first magnetron sputtering process and applying a TixSi1-xN coating layer onto the TiAIN layer with a second magnetron sputtering process, where x is smaller than or equal to 0.85 and preferably between and including 0.80 and 0.70 whereas the second magnetron sputtering process is performed with power densities greater than 100 W/cm2 and as such is a HIPIMS process.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the invention, a protective film formation chamber for forming a carbon protective film on a magnetic film includes: a gas introduction part which introduces a source gas to a vacuum vessel; a discharge electrode having a discharge surface at a position facing a substrate conveyed to a predetermined position in the vacuum vessel; a plasma formation part which applies voltage between the discharge surface and the substrate conveyed to the predetermined position; a permanent magnet being provided on a back side of the discharge surface and having a first magnet and a second magnet provided such that their magnetic poles facing the discharge surface are opposite to each other; and a no-erosion-portion mask being provided in parallel to the discharge surface and covering an area of the discharge surface surrounding a portion facing the permanent magnet.

Abstract: Methods for gapfill of high aspect ratio features are described. A first film is deposited on the bottom and upper sidewalls of a feature. The first film is etched from the sidewalls of the feature and the first film in the bottom of the feature is treated to form a second film. The deposition, etch and treat processes are repeated to fill the feature.

Abstract: A film forming apparatus is provided for forming a film by revolving a substrate placed on a rotary table in a vacuum container, alternately supplying a precursor gas and a reaction gas that reacts with the precursor gas to generate a reaction product multiple times, and depositing the reaction product on the substrate. The film forming apparatus comprises a precursor gas supply region that supplies the precursor gas onto the substrate, one or more plasma generation regions that generate plasma at a position apart from the precursor gas supply region in a rotational direction of the rotary table, and a cleaning region that cleans the rotary table by supplying a cleaning gas onto the rotary table in a region apart from the plasma generation regions and the precursor gas supply region in the rotational direction when a film forming process is not performed on the substrate.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for cleaning a component of a plasma processing apparatus, a surface of the component being included in a surface that defines an inner space formed in a chamber of the plasma processing apparatus. The cleaning method comprises: forming a film on the surface of the component by supplying a first gas and a second gas into the inner space, wherein a compound forming the film is generated by polymerization of a first compound contained in the first gas and a second compound contained in the second gas, the first compound being isocyanate and the second compound being amine or a compound having a hydroxyl group; and removing, after substrate treatment is performed in the inner space, a deposit formed on the film during the substrate treatment by heating the component so that depolymerization of the compound forming the film occurs.

Abstract: There is provided a method of processing a target object to be processed including a porous film and a mask. The method include supplying a first gas into a processing chamber of a plasma processing apparatus in which the target object including the porous film is accommodated, and generating a plasma of a second gas in the processing chamber to remove the mask. The first gas is a processing gas having a saturated vapor pressure of less than or equal to 133.3 Pa at a temperature of a stage on which the target object is mounted in the processing chamber, or includes the processing gas. In the step of supplying the first gas, no plasma is generated, and a partial pressure of the processing gas supplied into the processing chamber is greater than or equal to 20% of the saturated vapor pressure.

Abstract: A deposition device structure is provided. The deposition device structure includes a heater in a chamber. The deposition device structure also includes a shower head over the heater. The shower head includes holes extending from a top surface of the shower head to a bottom surface of the shower head. The bottom surface of the shower head faces the heater. The bottom surface of the shower head has a first section and a second section. The second section of the bottom surface is rougher than the first section of the bottom surface.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to a showerhead having a reflector plate with a gas injection insert for radially distributing gas. In one embodiment, a showerhead assembly includes a reflector plate and a gas injection insert. The reflector plate includes at least one gas injection port. The gas injection insert is disposed in the reflector plate, and includes a plurality of apertures. The gas injection insert also includes a baffle plate disposed in the gas injection insert, wherein the baffle plate also includes a plurality of apertures. A first plenum is formed between a first portion of the baffle plate and the reflector plate, and a second plenum is formed between a second portion of the baffle plate and the reflector plate. The plurality of apertures of the gas injection insert and the plurality of apertures of the baffle plate are not axially aligned.

