Abstract: A method comprising receiving a first 3D toolpath defining a fill material curved shell, receiving first 2D toolpaths defining support material flat shells, receiving a second 3D toolpath defining a long fiber composite material curved shell, the long fiber composite material including a filament having a matrix embedding fibers having a length longer than two times a diameter of the filament, actuating a fill material deposition head to trace the first 3D toolpath to deposit the fill material curved shell non-parallel to a printing substrate, actuating a support material deposition head to trace the first 2D toolpaths to deposit support material in a succession of substantially flat shells, and actuating a long fiber deposition head to trace the second 3D toolpath non-parallel to the printing substrate to deposit the long fiber composite material curved shell to enclose at least a portion of the fill material curved shell.

Abstract: Provided is a method for production of an aluminium strip for lithographic printing plate supports from an aluminium alloy including (in wt %): 0.05%?Si?0.25%, 0.2%?Fe?1%, Cu max. 400 ppm, Mn?0.30%, 0.10%?Mg?0.50%, Cr?100 ppm, Zn?500 ppm, Ti<0.030%, the remainder aluminium and unavoidable impurities individually at most 0.03%, in total at most 0.15%. In the method, a rolling ingot is cast from an aluminium alloy, and the rolling ingot is homogenised. Further, the rolling ingot is hot rolled to a hot strip final thickness, and the hot strip is cold rolled to final thickness of between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. The product of the relative final thicknesses of the aluminium strip after the first and after the second cold rolling pass of the aluminium strip is 15% to 24%.

Abstract: A screen-printing unit in a printing machine comprises a screen cylinder which carries a screen-printing stencil and in which a squeegee is moved, from the inside, into contact with, and away from the screen-printing stencil. The screen cylinder is moved into contact with an impression cylinder, such that a printing position is formed, and is moved away therefrom, such that a gap is formed. The screen cylinder is moved away from the impression cylinder, in a first phase, when the squeegee is in a non-contacting position. In a second phase, at least one sheet of printing material is passed through the printing position when the squeegee continues to be in a non-contacting position and the screen cylinder is at least temporarily in a contacting position. For subsequent sheets of printing material, in a third phase, the screen-printing unit is operated with the squeegee one of permanently and cyclically, such as at least once for each sheet of printing material, in a contacting position.

Abstract: An inking system for inking an intaglio printing cylinder of an intaglio printing press is designed to perform a selective transfer of ink to one or more intaglio printing mediums by way of a selective inking cylinder provided in at least one device. The selective inking cylinder carries a selective inking plate that receives ink supplied by an associated inking unit. The selective inking plate comprises a coating that is selectively structured to exhibit ink-repellent portions and perform selective transfer of ink at locations corresponding to engraved areas of the one or more intaglio printing mediums that are to be inked with the ink supplied by the associated inking unit. The selective transfer of ink is performed indirectly from the selective inking cylinder to the one or more intaglio printing mediums via an ink collecting cylinder and/or via a chablon cylinder carrying a chablon plate.

Abstract: Provided in one example herein is an aqueous ink composition, including: pigment particles having at least one metal oxide; an aqueous medium; and a cationic double-chain surfactant consisting a quaternary ammonium salt. Methods of making and using the ink composition are also provided.

Abstract: A recording apparatus includes a recording head, a circulation channel, a concentration acquisition unit, an adjustment unit, and a control unit. The recording head includes a plurality of discharge ports through which ink is discharged and a pressure chamber being in communication with the plurality of discharge ports. The circulation channel is in communication with the pressure chamber to circulate the ink between the pressure chamber and an external portion thereof such that the ink is supplied to and collected from the pressure chamber. The concentration acquisition unit is configured to acquire concentration information about an ink concentration in the circulation channel. The adjustment unit is configured to adjust a timing to discharge the ink based on the concentration information. The control unit is configured to control a recording operation of recording by discharging the ink from the recording head such that the ink is discharged at the adjusted timing.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a plurality of nozzles to discharge a liquid, a plurality of individual chambers communicating with the plurality of nozzles, respectively, a supply-side common chamber communicating with each of the plurality of individual chambers, and a recovery-side common chamber communicating with each of the plurality of individual chambers. The supply-side common chamber and a part of the recovery-side common chamber are aligned in a longitudinal direction of the plurality of individual chambers orthogonal to a nozzle array direction along Which the plurality of nozzles is arrayed.

