Abstract: Provided are an adhesive for an endoscope, a cured product thereof, an endoscope produced using the adhesive for an endoscope, and a method for producing the endoscope. The adhesive for an endoscope is a two-component adhesive for an endoscope. The two-component adhesive has a base and a curing agent. The base includes at least one epoxy resin (A) selected from the group consisting of bisphenol A epoxy resins, bisphenol F epoxy resins, and phenol novolac epoxy resins. The curing agent includes at least one specific polyamine compound (B). The adhesive for an endoscope is used to fix at least one of a metal member or a glass member constituting the endoscope.

Abstract: Provided are an adhesive for an endoscope, a cured product, an endoscope, and a method for producing an endoscope. The adhesive for an endoscope is a two-component adhesive for an endoscope. The two-component adhesive has a base and a curing agent. The base includes at least one epoxy resin (A) selected from the group consisting of bisphenol A epoxy resins, bisphenol F epoxy resins, and phenol novolac epoxy resins. The curing agent includes a tertiary amine compound (B). The tertiary amine compound (B) accounts for 60 mass % or more of a curing component included in the curing agent.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to a valve assembly for an endoscopic device and methods of using the same. The valve assembly can be disposed in a receptacle and operably coupled to a gas inlet port, a gas outlet port, a water inlet port, and a water outlet port. The valve assembly can include a valve stem defining a first channel, a second channel, a third channel, and a fourth channel fluidically coupled to an adjustable sealing member. During at least one of insufflation, irrigation, and lens cleaning, communication of gas between the gas supply and the water outlet port is prevented when gas is communicated through the fourth channel via the first channel and the third channel such that the gas exerts a sealing pressure on the adjustable sealing member.

Abstract: A removal tool for removing a hood having a hollow cylindrical shape mounted to a distal tip of an endoscope from the distal tip is constituted from a flexible member including a hole-shaped recess capable of housing the hood in its inside. An outer surface of the hood is provided with a step portion that extends along a circumferential direction of the hood. An inner wall surface of the recess is provided with an engaging portion at a position opposing to the step portion when the hood is housed in the recess, the engaging portion being shaped to grip the hood by being engaged with the step portion as a result of deformation of the flexible member.

Abstract: A control system for a coupling an input device and an input module of an imaging system for a medical procedure includes a compatibility module and a magnetic force module. The compatibility module generates a compatibility signal indicating the input device is compatible with the input module or indicating that the input device is incompatible with the input module based on electronic information stored on the input device. The magnetic force module that generates a magnetic force between a connector of the input device and a receptacle of the input module based on the compatibility signal.

Abstract: An endoscope connector device that can prevent infiltration of moisture into a sheathing member, which occurs due to a difference in a thermal expansion factor between the resin sheathing member and a metal extension member, is provided. The connector device includes a metal internal member 42, a metal light guide rod 12 and metal fixing bases 36A and 36B, which are connected to the internal member 42, a resin sheathing member 20 that accommodates the internal member 42 and includes leading-out holes 26C, 38A, and 38B, which lead the light guide rod 12 and the fixing base 36A, 36B to the outside, and fluoro rubber O-rings 30, 40A, and 40B, which are provided on the light guide rod 12 and the fixing bases 36A and 36B, the O-rings 30, 40A, and 40B being respectively placed in gaps between the light guide rod 12 and the fixing bases 36A and 36B and the leading-out holes 26C, 38A, and 38B and sealing the inside of the sheathing member 20.

Abstract: A device for visualizing and providing suction for a surgical procedure in an ear may include a handle, a main shaft extending from the handle, an imaging sensor at a distal end of the main shaft, a light source at the distal end of the main shaft, and a suction shaft extending from the handle. The device may also include a spring coupled with the suction shaft and/or the handle, such that when the suction shaft is advanced in a distal direction and then released, the suction shaft retracts automatically. The suction shaft may have a distal curved portion, and the device may have a thumb depress portion that allows a user to spin the suction shaft to suction in different directions. Some embodiments may include a suction shaft with a sharp distal tip that is configured for placing an ear tube in the tympanic membrane.