Abstract: A heating device includes a holding member having a resistive heating element, a columnar support member joined to the holding member, power receiving electrodes connected to the resistive heating element, and an electrode terminal unit disposed in each of through holes in the columnar support member. Each of the electrode terminal units includes a first columnar member having one end portion connected to the power receiving electrode and the other end portion connected to a metal stranded wire, and a second columnar member having an end portion connected to the metal stranded wire. A columnar member assembly having a portion of the first columnar member and a portion of the second columnar member includes a general portion and a large-diameter portion. The distance between the large-diameter portion and an inner peripheral surface of the through hole is smaller than the distance between the general portion and the inner peripheral surface.

Abstract: There is provided a technique that includes arranging a plurality of substrates inside a process container in a vertical direction; and forming a film on each of the plurality of substrates by supplying a process gas into the process container. The act of forming the film includes: supplying the process gas into the process container; and performing pressure control such that a pressure inside the process container becomes a process pressure. A start timing of the act of supplying the process gas is adjusted with respect to a start timing of the act of performing the pressure control to adjust a thickness of a film formed on a substrate arranged on an upper portion of the plurality of substrates.

Abstract: A method of making an article using an additive manufacturing technique includes depositing a powder. The powder includes particles formed from an article material and having particle surfaces. A coating formed from a sacrificial coating is deposited over the particle surface. The sacrificial material has a composition that is different from the composition of the article material and is separated from the article material during fusing of the article material into a layer of an additively manufactured article.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plated steel sheet for hot press forming, a hot-press forming member manufactured using the same, and a manufacturing method thereof. The plated steel sheet comprises: a base steel sheet and a composite plated layer that is formed on at least one surface of the base steel sheet, and has a Mn-based plated layer and an Al-based plated layer alternately formed therein, an Al-based plated layer being formed on the uppermost layer thereof, wherein the composite plated layer has a total thickness of 5 to 30 ?m, and in this case, the Mn-based plated layer accounts for 5 to 60% of the total thickness.

Abstract: Coatings for metal forming tools or metal forming members used for cold forming of high-strength steels include a CrN lower layer and a TiCN upper layer. The lower layer is deposited closer to the substrate than the upper layer. The lower layer is made of oxygen-enriched chromium nitride exhibiting a cubic structure with preferred orientation, and the upper layer is made of hydrogen-enriched titanium carbonitride. Methods for depositing the coatings are also described.

Abstract: An anode slurry for cathodic protection to underground metallic structures, preferably for casings of hydrocarbon producing wells or water injecting/producing wells, comprising a granulated electrical conducting material as anode and optionally a granulated filler with high electrical conductivity (backfill). There is also disclosed a method for providing cathodic protection to underground metallic structures by injecting an anode slurry into the underground formation containing the metallic structures.

Abstract: A method and a device for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide for preparing a high-concentration formate salt. Carbon dioxide is continuously supplied to a cathode unit and is continuously supplied to a metal hydroxide to the anode unit. A voltage or current is applied to the cathode unit and the anode unit for reducing the carbon dioxide to obtain the formate salt.

Abstract: Iron-containing mixed-phase metal oxides are described. The mixed-phase metal oxides can exhibit electrocatalytic and/or photo-electrocatalytic activity towards reducing reactions, such as the reduction of carbon dioxide.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell for carbon dioxide of an embodiment includes: an anode part including an anode which oxidizes water or hydroxide ions to produce oxygen and an anode solution flow path which supplies an anode solution to the anode; a cathode part including a cathode which reduces carbon dioxide to produce a carbon compound, a cathode solution flow path which supplies a cathode solution to the cathode, and a gas flow path which supplies carbon dioxide to the cathode; and a separator which separates the anode part and the cathode part. The anode has a first surface in contact with the separator, and a second surface facing the anode solution flow path so that the anode solution is in contact with the anode.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods and devices for use in photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2. In particular, it is disclosed a filter-press photoelectrochemical cell for producing a reduction product from CO2 and a method for the photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2.

Abstract: In various embodiments, the invention teaches a method for water splitting with much higher efficiency than previous methods. By decreasing the distance between two electrodes to nanometer scale, even shorter than the electric field screening length, the external power required for water splitting is significantly reduced.

