Abstract: A method of facilitating delivery of a discretionary dose of insulin to a user includes: enabling the user or a caregiver to specify, via a computer-based user interface, parameters associated with a discretionary delivery of insulin that may be delivered to the user; subsequently receiving data that represents the user's glucose level during a period of time associated with the discretionary delivery; automatically determining, with a computer-based processor, based on the received data, if, when and how much discretionary insulin should be delivered to the user during the period of time associated with the discretionary delivery; delivering insulin to the user during the period of time associated with the discretionary delivery according to the automatic determination; and delivering insulin to the user with the insulin delivery device according to a non-discretionary insulin delivery schedule unless a discretionary insulin delivery mode has been triggered.

Abstract: An infusion pump system providing therapy to a patient in a closed-loop or semi-closed loop mode can safely automatically revert to open-loop therapy. The system stores a default open-loop basal rate profile in memory. The system also continually tracks the insulin on board for the patient over a plurality of closed-loop therapy intervals. When an error or event occurs requiring reversion to open-loop therapy, the system automatically provides therapy according to the open-loop basal rate profile and the tracked insulin on board amount.

Abstract: This disclosure concerns a medical device designed for delivering a medical fluid or designed for controlling delivery of a medical fluid, and to a method of operating such a medical device. The medical device comprises a user interface associated with an electronic circuit connected to a first port and to a second port of a controller. The electronic circuit enables the controller to detect actuation of the user interface. The controller is configured to execute the following sequence of steps: first step: configure the first port as an output port and to apply a first signal to the first port; second step: to acquire a second signal from the second port; and third step: to determine on the basis of the second signal if a short circuit has occurred and to generate a short circuit alert signal if applicable.

Abstract: A system for compounding medications. The system includes one or more compounding devices, and a central computer system. The central computer system receives requests, at least some of which require the compounding of one or more medications, and pushes assignments of respective compounding tasks to the one or more compounding devices. The assignments are made in accordance with a set of rules designed to promote efficient use of compounding resources.

Abstract: A syringe for injection of fluid into the vitreous humor of an eye has a body that has, formed therein, an injection barrel and an extraction barrel, both of which have volumes that vary in response to movement of primary and secondary plungers that, are coupled to each other by a coupler. Two parallel needles, an extraction needle and an injection needle, emerge from the distal end of the body. Movement of the primary plunger injects fluid into the vitreous humor while at the same time causing the secondary plunger to extract the same volume of fluid from the vitreous humor, thus maintaining intraocular pressure.

Abstract: An injection device for dispensing medication from a medicament cartridge is disclosed having a needle assembly at one end and a piston disposed opposite the needle assembly wherein advancement of the piston within the cartridge discharges medication from the needle assembly. The injection device may include a housing assembly and a driving assembly adapted to drive the piston and thereby discharge medication from the needle assembly. A cartridge retainer may be securable to the housing assembly and adapted to retain the cartridge. Securing the cartridge retainer to the housing assembly with a retained cartridge may move the piston of the cartridge into contact with the driving assembly and perform a priming procedure. The cartridge retainer may be securable to the housing assembly by rotationally engaging a helical thread with a helical groove. A ratcheting mechanism may be used to prevent the rotational disengagement of the cartridge retainer from the housing assembly.

Abstract: Drug delivery systems with reduced hold-up volumes are provided. The drug delivery systems include a cartridge configured to hold a liquid drug. A cartridge stopper is positioned in a first portion of the cartridge. A needle guide component is positioned within the cartridge stopper. A needle is positioned within a central opening of the needle guide. A plunger is positioned in a second portion of the cartridge. The plunger includes a fluid path pocket facing and aligned with the central opening of the needle guide component. The plunger is driven toward the cartridge stopper to expel the liquid drug from the cartridge through the needle. An end of the needle can be positioned within the fluid path pocket when the plunger is pushed against the cartridge stopper, ensuring that only a small volume of the liquid drug remains in the cartridge when delivery of the liquid drug is completed.

Abstract: An injector may include a container having a wall with an interior surface and a seal assembly with an interior surface, the interior surfaces of the wall and the seal assembly defining a closed sterile reservoir filled with a drug product. The injector may also include a fluid delivery system comprising a clean, unsheathed, rigid container needle having a point disposed only partially through the seal assembly in a storage state, and disposed through the interior surface of the seal assembly into the sterile reservoir in a delivery state. Further, the injection may include an actuator that is adapted to move the container needle from the storage state to the delivery state.