Abstract: Systems and methods of in situ pressure control at an anatomical environment during a procedure are disclosed. An exemplary irrigation and suction system comprises a user input configured to receive from a user a desired pressure to be applied to the anatomical environment, or a desired flow condition corresponding to the desired pressure. The system comprises a pressure sensor to sense a pressure at or near the anatomical environment, and a control module to adjust one or more of an irrigation flow rate or a suction flow rate of at least one working channel of a medical device to maintain the pressure of the anatomical environment at substantially a level of the desired pressure, or to maintain the desired flow condition in the working channel during the procedure.

Abstract: An ingestible capsule for detecting cancerous and non-cancerous tissues in a colon of patient is disclosed. The capsule has a radiation source integrated into the capsule body for illuminating tissues within a colon of the patient. Tissues of the colon are irradiated with radiation from the radiation source to elicit a fluorescence response, and a photon detector measures photons of the fluorescence response. Intensity and fluorescence lifetime of the fluorescence response is determined based on measured photons. A system employing the capsule is configured to distinguish cancerous and non-cancerous tissues based on the determined fluorescence lifetime of the fluorescence response.

Abstract: A wireless imaging system comprising a head unit and a light cable is provided. The head unit comprises a head unit case, a head unit electrical connector, an image sensor, a wireless transceiver, a central processing unit, and a user-input component. The light cable comprises a light cable electrical connector, a power cable, and an integrated light source. The integrated light source comprises an emissive radiation source having a first spectrum, an optical element located to direct emissions from the emissive radiation source, a volumetric spectrum converter, and an optical reflector located about the converter. The converter converts emissions directed from the emissive radiation source to emissions having a second spectrum different from the first spectrum. The reflector reflects the converter emissions towards the output filter.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention may be used to perform measurement of surfaces, such as external and internal surfaces of the human body, in full-field and in 3-D. Embodiments of the present invention may include an electromagnetic radiation source, which may be configured to project electromagnetic radiation onto a surface. The electromagnetic radiation source may be configured to project the electromagnetic radiation in a pattern corresponding to a spatial signal modulation algorithm. The electromagnetic radiation source may also be configured to project the electromagnetic radiation at a frequency suitable for transmission through the media in which the radiation is projected. An image sensor may be configured to capture image data representing the projected pattern.

Abstract: An insertion portion of an endoscope includes a multi-lumen tube including a treatment instrument insertion channel, a first wire insertion hole that is provided parallel to the treatment instrument insertion channel, and a second wire insertion hole; one towing wire including a first portion that is inserted into the first wire insertion hole, a second portion that is inserted into the second wire insertion hole, and a third portion that is drawn out between the first wire insertion hole and the second wire insertion hole, wherein a proximal end portion of the first portion and a proximal end portion of the second portion are connected to a bending operation member; and a third wire insertion hole into which the third portion is inserted and in which the third portion abuts on a part of an inner peripheral surface.

Abstract: An endoscope includes an illumination source for generating a coherent laser illumination beam; an optical sensor; a multicore fiber comprising: at least one core for transferring the illumination beam from the illumination source through said at least one core to a distal end of the fiber, for illumination of a surface to be inspected; and a plurality of cores for transferring light reflected off the surface to the optical sensor; a temporal modulation sequencer for separating a specular image of the illumination beam from an image of the surface; and a processor, for processing sensed data from the optical sensor to generate the image of the surface.

Abstract: A reprocessing case may be used to assist in reprocessing an instrument, such as an endoscope in an automated reprocessor. The reprocessing case may include various features such that the case may include and be transitioned between a closed configuration, an open configuration, and a disinfection configuration. In particular the reprocessor may transition the case to a disinfection configuration during a reprocessing procedure.

Abstract: Systems and methods of in situ unclogging a working channel in a medical device during a procedure are disclosed. An exemplary unclogging system comprises a flow sensor to sense a flow rate through a working channel, and a control module to detect a channel state indicating a presence or absence of clogging based on the flow rate. In the presence of channel clogging, the control module can control one or more of an irrigation source or a suction source to provide respectively irrigation fluid or suction pressure to unclog the obstructed channel. The control module can adjust one or more of an irrigation flow rate or a suction flow rate through the working channel to maintain a desired pressure of the anatomical environment at the anatomical site, or to maintain a desired flow condition in the working channel, during the procedure.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator. The system comprises a tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient. An ovoid assembly comprises first and second inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism. The first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted for insertion within fornices of a patient. First and second retractors are adapted to be coupled to the ovoid assembly. The first retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment. The second retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.