Abstract: Provided is a cathode for electrolysis comprising a conductive substrate and a Ru element-containing catalyst layer on the conductive substrate, wherein in the catalyst layer, the ratio of the maximum intensity of the Ru 3d 5/2 peak appearing between 281.4 eV and 282.4 eV to the maximum intensity of the Ru 3d 5/2 peak appearing between 280.0 eV and 281.0 eV, in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurement is 0.45 or more.

Abstract: The invention discloses a water electrolysis hydrogen production plant with a pumpless water supply system. The plant includes a water treatment system, a water tank, a water electrolysis device, and a controller. The water treatment system, water tank and water electrolysis device are sequentially connected together via pipelines and associated valves. Compressed gas is connected, via a pipeline, to the water tank, and serves to drive water from the water tank into the water electrolysis device. A process flow for the method of operating the pumpless water supply system in a water electrolysis hydrogen production plant is also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an ion-conducting composite membrane disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The composite membrane includes a porous substrate having pores and a porosity from about 5 vol % to about 80 vol %, and a selective ion-conductive filler disposed at least partially within the pores. The filler includes an intercalation material. Methods of making the ion-conducting composite membrane and using an electrochemical cell having the ion-conducting composite membrane are also provided.

Abstract: A method for subjecting garment accessories to a surface electrolytic treatment provides various metallic colors to metallic garment accessories in a cost effective manner. The method can provide a first metallic color on one side of outer surface of the garment accessory and provide a second metallic color on the other side of the outer surface, by placing one or more metallic garment accessories in an electrolytic solution in a non-contact state with an anode and a cathode for passing electric current through the electrolytic solution, passing electric current through the electrolytic solution and generating a bipolar phenomenon on the garment accessory.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electrolytic copper foil for graphene and a method for producing the copper foil, in which, in the manufacture of the electrolytic copper foil for graphene, addition of nickel facilitates the synthesis of the graphene. The addition of nickel which serves as a seed in the synthesis of graphene on electrolytic copper foil reduces the electrical conductivity after graphene synthesis. As a result, graphene is uniformly formed on the surface of the copper foil. Further, the present disclosure may provide the electrolytic copper foil for graphene and the method for producing the copper foil in which an electrolytic copper foil having a resistance value of less than 300 ohm/square after the synthesis of the graphene on the electrolytic copper foil is produced, thereby, facilitate the formation of graphene on the electrolytic copper foil.

Abstract: An aluminum alloy is described and has compositions with mass percentage content consisting of: 5.0%-5.4% Zn; 0.9%-1.2% Mg; Cu<0.05%; Si<0.05%; Fe<0.1%; Mn<0.05%; Zr<0.1%; Ti<0.05%; other impurities <0.15%; and the remaining composition being Al. An anodizing method of the aluminum alloy described above is described and has: a degreasing treatment, a first black-film stripping treatment, a chemical polishing treatment, a second black-film stripping treatment, an anodizing treatment, a hole filling treatment and a drying treatment which are performed in turn. The aluminum alloy has a higher strength while eliminating an influence of a formed compound phase on a material texture.

Abstract: A method for treating a surface of a metallic structure, the metallic structure being made of a first metallic material; the method including the steps of: (a) bonding an alloy material made of the first metallic material and a second metallic material with the structure; and (b) etching away at least some of the first metallic material from a structure obtained after step (a) so as to obtain a treated structure with an increased specific surface area compared with the metallic structure before treatment.

Abstract: An oxychloride infrared nonlinear optical crystal and the preparation method and use thereof, the optical crystal has a general chemical formula of Pb2+xOCl2+2x, therein 0<x<0.139 or 0.141<x<0.159 or 0.161<x?0.6. The crystal is non-centrosymmetric, belongs to orthonormal system with space group of Fmm2, cell parameter is a=35.4963(14)±0.05 ?, b=5.8320(2)±0.05 ?, c=16.0912(6)±0.05 ?. The crystal is prepared by high temperature melt method or flux method. The crystal has a strong second harmonic generation efficiency of 4 times that of KDP (KH2PO4) tested by Kurtz method, it is phase machable, transparent in the range of 0.34-7 ?m. The laser damage threshold is 10 times that of the current commercial infrared nonlinear optical crystal AgGaS2. No crystalline water exists in lead oxychloride, and it is stable in the air and has good thermal stability.