Abstract: An injector includes an injection needle and an activation button assembly operatively connected to the injection needle. The activation button assembly is translatable from an unactuated position to an actuated position, the actuated position being visually different than the unactuated position. A position of the activation button assembly between the unactuated position thereof and the actuated position thereof defines a threshold point, and movement of the activation button assembly beyond the threshold point secures the activation button assembly in the actuated position, and drives the injection needle from a retracted position thereof to an injection position thereof.

Abstract: An activation assembly for a medicament delivery device is presented having a delivery member cover provided with legs and configured to be biased in a proximal direction, a movable sleeve configured to be received between the legs, and an activation sleeve configured to be biased in the proximal direction, wherein the delivery member cover is configured to be moved in an axial direction between a first position and a second position, wherein movement of the delivery member cover from the first position to the second position causes movement of the movable sleeve from a first movable sleeve position to a second movable sleeve position. The delivery member cover axially displaces the activation sleeve in a distal direction when the delivery member cover moves towards the second position, thereby causing a first actuation of a sensor.

Abstract: A drug delivery device comprises a medication container containing medication for delivery and a detachable unit having an electronic circuit with a microprocessor. The electronic circuit is open and non-operational when the detachable component is assembled on the drug delivery device; and the electronic circuit is closed and operational when the detachable component is detached from the drug delivery device. The detachment of the detachable unit is an essential step to operate the drug delivery device. The detachable unit can be an activation protection cap or a needle shield remover for an autoinjector device. Alternatively, the detachable unit can be a needle shield remover for a pre-filled syringe.

Abstract: Catheter and needle assemblies with spring-powered retractable needles are described. The assemblies can include a hollow handle, a grip portion, a catheter hub with a catheter, and a needle. The needle can have a first position in which the needle is slidably disposed within the catheter and a second position in which the needle is slidably removed from the catheter and retracted at least in part into the hollow handle. The grip portion can include a trigger portion that activates a spring to move the needle from the first position into the second position. In the second position, a sharp distal point of the needle is shielded by the grip portion to prevent accidental needle sticks.

Abstract: A syringe safety system may include a sleeve. The sleeve may include a guide track formed in the sleeve. The guide track may have a guide pin retention portion, a travel portion, and a lockout portion. The syringe safety system may include a collar having a guide from an exterior surface of the collar. A spring may extend between and be coupled to the collar and the sleeve. A cap may engage the sleeve. The cap may be configured to retain the guide pin in the guide pin retention portion of the guide tack. When the cap is removed, the spring advances the guide pin into the travel portion of the guide track.

Abstract: A drug delivery device includes a blunt cannula and a reservoir. The blunt cannula has a cylindrical wall that defines an axial passage between a first end and a second end of the blunt cannula. The wall has at least a first tapered region at the first end to define an opening in fluid communication with the axial passage and adapted at the first end to resist interruption of fluid flow through the axial passage and out of the first end of the blunt cannula. The reservoir is connected to the second end of the blunt cannula.

Abstract: A multiple carrier injection system (10) comprising an adapter (20) including at least one arm (22), a pen needle assembly (29) including a hub (30) retaining a needle (44), and a bullet (50) having a cover (58) to seal the bullet (50), the bullet (50) enclosing the hub (30) in a first position, wherein the arm (22) engages the adapter (20) to the hub (30), and the arm (22) causes the hub (30) to rotate within the bullet (50) to move the hub (30) into a second position.

Abstract: A dual-needle syringe capable of preventing infection, including: an infusion needle shaft (3) configured to aspirate a liquid from a drug container (30); an injection needle shaft (5) having a sharp point of one end inserted into a body, and the other end connected to the syringe (10), through which the liquid filled in the syringe (10) is injected into a body; a hub barrel (7) engaged to a barrel (15) of the syringe (10) to infuse the liquid, which is aspirated from the drug container (30) through the infusion needle shaft (3), into the syringe (10) through the injection needle shaft (5), the hub barrel having an infusion needle shaft hub (21) and an injection needle shaft hub (23) which can be separated from each other before the liquid is injected; and a filter (9) configured to filter foreign substances contained in the liquid.