Abstract: A cannula system and method for accessing a blood mass in the brain. The system comprises a cannula with a camera mounted on the proximal end of the cannula with a view into the cannula lumen and the surgical field below the lumen. A prism, reflector or other suitable optical element is oriented between the camera and the lumen of the cannula to afford the camera a view into the cannula while minimizing obstruction of the lumen. The system may also include an obturator with a small diameter shaft and a large diameter tip which is optically transmissive, so that a surgeon inserting or manipulating the assembly can easily see that the obturator tip is near brain tissue (which is white) or blood (which is red).

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for measuring the mechanical properties of ocular tissue, such as the lens or corneal tissue, for diagnosis as well as treatment monitoring purposes. A laser locking feedback system is provided to achieve frequency accuracy and sensitivity that facilitates operations and diagnosis with great sensitivity and accuracy. Differential comparisons between eye tissue regions of a patient, either on the same eye or a fellow eye, can further facilitate early diagnosis and monitoring.

Abstract: The invention provides a system and method for obtaining ophthalmic measurements whereby the inventive device is configured to be head mountable, automatically axially length aligned with a selected target, and laterally aligned so that light from an OCT source enters through the pupil of the eye under test. The frame of the head mountable OCT is customizable, capable of analyzing both the left and right eye of a subject. The inventive device can be operated by the person undergoing test. Embodiments include mechanisms for eye fixation, lateral, angular and depth scanning of target regions. A variety of embodiments are taught, including the scanning of both eyes of a subject at substantially the same time, and a configuration of a photonic module coupleable with a plurality of frames. Embodiments include a variety of OCT sources, such as MRO, swept source, time domain, and spectral domain.

Abstract: An image acquisition apparatus includes a light source configured to emit light, a dividing unit configured to divide the light from the light source into reference light and measurement light, an image forming unit configured to form a tomographic image of a subject based on interfered light in which return light from the subject irradiated with the measurement light and the reference light are interfered, a focus adjusting unit configured to adjust a focus of the measurement light, an optical-path-length adjusting unit configured to adjust an optical path length of the reference light, and a control unit configured to adjust the optical path length of the reference light by controlling the optical-path-length adjusting unit according a change in an optical path length of the measurement light caused by adjustment of the focus using the focus adjusting unit.

Abstract: A method for controlling illuminators in an eye tracking system and a corresponding system are disclosed. The system includes a plurality of illuminators arranged such that each illuminator of the illuminators is located at a respective fixed position in relation to an eye of a user when using the system. The method comprises illuminating the eye of the user by means of the plurality of illuminators, and receiving an image of the eye of the user from an image sensor, the image resulting from the image sensor detecting light from the plurality of illuminators reflected from the eye of the user and reflected from an optic arrangement located between the plurality of illuminators and the eye of the user.

Abstract: An eye disease diagnosis method using artificial intelligence may include: collecting, from a database, a first eyeground image of a myopic patient who is not diagnosed with an eye disease and a second eyeground image of a myopic patient who has been diagnosed with the eye disease; learning eyeball change information by degree of myopia based on the first eyeground image, using deep learning; comparing and analyzing the first eyeground image and the second eyeground image based on the eyeball change information by the degree of myopia, and learning eyeball change information by the eye disease using deep learning; and estimating determination criteria of an eyeground image for diagnosis of the eye disease, based on a difference between the eyeball change information by the degree of myopia and the eyeball change information by the eye disease.

Abstract: Systems and methods of use involving sensors having a signal-to-noise ratio that is substantially unaffected by non-constant noise are provided for continuous analyte measurement in a host. In some embodiments, a continuous analyte measurement system is configured to be wholly, transcutaneously, intravascularly or extracorporeally implanted.