Abstract: A method for producing an epitaxial silicon carbide single crystal wafer comprised of a silicon carbide single crystal substrate having a small off angle on which a high quality silicon carbide single crystal film with little basal plane dislocations is provided, that is, a method for producing an epitaxial silicon carbide single crystal wafer epitaxially growing silicon carbide on a silicon carbide single crystal substrate using a thermal CVD method, comprising supplying an etching gas inside the epitaxial growth reactor to etch the surface of the silicon carbide single crystal substrate so that the arithmetic average roughness Ra value becomes 0.5 nm to 3.0 nm, then starting epitaxial growth to convert 95% or more of the basal plane dislocations at the surface of the silicon carbide single crystal substrate to threading edge dislocations.

Abstract: Resorbable multifilament yarns and monofilament fibers including poly-4-hydroxybutyrate and copolymers thereof with high tenacity or high tensile strength have been developed. The yarns and fibers are produced by cold drawing the multifilament yarns and monofilament fibers before hot drawing the yarns and fibers under tension at temperatures above the melt temperature of the polymer or copolymer. These yarns and fibers have prolonged strength retention in vivo making them suitable for soft tissue repairs where high strength and strength retention is required. The multifilament yarns have tenacities higher than 8.1 grams per denier, and in vivo, retain at least 65% of their initial strength at 2 weeks. The monofilament fibers retain at least 50% of their initial strength at 4 weeks in vivo. The monofilament fibers have tensile strengths higher than 500 MPa. These yarns and fibers may be used to make various medical devices for various applications, including mesh sutures.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polymer fibre with improved dispersibility, a method for producing said fibre and the use of said fibre. The polymer fibre according to the invention comprises at least one synthetic polymer and 0.1 and 20 wt. % of a silicone. The polymer forming the fibre forms a solid dispersion medium at room temperature (25° C.) for the silicone present in solid form also at room temperature (25° C.) which forms the more disperse phase. The polymer fibre according to the invention possesses an improved dispersibility and is therefore suitable for producing aqueous suspensions which are used, for example, in the formation of textile fabrics, e.g. nonwovens.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing thermally stabilized, non-sticky and stretchable fibers, which may be further processed into intermediate carbon fibers and finally also carbon fibers. Uses of said fibers are also disclosed. Also a highly oriented intermediate carbon fiber is disclosed together with a highly oriented carbon fiber.

Abstract: A vortex tube system for conditioning and blending fibrous material utilizing a helical inlet to the base of a central vortex tube, to condition and blend fibers in a fluidly conveyed stream, and to separate the fibers from debris, by abruptly changing direction of the conveying air flow. The vortex tube system for conditioning and blending combines the helical input with helical shaping of the air flow through the central vortex tube to induce greater dynamics which is continued at the top of the vortex tube through a separate drying chamber.

Abstract: A hollow fabric is obtained by providing cotton blended yarns and alkali-soluble polyester yarns which are arranged in a ratio of 10:2 as warp yarns, and providing cotton blended elastic yarns and alkali-soluble polyester filaments which are arranged in a ratio of 6:2 as weft yarns. The warp yarns and weft yarns are interwoven into plain weaves, and the plain weaves are subjected to alkali solution to remove the alkali-soluble polyester filaments, thereby obtaining greige cloth having meshes. The greige is subjected to boiled bleaching, softening and drying to obtain the hollow fabric. By optimizing the ratio of yarns and using a boiled bleaching, softening and drying process, a soft, smooth and fluffy product is produced with humidity-absorbing and breathability characteristics.

Abstract: Woven products using combined materials are provided. An intermittent weaving splicer terminates and combines materials having different functional and/or aesthetic properties to create woven products that reflect the different properties of the combined material. Further, a dynamic tensioner variably adjusts tension on the combined materials based on the different properties of the combined material.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing weaving reeds (9) includes forming the dents (1) of the reed (9)where strip- or tape-shaped objects (1) are joined together at a given distance apart (A) in the widthwise direction (B) of the reed (9). At least one of the strip- or tape-shaped objects (1) is provided with a prescribed amount (10-18) of at least one viscous substance applied to its areal surfaces (8), particularly to the end portions (E) thereof, said areal surfaces facing in the widthwise direction (B) of the reed (9), and are then joined together. A device (30) for manufacturing reeds (9), and a reed (9) produced using the aforementioned method is included.