Abstract: A method for injection of drugs into a patient, the method including a) marking on a skin of the patient indicators to identify locations for drug injections: b) taking an image of the skin with the markings thereon; c) after obtaining a customized cover with openings in the cover, inserting a marking device through the openings to mark the skin for injection locations.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a tamper-evident structure of syringe that enables a user to recognize at a glance the fact that the syringe is already unsealed. A cap 4 of the syringe 2 includes a cover 5 that covers a distal end of a nozzle 21, a sealing plug 7 that is elastic and seals the distal end of the nozzle 21 in a state of being attached to the inside of the cover 5, and a tamper ring 6 that includes a restraining part that is separably connected to the syringe 2 and the cover 5 that presses the sealing plug 7 against the distal end of the nozzle 2.

Abstract: A nebulizer for nebulizing a liquid from a container, where the nebulizer includes a fluid pump for withdrawing the liquid in doses from the container and pressurizing the respective doses for nebulization. The container includes an air pump with a piston/cylinder arrangement to pressurizing the liquid in the container to help withdrawing the liquid from the container. A control valve limits the air pressure acting on the liquid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a drug dispenser using a compressed gas. More particularly, the present invention relates to a drug dispenser which discharges a drug in a drug container by supplying a compressed gas into the drug container. The present invention provides a drug dispenser including: a casing to which a compressed gas container for storing a compressed gas is coupled; a compressed gas gate which is provided in the casing, and opens or closes a supply of the compressed gas from the compressed gas container; a compressed gas delivery unit which delivers the compressed gas supplied from the compressed gas gate; and a dispensing unit to which a drug container is coupled and which is formed at one side of the casing to discharge the compressed gas and at least a part of a drug stored in the drug container to a drug discharge unit by supplying the compressed gas supplied from the compressed gas delivery unit into the drug container.

Abstract: An atomizer includes a shell, an electronic system and a heating body. The heating body includes an atomization piece of a flat structure and a heating film attached to the bottom surface of the atomization piece. The shell has a receiving chamber. The atomization piece is matched with the bottom of the receiving chamber in shape and is laid at the bottom of the receiving chamber in a sealing manner. The bottom of the receiving chamber is hollowed out, exposing the heating film. The electronic system in the shell is electrically connected with the heating film. A heating body of a columnar structure of existing atomizers is replaced with the atomization piece, and the atomization piece is matched with the bottom of the receiving chamber in shape and is laid at the bottom, so that a surface heating structure easy to clean is formed, liquid is uniformly heated and atomized.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of testing an inhaler based on performing an optical analysis of a dry powder medicament plume discharged from the inhaler upon actuation. More particularly, embodiments of the invention comprise illuminating the dry powder plume with a source of electromagnetic radiation and capturing one or more images of a pattern of radiation reflected or diffracted by the illuminated plume. The images are subsequently processed to determine and/or analyse one or more geometric and/or dynamic characteristics of the plume.

Abstract: A dry powder inhaler includes a powder storage element configured to hold a powdered medicament and an inlet channel receives powdered medicament from the powder storage element that is entrained in an airflow. The inlet channel has a first diameter and defines an opening. The inhaler includes a dispersion chamber that receives the airflow and the powdered medicament from the opening. The dispersion chamber has a second diameter. The inhaler includes an actuator housed within the dispersion chamber. The actuator oscillates within the dispersion chamber when exposed to the airflow to deaggregate the powdered medicament entrained by the airflow passing through the dispersion chamber. A ratio between the first diameter and the second diameter is between about 0.40 and 0.60 such that an audible sound is produced as the actuator oscillates. The inhaler includes an outlet channel through which the airflow and powdered medicament exit the inhaler.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described for use with a vaporizer that vaporizes at least one active ingredient of a plant material. In response to receiving a first input to the vaporizer, the plant material is heated, in a first heating step. An indication of the temperature of the plant material is detected, and, in response to detecting an indication that the temperature of the plant material is at a first temperature, the first heating step is terminated, by withholding causing further temperature increase of the plant material. The first temperature is less than 95 percent of the vaporization temperature of the active ingredient. Subsequently, a second input is received at the vaporizer. In response thereto, the plant material is heated to the vaporization temperature, in a second heating step. Other applications are also described.