Abstract: A system comprising data processing hardware and memory hardware in communication with the data processing hardware, the memory hardware storing instructions that when executed on the data processing hardware cause the data processing hardware to perform operations comprising executing a prescription digital therapeutic configured to treat symptoms associated with opioid use disorder in a patient, wherein executing the prescription digital therapeutic comprises receiving a plurality of inputs associated with the patient from one or more of (i) first sensors associated directly with the patient and (ii) second sensors associated with a patient electronic device, wherein the plurality of inputs represent a level of opioid withdrawal associated with the patient, weighting the plurality of inputs associated with the patient to provide a plurality of weighted inputs, determining a recommended dosage of a buprenorphine-containing product for the patient based on the plurality of weighted inputs, and instructing an

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for measuring an analyte in a host. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems and methods for transcutaneous measurement of glucose in a host.

Abstract: A method for authenticating to a network comprising a plurality of Internet of Things (“IoT”) devices is provided. The method may include using a mobile telephone apparatus, a wrist-worn apparatus and a head-worn apparatus to monitor the level of at least one of a wearer's pulse, body temperature, voice, gait and/or other biorhythmic indicator. One of the aforementioned apparatus may operate as a hub apparatus. The method may further include using the hub apparatus to assign a federated biometric marker based at least in part on the first, second and third biometric markers. The method may also include using artificial intelligence to monitor for one or more outliers with respect to historical monitoring. Each of the one or more outliers may include a magnitude that exceeds a security threshold difference between the current magnitude and the historically monitored magnitude.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method of optically recording neural activity in one or more regions of a target tissue. Also provided is a method of optically modulating the activity of a neural tissue. Further provided is a system that finds use in performing the present methods.

Abstract: An optical probe includes a lens combination, an optical fiber assembly, and a cover. The lens combination includes a first lens and a second lens. The first lens has a generally planar first lens surface defining an oval edge. The second lens has a generally planar second lens surface operatively coupled to the first lens surface. The second lens has four primary edges and at least two secondary edges connecting pairs of the primary edges. Each primary edge extends in substantially a straight line between two spaced-apart points at the oval edge of the first lens. The optical fiber and the lens combination are configured such that a light beam exiting the optical fiber enters the lens combination at an entering surface of the first lens, passes through the first lens and exits the first lens at the first lens surface. The cover circumferentially surrounds the optical fiber assembly.

Abstract: A surgical vision system for imaging heat capacity and cooling rate of tissue has an infrared source configured to provide infrared light to tissue, the infrared light sufficient to heat tissue, and an infrared camera configured to provide images of tissue at infrared wavelengths. The system also has an image processing system configured to determine, from the infrared images of tissue, a cooling or heating rate at pixels of the images of tissue at infrared wavelengths and to display images derived from the cooling rate at the pixels.

Abstract: In a photoacoustic image generation apparatus including a photoacoustic image generation unit that generates a photoacoustic image based on a detection signal and a sound speed in a subject and a sound speed setting unit that sets the sound speed in the subject, the sound speed setting unit extracts a region having a predetermined range including a high signal value pixel collection portion having a region size larger than a reference region size as a tip region in a photoacoustic image generated based on an assumed sound speed and the detection signal and sets a sound speed of a photoacoustic image having a maximum image evaluation value as the sound speed in the subject among photoacoustic images for respective sound speeds generated by changing the sound speed in a predetermined sound speed range for the tip region.

Abstract: A control unit of a photoacoustic image generation apparatus performs control to adjust an excitation light generation condition based on a pulse width, the number of a plurality of pulses, and a pulse repetition period of excitation light generated in a light source based on reception frequency characteristics of an acoustic wave detection means with respect to the light source.