Abstract: A double pointed knitting ring, including an open ring having first and second ends; a first knitting point attached to the first end; and a second knitting point attached to the second end; wherein the first and second knitting points are separated by a gap.

Abstract: A jacquard fabric for a mattress ticking to be used for a bedding mattress and a method for knitting this jacquard fabric are provided. The method is for producing a jacquard fabric for a mattress ticking using a double-sided needle selection circular knitting machine of a rib gating type by which an arbitrary pattern is created by means of computer-based needle selection on a cylinder side, an arbitrary pattern is also created by means of computer-based needle selection on a dial side, and an arbitrary knitting structure is made in an arbitrary part by combining the pattern obtained on the cylinder side with the pattern obtained on the dial side. As a result of employing an irregular twill pattern as a background knitting structure serving as a base, a stretchable fabric that has a soft texture, a tight knitting structure, and strength similar to that of woven fabric is obtained.

Abstract: Initial pattern data (50) and gauge data are stored, the pattern data is converted into knitting data based on the gauge data, and a knitted product is test-knitted. Sizes of the test-knitted product are compared with sizes indicated by the initial pattern data (50), and the pattern data or the knitting data is corrected. The correction amounts for the pattern data or for knitting data for two sizes are stored, and interpolation or extrapolation is performed based on the stored correction amounts to correct pattern data or knitting data for other sizes.

Abstract: It is provided that a multifilament and a braid that are capable of being processed into products in a wide range of temperature and are excellent in dimensional stability and abrasion resistance. A multifilament comprising 5 or more monofilaments and a braid comprising the multifilament, wherein the multifilament contains polyethylene having an intrinsic viscosity [?] of 5.0 dL/g or more and 40.0 dL/g or less and substantially including ethylene as a repeating unit, the monofilament has a titer of 3 dtex or more and 40 dtex or less, the multifilament has a thermal shrinkage of 0.20% or less at 70° C. and a thermal shrinkage of 3.0% or less at 120° C., and a stress Raman shift factor under the condition of applying a load that is 10% of a breaking load to the monofilament is 5.0 cm?1 or less.

Abstract: A non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-readable instructions for sewing data generation. The computer-readable instructions are executed by a processor provided in a sewing data generation device. When executed by the processor in the sewing data generation device, the computer-readable instructions instruct the processor to perform following processes. First, the processor acquires a pattern. And, the processor divides the acquired pattern into a first pattern and a second pattern. The second pattern includes an overlapping portion. The overlapping portion in the second pattern partially overlaps with the first pattern. The processor generates sewing data to sew each of the first pattern and the second pattern on a sewing object. And, the processor generates processing data to process, in full size, a processing pattern. The processing pattern is obtained by excluding the overlapping portion from the second pattern, on a sheet-like processing object different from the sewing object.

Abstract: A sewing machine sews a sewing pattern on a work cloth. The sewing machine includes a storage portion configured to store pattern data used for sewing the sewing pattern on the work cloth, and a projector configured to project an image. The sewing machine generates, on the basis of the pattern data, a projection image that includes a pattern object and a peripheral object. The pattern object represents the sewing pattern. The peripheral object is disposed adjacent to an outer edge of the pattern object and surrounds the pattern object. The sewing machine controls the projector and projecting the generated projection image toward a top surface of a bed portion on which the work cloth is placed.

Abstract: A sewing machine includes at least one needle bar, a threading motor, a threading mechanism, a processor, and a memory. The threading mechanism is configured to pass an upper thread through an eye of a sewing needle. The memory is configured to store computer-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, instruct the processor to perform processes. The processes include making one of a setting that prohibits operation of the threading mechanism and a setting that does not prohibit the operation of the threading mechanism. The processes include switching the operation of the threading mechanism by prohibiting the operation of the threading mechanism in a case where the setting that prohibits the operation of the threading mechanism is made, and permitting the operation of the threading mechanism in a case where the setting that does not prohibit the operation of the threading mechanism is made.