Abstract: There is described a multi-unit dose dry powder medicament delivery device comprising: a first element comprising a single use nozzle located in a body which is at least partially lined with an inner member, said inner sleeve comprising an airway and a cartridge seat; and a second element adapted to be releasably attached to the first element, said second element comprising an actuator provided with an air source and a valve.

Abstract: The invention relates to a breathing device (1), comprising a mouthpiece (2) forming a breathing channel to form a connection between a first (3) end and a second (4) end of the mouthpiece (2). The first (3) end is configured for a user breathing into the mouthpiece through a breathing opening (5). An at least partly flexible rebreathing air chamber (6) is arranged in fluid communication with the second (4) end of the mouthpiece, thereby being in fluid connection with the breathing channel through the second end of the mouthpiece (2). The rebreathing air chamber is formed by at least partly flexible wall section(s). A wall member (7) is arranged at the second (4) end of the mouthpiece and/or attached to the rebreathing air chamber (6). The wall member (7) comprises one or more through-going openings (8) provided in the wall member (7) and/or in the breathing channel, allowing fluid communication between the rebreathing air chamber (6) and the surrounding atmosphere.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to a system to configure respiratory therapy modes for users of respiratory therapy devices.

Abstract: A respiratory flow therapy apparatus including a sensing chamber which measures a flow of gases provided to a patient. The sensing chamber can be located after a blower and/or mixer. The sensing chamber can include an ultrasonic transducer, a temperature sensor, a heated temperature sensing element, and/or a gas concentration sensor. A flow path of gases used in conjunction with the sensor system prevents unwanted vorticity in the flow of gases that can create anomalies in measuring flow.

Abstract: A temporary esophagus occlusion device for providing temporary occlusion of the esophagus during intubation of a in patient includes a frame configured to transition between a contracted state, in which it can be swallowed by the patient, and an expanded state, wherein in the expanded state, the frame has a maximum outer diameter sufficient to span an inner diameter of the esophagus of the patient. The device also includes a flexible cover connected to and extending over at least a portion of the frame when the frame is in the expanded state to at least partially block flow of fluid and/or solid materials through the esophagus and a guidewire attached to the frame, sized to be swallowed by the patient along with the frame and having a proximal end portion configured to remain external to the patient's body and a distal end connected to the frame.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for automatic emergency airway detection. The apparatus includes a frame with a carriage guide configured to be secured around a neck of a subject. A carriage including a sensor is configured to move along the carriage guide. The sensor is configured to measure a value of a parameter indicating a topography of the neck of the subject. A processor includes a memory with instructions to receive first data from the sensor of the value of the parameter as the carriage is moved along the carriage guide and to determine, with the first data, second data indicating a position along the carriage guide corresponding to the cricothyroid region of the neck. The processor subsequently transmits a first signal indicating the second data. A method of using the apparatus is also provided.

Abstract: Described is device designed to maintain an open airway for use in an anesthetized patient undergoing a medical procedure or surgery while affording oropharyngeal insufflation and expiratory monitoring of the patient. The device is fashioned as an intraoral bite block having one or two pre-formed conduits for insufflation or exhalation monitoring which are readily coupled to a conventional nasal cannula. Also described are a method of using the device, and a system for providing oral insufflation to an anesthetized patient using a bite block as described in combination with a conventional nasal cannula.

Abstract: A system and method for preventing germs, dust, and debris from being collected and inhaled by a user of a CPAP mask is presented. The user places his/her CPAP face mask into a storage case. The storage case has a connector for a hose used by the CPAP face mask when connecting to a CPAP machine. The hose is connected to the storage case and the other end of the hose has an end cap. A machine cap is further presented to place on the intake/output of the CPAP machine. The case has a housing, the case could be a storage case. There is at least one end cap that can be securely attached to a connecting port of the case. A second end cap for the end of the hose and a cap for the CPAP machine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a forehead support for supporting a respiratory mask having a forehead support stem and a forehead rest, wherein the forehead rest comprises a guide bar which can be guided over a resilient element, wherein the resilient element is integrally formed in the forehead support stem, and to such a forehead support in which the forehead support stem is forked with a first stem portion and a second stem portion.