Abstract: A fluid ejector includes a fluid ejection module having a substrate and a layer separate from the substrate. The substrate includes a plurality of fluid ejection elements arranged in a matrix, each fluid ejection element configured to cause a fluid to be ejected from a nozzle. The layer separate from the substrate includes a plurality of electrical connections, each electrical connection adjacent to a corresponding fluid ejection element.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an inkjet head substrate is provided. The inkjet head substrate includes an ink supply port having a through portion and a non-through portion, and the non-through portion is disposed at a position closer than the through portion to the energy generating element. The method includes disposing a mask having an opening that has a relatively large opening-width portion and a relatively small opening-width portion. The method also includes forming the through portion in the substrate at a position corresponding to the relatively large opening-width portion and the non-through portion in the substrate at a position corresponding to the relatively small opening-width portion by performing reactive ion etching on the substrate through the opening of the mask in one operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thermal inkjet print head, comprising a fluid feed channel for delivering fluid, fluid chambers arranged near the fluid feed channel, resistors for actuating the fluid in the chambers, arranged in a staggered pattern with respect to vertical printing lines. At least a part of the fluid feed channel opposite of a rear side of the print head extends substantially orthogonal to the chip surface, and the fluid channel having staggered edges follows the staggered pattern of the resistors so that a fluid path length between a resistor edge and a corresponding staggered edge is substantially similar for each resistor.

Abstract: An ink jet printing apparatus including: an image forming unit which forms an ink image containing an aqueous liquid component and a coloring material, including a reaction solution applying unit and an ink applying unit; and a liquid absorbing unit for absorbing at least a portion of a liquid component from the ink image by bringing a porous body into contact with the ink image, the liquid absorbing unit including a liquid absorbing member having the porous body, wherein the ink applying unit includes a liquid ejection head including a plurality of printing element substrates each having an element which generates energy that is utilized for discharging a liquid, a pressure chamber which has the element in the inside, and a plurality of ejection orifices which discharge a liquid, and the ink is circulated between the inside of the pressure chamber and the outside of the pressure chamber.

Abstract: Devices and processes include/use an inkjet printhead, a sheet transport positioned to move sheets of media past the inkjet printhead, a sheet registration device positioned to align the sheets of media, and a controller electrically connected to the inkjet printhead and the sheet registration device. The controller is adapted to periodically control the sheet registration device to align a first sacrificial sheet with a first edge of the sheet transport and align a second sacrificial sheet with a second edge of the sheet transport and that is opposite the first edge. The controller is adapted to control the inkjet printhead to eject ink from a first set of nozzles to the first sacrificial sheet and eject ink from a second set of nozzles to the second sacrificial sheet. The first set of nozzles contains different nozzles from the second set of nozzles.

Abstract: A cap is positioned to contact a printhead when the printhead is not ejecting liquid ink onto print media. A dispenser dispenses an ink stabilizing material into the cap. A blocking structure is positioned in the cap to contact vent openings of the inkjet printhead when the inkjet printhead is in the cap and is in a location to submerge the nozzles in the ink stabilizing material in the cap. An ink control device draws the ink stabilizing material into nozzles of the inkjet printhead when the vent openings are blocked by the blocking structure. The ink control device subsequently draws the ink stabilizing material into the vent openings when the vent openings are separated from the blocking structure.

Abstract: An ink jet recording apparatus includes a line head, a purging mechanism, a wiper blade, a blade moving mechanism, a waste liquid passage forming portion, and a maintenance control portion. The maintenance control portion performs a first maintenance process of allowing a cleaning liquid ejection nozzle to eject cleaning liquid without allowing ink ejection nozzles to eject ink, and then allowing the wiper blade to move from a first end edge to a second end edge on a liquid ejection surface, and a second maintenance process of allowing the ink ejection nozzles to eject ink while allowing the cleaning liquid ejection nozzle to eject the cleaning liquid, and then allowing the wiper blade to move from the first end edge to the second end edge on the liquid ejection surface, after the first maintenance process.

Abstract: In a printer, an upstream side transport path for transporting a paper sheet to a recording region in which recording is performed by a recording head from a tube for supplying ink to a recording head from a liquid accommodation body stored in the liquid storage unit and a medium accommodation unit in a state where a recording unit, the liquid storage unit, and a medium accommodation unit are stacked, is configured, and the liquid storage unit includes a liquid storage unit inner transport path including a supply connection section which connects the liquid accommodation body and the tube to each other, and a first transport section which forms a part of the upstream side transport path.