Abstract: A sewing machine in which a base configured to support a throat plate, a shuttle or a looper, and an input shaft for a stitching operation to the shuttle or the looper with respect to a bed portion of a frame is supported to be movable along a direction of approaching or separating from a sewing needle is provided. The sewing machine includes a connecting member which changes to any one of a state in which the input shaft and a transmission shaft are aligned in the same straight line to be in a torque transmission state and a state in which the input shaft moves together with the base with respect to the transmission shaft, between the input shaft on the base side and the transmission shaft which transmits power to the input shaft.

Abstract: A foot-operated controller of a sewing machine including a first pedal that input a number of revolution of a sewing machine motor by stepping of a user, a second pedal pressed by the user, a main body that supports the first pedal, and a support unit that supports the second pedal, in which the support unit is selectively attachable in disposition where the second pedal is on the left side of the first pedal and disposition where the second pedal is on the right side of the first pedal. In both cases where the second pedal is on the left side of the first pedal and the right side of the first pedal, across an interval between the main body and the support unit, it is possible to detect the pressing to the second pedal with respect to the second element.

Abstract: A washing machine is provided. The washing machine may include a circulation hose, a water discharge hose, and a pump configured to selectively supply water to the circulation hose and the water discharge hose. The pump may include a pump motor that is reversible and rotatable in a first direction and second direction, an impeller rotated by the pump motor, and a pump housing to provide a space in which the impeller is accommodated. The pump housing may include a supply port, a circulation water discharge port coupled to a second end of the circulation hose, and a water discharge port coupled to the water discharge hose. The water discharge outlet and the circulation water outlet may be arranged in a circumferential direction and spaced apart from each other on a ring-shaped inner surface of the pump housing.

Abstract: A washing machine appliance and methods of operation are provided. The washing machine appliance generally includes an apron and a sub-washer unit suspended within the apron by a plurality of dampers. A measurement device is mounted on the sub-washer unit to measure the movement of the sub-washer unit. The movement of each damper is calculated based on the relative position of the damper and the measurement device. By monitoring the movement of each damper, the amount of energy dissipated by each damper during operation may be calculated and the operation of the washing machine appliance may be adjusted when the amount of energy dissipated and/or power level exceeds a predetermined energy threshold.

Abstract: A wall-mounted drum type washing machine includes a rear panel mounted on a wall surface; a tub containing wash water; a box unit coupled to the rear panel and surrounding the tub; and a reinforcement portion connecting the tub and the rear panel and surrounding the tub.

Abstract: A washing machine hydraulic leveling device comprises hydraulic feet, wherein each hydraulic foot comprises a fixed part and a movable part, a hollow chamber is formed between the fixed part and the movable part, and the hollow chamber is provided with a hydraulic medium; two said hydraulic feet communicate with each other through high-pressure oil pipes: the hydraulic medium flows under pressure between the hollow chambers of the hydraulic feet to drive the movable parts to extend and retract, thereby implementing automatic leveling; and the fixed parts are provided with oil nipples communicating with the hollow chambers, and the oil nipples of the two hydraulic feet are connected to a same connecting piece through the high-pressure oil pipes, thereby implementing communication between the two hydraulic feet.

Abstract: A vertical axis laundry treating appliance having a non-encapsulated lid comprising a single panel of glass that is able to pass the UL 746C ball drop test. Non-encapsulated glass lids according to embodiments of the disclosure simplify part and assembly complexity compared to encapsulated glass lids.

Abstract: A dryer appliance is provided including a cabinet and a drum defining a chamber and being rotatably mounted within the cabinet. An inlet duct is fluidly coupled to a chamber inlet and an air handler urges a flow of air through the inlet duct and into the chamber. An induction heating assembly is in thermal communication with the inlet duct and includes an induction coil for generating an electromagnetic field and a heating plate for generating heat when energized by the electromagnetic field. The induction heating assembly may be positioned proximate a rear wall of the chamber or in a heater box below the chamber. In addition, the heating plate may form part of a rear wall of the drum or may be positioned behind the rear wall.