Abstract: A system for reducing airway obstructions of a patient may include a ventilator, a control unit, a gas delivery circuit with a proximal end in fluid communication with the ventilator and a distal end in fluid communication with a nasal interface, and a nasal interface. The nasal interface may include at least one jet nozzle, and at least one spontaneous respiration sensor in communication with the control unit for detecting a respiration effort pattern and a need for supporting airway patency. The system may be open to ambient. The control unit may determine more than one gas output velocities. The more than one gas output velocities may be synchronized with different parts of a spontaneous breath effort cycle, and a gas output velocity may be determined by a need for supporting airway patency.

Abstract: A nasal assembly for delivering breathable gas to a patient includes a frame having an integrally formed first connector portion. A nozzle assembly includes a gusset or base portion and a pair of nozzles. At least one inlet conduit is structured to deliver breathable gas into the frame and nozzle assembly for breathing by the patient. A pair of second connector portions are removably and rotatably connected to respective first connector portions of the frame and are in communication with respective inlet conduits, e.g., directly or via angle connectors. A headgear assembly is removably connected to the pair of second connector portions and/or the angle connectors so as to maintain the frame and the nozzle assembly in a desired adjusted position on the patient's face.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a tracheal coupling comprising a patient port 33, an outlet port 36, an inlet port 31 between the patient port and the outlet port, such that flow 34 from the inlet port can go to the patient port or direct to the outlet port, and a flow restriction e.g. 32 between the inlet port and the outlet port, or at the outlet port.

Abstract: A pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system and methods for controlling each PSA cycle performed by the PSA system to produce oxygen enriched gas during productive portions of a user breathing cycle, and to cease production of oxygen enriched gas during non-productive portions of the user breathing cycle, is provided. The PSA system synchronizes PSA cycle phases including adsorption and desorption phases with a user's individual inhalation and exhalation phases, on a breath by breath basis, such that each PSA cycle can be dynamically varied from a succeeding PSA cycle, in real time in response to variations in the user's breathing cycle. An oxygen delivery device including a breathing cycle sensor provides breathing cycle inputs to a controller for use with at least one algorithm to detect breathing flow phases during each user breath, and to synchronize each PSA cycle to the user's breathing flow phases, on a breath-by-breath basis.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a portable oxygen concentrator system. The system includes a case containing a portable oxygen concentrator, a mask, and a button. The case is configured to be worn on a user's back. The mask is configured to deliver oxygen from the portable oxygen concentrator to the user. The button, when activated, is configured to cause the portable oxygen concentrator to deliver an increased flow of oxygen to the user for a period of time.

Abstract: An exhalation valve arrangement includes an upstream breathing gas duct, which extends along a first duct path, a downstream breathing gas duct, which extends along a second duct path, and a valve assembly having a valve body and a valve seat, which valve assembly is provided such that, in the event of a predetermined first breathing gas overpressure in the upstream breathing gas duct relative to the downstream breathing gas duct. The valve assembly permits an exhalatory breathing gas flow from the upstream breathing gas duct to the downstream breathing gas duct and, in the event of a predetermined second breathing gas overpressure in the downstream breathing gas duct relative to the upstream breathing gas duct, the valve assembly blocks a gas flow from the downstream breathing gas duct to the upstream breathing gas duct.

Abstract: A weighted blanket with outer fabric layers and an inner layer comprising a continuous sheet of material may be formed from a core material comprising a polymer material and a filler material. The inner layer may include a plurality of ventilation apertures spaced that extend through the inner layer or may be a solid sheet.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices, methods, and systems for monitoring the position of a subjects head and/or provide instruction to bring the subject's head into a desired position, to perform a desired movement, or a series of head positions and/or movements.

Abstract: A catheter for atraumatic delivery of fluid is disclosed. In embodiments, the catheter includes a catheter shaft with a guidewire lumen disposed within the catheter shaft and an infusion lumen at least partially defined by the catheter shaft. The infusion lumen may at least partially surround the guidewire lumen. The catheter shaft includes a plurality of pores extending through an outer surface of the catheter shaft to the infusion lumen. The plurality of pores are disposed near a distal end of the catheter shaft and are configured to radially dispense a fluid from the infusion lumen.