Abstract: A device of and a method for obtaining thermal images of a living mammal body section. The device comprises a thermal energy storage surface structure for contacting the body section. In a calibration mode of operation, the thermal energy storage surface structure is brought at a reference temperature by transferring thermal energy to the thermal energy storage surface structure from a thermal energy transfer module that is controlled by a control circuit for restraining thermal energy transfer by the thermal energy transfer module in the presence of the body section at the thermal energy storage surface structure. In a registration mode of operation, by a thermal sensor, thermal images reflecting thermal energy storage over at least a portion of the thermal energy storage surface structure are obtained, with the body section contacting the thermal energy storage surface structure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a modular, portable and rapidly deployable system for health assessment comprising a portable, rapidly deployable structure configured to provide immediate and real-time clinical prevention assessment services, which system allows for rapid assembly and disassembly, immediate deployment to even highly remote locations, and provides basic clinical prevention data and screening for a patient user, along with health education and awareness. In certain configurations, the system comprises modular walls that connect to one another to form the shell of a structure, and a plurality of medical instruments, all of which are configured for self-administration by a medically-untrained user. The user may engage one or more user interface devices that guide the user through the use of each medical instrument and collect the user's clinical data for analysis.

Abstract: A method for synchronizing operation of a heart assist pump device to a patient's cardiac cycle includes obtaining a signal from a motor of a heart assist pump device and filtering the signal to remove noise. The method also includes determining a speed synchronization start point at which time the motor of the heart assist pump device will begin a change in speed of operation based on the filtered signal. The method further includes modulating a speed of the motor of the heart assist pump device to a target speed at the speed synchronization start point, thereby synchronizing the change in speed of operation with a patient's cardiac cycle.

Abstract: A device for read-out of a photoplethysmography (PPG) signal comprises: a photodiode, which is configured to detect a PPG signal, the photodiode comprising a first and a second terminal; and a read-out circuitry for reading out the PPG signal, wherein an input stage is connected to receive a first and a second input signal from the terminals and a DC bias voltage, and wherein the input stage is configured for current sensing to provide a fully differential amplification of the input signals to a first and a second current signal, and wherein an output stage is configured to receive the current signals, wherein the current signals comprise an AC and a DC component of the PPG signal, and wherein the output stage is configured to generate a differential output voltage through a gain component.

Abstract: A method for digital thermal monitoring assessment of vascular function comprising a temporary arterial occlusion using a pneumatic cuff positioned on a subject's upper limb, monitoring skin temperature at the fingertip of the occluded limb for a period of time before, during, and after the occlusion, calculating a Zero Reactivity Curve based on variables including start temperature room temperature, and the slope of temperature decline during the occlusion, and assessing vascular function based on comparing the Zero Reactivity Curve and the observed temperature rebound after the occlusion is removed.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure include apparatus and methods to classify the plaque tissue present in the coronary artery using intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT) images.

Abstract: A device for monitoring a health parameter of a person is disclosed. The device includes a semiconductor substrate including at least one transmit component and multiple receive components, at least one transmit antenna configured to transmit millimeter range radio waves over a 3D space below the skin surface of a person, and multiple receive antennas configured to receive radio waves, the received radio waves including a reflected portion of the transmitted radio waves, wherein the semiconductor substrate includes circuits for processing signals received on the multiple receive antennas, wherein the semiconductor substrate includes at least one output configured to output a signal that corresponds to a health parameter of a person in response to received radio waves, and wherein the at least one transmit antenna is collocated with the at least one transmit component and the multiple receive antennas are collocated with respective ones of the multiple receive components.

Abstract: A wearable device is disclosed. The wearable device includes a housing, an attachment device configured to attach the housing to a person, at least one transmit antenna configured to transmit millimeter range radio waves over a 3D space below the skin surface of the person, multiple receive antennas configured to receive radio waves, the received radio waves including a reflected portion of the transmitted radio waves, and a processor configured to isolate a signal from a particular location in the 3D space in response to receiving the radio waves on the multiple receive antennas and outputting a signal that corresponds to a health parameter of the person in response to the isolated signal.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a health parameter in a person is disclosed. The system includes a frequency synthesizer configured to generate radio waves across a range of stepped frequencies, at least one transmit antenna configured to transmit the radio waves below the skin surface of a person, a two-dimensional array of receive antennas configured to receive radio waves, the received radio waves including a reflected portion of the transmitted radio waves, processing circuits configured to output data that includes amplitude and phase data in response to the received radio waves, and means for deriving data from at least one of the amplitude and phase data and determining a value that is indicative of a health parameter in the person in response to the derived data.