Abstract: A system including an ink bottle closure including a first closure member configured to be fixed to an ink bottle, the first closure member including a seal, arranged to be located over an outlet opening in a neck of the bottle and a second closure member attached to the first closure member and movable relative to the first closure member between a closed position, in which the second closure member covers the seal, and an open position in which the seal is exposed to be pierced or ruptured for dispensing ink from the bottle through the outlet opening, wherein the second closure member is movable in translation, relative to the first closure member between the closed position and the open position in a direction substantially perpendicular to a central or longitudinal axis of the bottle and a dispensing device for opening an ink bottle closure, including an adapter having a receiving area for receiving the ink bottle closure of an ink re-fill bottle with the bottle in an inverted orientation, a mechanism for

Abstract: A liquid cartridge includes a liquid chamber with a liquid outlet configured to supply the liquid from an interior of the chamber to an exterior of the chamber. An actuator is movable between a first position in which the liquid outlet is closed, and a second position in which the liquid outlet is open. A detector is positioned in the chamber, and is movable from a restricted position to a released position in response to movement of the actuator from the first to the second position. The detector is movable from the released position to the restricted position in response to movement of the actuator from the second to the first position.

Abstract: A liquid discharging head includes a nozzle plate having a plurality of nozzles from which liquid is discharged; a plurality of individual liquid chambers that are communicably connected to the plurality of nozzles, respectively; a common liquid chamber that supplies liquid to the plurality of individual liquid chambers; and a circulation common liquid chamber that leads to a plurality of circulation channels. A part of the common liquid chamber overlaps the circulation common liquid chamber from a direction in which liquid is discharged from the nozzles, and another part of the common liquid chamber overlaps the circulation common liquid chamber from a direction orthogonal to both the direction in which liquid is discharged from the nozzles and a direction in which the nozzles are aligned.

Abstract: A liquid supply device includes a first shell having a liquid storage chamber configured to store liquid and a liquid inlet portion through which the liquid is poured to the liquid storage chamber, a second shell that is a different member from the first shell, a holding member for holding a mutual positional relationship between the first shell and the second shell to be constant, and an atmospheric communication channel that makes outside and the liquid storage chamber communicate with each other.

Abstract: A printing apparatus is provided that prints a print target on a medium made of chemical fiber fabric. The printing apparatus includes inkjet heads which are chromatic color heads that eject inks having chromatic colors, and an inkjet head which is a black color head that ejects ink having black color. The inks ejected from these inkjet heads are allowed to dry by evaporation and each contain a solvent and a coloring material for expressing the ink color. The inks are dried by evaporating the solvents in the inks to be fixed to the medium. The chromatic color heads include at least six or more inkjet heads that respectively eject the inks having chromatic colors distinct from each other.

Abstract: Provided are an ink jet recording aqueous ink composition including: a coloring material; water; an organic solvent d-1 which is represented by Formula 1 or 2 and which has a C log P value of 0.5 to 3.5; and a resin particle including a resin containing 1 mass % to 20 mass % of a monomer unit c-1 having a C log P value more than the C log P value of the organic solvent d-1 and having an anionic group, with respect to a total mass of the resin, in which a content of the organic solvent d-1 is 0.5 mass % to 10 mass % with respect to a total mass of the ink jet recording aqueous ink composition, and an image forming method.

Abstract: An ink jet printer, for both back-surface printing and front-surface printing, forms an image with aqueous ink on a web-shaped printing base material by any of the back-surface printing and the front-surface printing. An ink jet printing method uses the ink jet printer. The ink jet printer includes: a conveyance mechanism configured to continuously convey the web-shaped printing base material in forward and reverse directions; a single-pass system ink jet head configured to discharge white aqueous ink to a surface of the web-shaped printing base material conveyed by the conveyance mechanism; a single-pass system ink jet head configured to discharge non-white aqueous ink to the surface of the web-shaped printing base material conveyed by the conveyance mechanism; and a white ink drying device with a drying zone for drying the surface of the web-shaped printing base material having the white aqueous ink adhering thereto.

Abstract: A method for compensating for defective printing nozzles in an inkjet printing machine by way of a computer. Defective printing nozzles are compensated for by an increased ink drop volume of neighboring printing nozzles and the real positions of the print dots of all printing nozzles are determined and, to compensate for a printing nozzle failure, the required ink drop volumes of the respective neighboring printing nozzles are calculated for every printing nozzle as a function of the real positions of the print dots of the respective neighboring printing nozzles. In addition to increased ink drop volumes of the respective neighboring printing nozzles, reduced ink drop volumes are calculated for the respective next but one printing nozzles and all ink drop volumes are calculated based on the print dots of the respective printing nozzles.