Abstract: A method of forming a urinary catheter is disclosed that includes injecting a polymer melt through a primary melt channel and into an elongated recess around an outer surface of a core; and controlling a first pressure of the polymer melt in a first secondary melt channel separately and individually from a second pressure of the polymer melt in a second secondary melt channel and reducing stress of the polymer melt along the elongated recess. Opening the mould and removing the core provides a moulded intermittent urinary catheter having an open distal end and a closed proximal tip.

Abstract: A medical device includes an elongate shaft including a multifilar coil comprising a first strand and a second strand wound in the same winding direction, the multifilar coil comprising a first section having a first end and a second end wherein the first strand and the second strand are wound with identical pitch patterns between the first end and the second end of the first section, the multifilar coil further comprising a second section having a first end and a second end, wherein the first strand and the second strand are wound with different pitch patterns from each other between the first end and second end of the second section, and a polymeric tubular member coextending with the multifilar coil.

Abstract: A catheter assembly is provided with a catheter, a catheter hub, and a valve body (medical valve) provided in the catheter hub. The valve body includes a hollow main body provided with a distal end surface and a fixing portion for fixing the valve body to the catheter hub. At least a part of an outer peripheral surface and at least a part of an inner peripheral surface of the main body are inclined with respect to a central axis of the valve body. The main body of the valve body includes a distal end slit provided on the distal end surface and a side slit provided on the outer peripheral surface of the main body and continuously extending from the distal end slit.

Abstract: A method for introducing a urinary catheter of a urinary catheter package, the urinary catheter package including a grip designed for sliding movement over the urinary catheter. The grip can include a body designed to surround the urinary catheter shaft, a first flare, and a second flare. The body can include a proximal end, a distal end, and a gripping area between the proximal end and the distal end, the gripping area designed to contact the urinary catheter upon the application of force to the gripping area. The first flare can increase in cross-sectional area from the gripping area to the proximal end of the body. The second flare can increase in cross-sectional area from the gripping area to the distal end of the body. The method includes removing the urinary catheter from a proximal end of the urinary catheter package.

Abstract: An everting balloon system is disclosed that can be used for biopsy within a body of a patient or animal. The everting balloon system can be used to access a bodily cavity or vessel for tissue specimen collection at specific bodily locations. The everting catheter system described simplifies the process of tissue biopsy.

Abstract: A catheter assembly for navigation including a flexible catheter having a proximal portion adjacent a proximal end and a distal portion adjacent a distal end and defining a longitudinal axis, the flexible catheter defining a lumen extending therethrough along a longitudinal axis and configured to enable translation of an instrument from the proximal end to the distal end. The flexible catheter defines a compound curve formed on the distal portion, wherein the compound curve includes an elbow bend and a radially curved portion. The elbow bend deflecting the distal portion of the flexible catheter from the longitudinal axis, while the radially curved portion extends from the elbow bend farther deflecting the distal portion about a center point. The catheter guide assembly for navigation includes a control handle disposed at the proximal end of the flexible catheter and is configured to advance and rotate the flexible catheter within a luminal structure.

Abstract: A medical probe includes a shaft, an expandable membrane and a probe maneuvering assembly (PMA). The shaft is configured for insertion into a cavity of an organ of a patient. The PMA is located inside the expandable membrane and includes a first elastic element, which is fitted along a longitudinal axis of the PMA and is configured to expand the membrane by shortening the PMA, and to collapse the membrane by elongating the PMA. The PMA further includes a second elastic element, which surrounds at least a portion of the first elastic element and is configured to deflect the membrane relative to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A medical device includes a handle; flexible tubing extending from the handle and having a proximal end fixed to the handle; flexible tip attached to the distal end of the flexible tubing; a tip actuator assembly adjusting the bending plane of the tip relative to the distal end and adjusting the degree of bending of the tip in the bending plane; user operable controls on the handle and moveable in a first, rotational direction relative to the handle and to a tip actuator assembly around an axis causing the tip actuator assembly to adjust the bending plane of the tip substantially and moveable relative to the handle and the tip actuator assembly along a second, substantially linear direction towards and away from the proximal end of the flexible tubing, causing the tip actuator assembly to adjust bending of the tip in the bending plane without adjusting the bending plane.