Abstract: A multi-sensor device may perform an optical measurement using an optical sensor of the multi-sensor device, where the optical measurement is performed when a surface of the multi-sensor device is in contact with a human body. The multi-sensor device may perform another measurement using at least one other sensor of the multi-sensor device, where the other measurement is performed when the surface of the multi-sensor device is in contact with the human body, where the other measurement is performed substantially contemporaneously with the optical measurement, and where the optical measurement and the other measurement relate to health parameters. The multi-sensor device may determine a combined measurement value based on the optical measurement and the other measurement.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes an earphone including a first impedance component, a signal generator configured to output a first alternating current (AC) signal, a first circuit including at least one first analog device having an impedance component electrically coupled to the first impedance component, and configured to receive the first AC signal and output a first detection signal including a voltage component corresponding to the first impedance component, and at least one processor configured to generate at least one piece of biometric information, based on the first detection signal, and output the at least one piece of biometric information.

Abstract: There is disclosed in one example a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor, including: a light-emitting diode (LED); a photodetector including an electrically-biased graphene metal junction having a conductor running therethrough; a current sensor to sense a current from the photodetector; and processing logic to compute a blood volume flow rate from the sensed current.

Abstract: Methods for dynamically evaluating blood flow are provided. The method may include injecting Indocyanine Green (ICG) into the bloodstream of a patient, such that the ICG perfuses into a tissue of the patient. ICG images of the tissue may be recorded and stored, such that a user may select a range of stored ICG images. Data indicative of the selected range of stored ICG images is automatically normalized and background-filtering, and a dynamic representation of the ICG perfusion may be generated as a function of time based on the normalized and filtered data. As such, a clinical decision may be made based on the dynamic representation of the ICG perfusion.

Abstract: High blood pressure measurement accuracy is made possible even with a cuff reduced in width. Provided is a bag-shaped structure for use in a cuff for a blood pressure monitor that is wrapped around a living body and is inflated by supplying a fluid to an internal space to apply a pressure to the living body, including an inner wall portion that is provided on a living body's side and has a Shore A hardness within a range of 15 to 75, an outer wall portion that faces the inner wall portion, and a pair of side wall portions that are provided in a manner to be continuous with the inner wall portion and the outer wall portion, have a thickness equal to a thickness of the inner wall portion, and have a Shore A hardness that falls within a range of 20 to 95 and is larger than a Shore A hardness of the inner wall portion.

Abstract: To provide a bag-shaped structure that can suppress expansion of the side wall portion and improve the vascular compression property. A bag-shaped structure used in a cuff for a blood pressure monitor configured to be wrapped around a living body, inflate when a fluid is supplied to an internal space, and compress the living body includes: an inner wall portion provided on a living body side; an outer wall portion facing the inner wall portion; and a pair of side wall portions continuous with the inner wall portion and the outer wall portion and including a bent portion bent toward the internal space; and a reinforcing member provided on each of the pair of side wall portions, having a higher hardness than the side wall portion, and having shape followability in a direction of wrapping around the living body.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a system for collecting medical data such as heart rate, breathing frequency, intracranial pressure, apnea and others, and method of use thereof. The present invention provides a unique way of collecting medical data, in particular in their acquisition from a plurality of measuring elements.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method, a system, a computer program and a device for determining the surface charge and/or dipole densities on heart walls. Using the foregoing, a table of dipole densities ?(P?, t) and/or a table of surface charge densities ?(P?, t) of a given heart chamber can be generated.

Abstract: Described herein are methods, software, systems and devices for detecting the presence of an abnormality in an organ, tissue, body, or portion thereof of a subject by analysis of the electromagnetic fields generated by the organ, tissue, body, or portion thereof.

Abstract: An electrode member for measuring biological information, the electrode member comprising at least a flexible substrate, a single electrode section formed from a flexible conductive material on a first surface of the flexible substrate, a single-pole connector section on the first surface, and a wiring electrically connecting the electrode section and the connector section on the first surface, the electrode member being provided with a member for attaching the electrode member to clothes on a second surface of the flexible substrate. The electrode member is attached at an arbitrary position on an existing garment and used to perform measurement of biological information.