Abstract: A mobile image forming apparatus includes a body; a recording device supported by the body and configured to form an image on a recording medium, and at least one roller provided to the body and configured to rotate on the recording medium while the body is moved in a scanning direction for image formation. The mobile image forming apparatus further includes at least one pressing member disposed in contact with the at least one roller and configured to press the at least one roller in a roller axial direction.

Abstract: A decorator assembly is provided. The decorator assembly includes a number of independent ink stations. Each independent ink station is disposed adjacent to the path of travel of the mandrels.

Abstract: A platen assembly for use in digital printing includes a substrate support adapted to support the substrate thereon to facilitate printing to the substrate. One or more apertures are associated with the substrate support and the platen assembly includes a vacuum chamber in fluid communication with the one or more apertures. A vacuum device is in communication with the vacuum chamber such that vacuum pressure is developed in the vacuum chamber during operation of the vacuum device and a corresponding air flow is developed through the one or more apertures. A method for applying indicia to a textile substrate includes placing the textile substrate on a substrate support surface, and directing air through the textile substrate such that the substrate is drawn against the substrate support surface.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for color printing. A three-dimensional object can be printed onto an article using the methods and systems. The three-dimensional object can include a lower color graphic layer printed onto an article, one or more transparent structural layers printed onto the lower color graphic layer, and an upper color graphic layer printed onto an uppermost layer of the one or more transparent structural layers. The upper color graphic layer and the lower color graphic layer collectively visually depict a color graphic image.

Abstract: A nail printing apparatus comprising: a print head configured to perform printing on a nail of one of a finger of a hand and a toe of a foot; and a processor configured to detect, from a nail image captured of the nail of one of the finger and the toe, a nail area that is a target of the printing performed by the print head; wherein the processor is further configured to: divide the nail area into a first area on a nail root side of the nail and a second area on a nail free edge side of the nail to store information of the first area in a memory; and, in accordance that the information of the first area is stored in the memory, when detecting the nail area from the nail image, forgo detecting the first area, and reads out the information of the first area stored in the memory.

Abstract: Rotary table digital printing machine for printing on work pieces, including at least one workstation attached to a holding frame, which is designed as a printing unit for printing on work pieces and includes a support frame for receiving an inking unit and a print head module, the support frame including a printing unit interface for coupling with a printing unit receptacle associated with the holding frame and further including a print head interface designed for coupling with a print head module, with a print head module and with an inking unit adapted to provide a printing ink to the print head module, a print head carrier having a carrier interface adapted to be coupled to the print head interface, wherein the printing unit receptacle, the printing unit interface, the inking unit, the print head interface, the carrier interface and the print head module form a row arrangement arranged along the printing direction.

Abstract: A liquid discharge apparatus includes a conveyance path, a liquid discharge head, and a drying device. A medium is to be conveyed on the conveyance path. The liquid discharge head discharges liquid onto the medium conveyed on the conveyance path. The conveyance path includes a switchback path and an ejection path. The switchback path switches back a conveyance direction of the medium onto which the liquid has been discharged. The ejection path conveys the medium onto which the liquid has been discharged to an ejection port. The drying device dries the medium both on the switchback path and on the ejection path.

Abstract: A print unit is disposed in an apparatus having a printing function. The print unit includes a print engine configured to perform printing on a continuous sheet, and a damper located on an upstream side of a sheet entrance of the print engine in a sheet traveling direction and configured to adjust tension applied to the continuous sheet to be fed to the print engine. The damper includes a sheet guide having a planar guide portion which guides the continuous sheet to the sheet entrance, and an end portion of the guide portion on a downstream side in a sheet traveling direction is configured as a fixed end resting on the sheet entrance, and another end portion thereof on an opposite side is configured as a swinging end which is elastically biased toward the continuous sheet by a spring force of a spring.

Abstract: Provided herein are platens for printing on an item of clothing, where the platens are adapted to enable the printing of a pattern on the item of clothing, such that the pattern may encircle the entire item of clothing in a seamless manner. Also disclosed herein is an apparatus that makes use of said platens and a method of printing with said platens.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a transporting unit configured to transport a medium, a printing unit configured to perform printing on the medium, a cutting unit located downstream of the printing unit in a transport direction of the medium, and configured to cut the medium, and a blowing unit configured to deliver gas from upstream of the cutting unit in the transport direction of the medium toward downstream of the cutting unit.

Abstract: A printer includes: a conveyor; a printing device; a roller; a moving mechanism configured to move a moving member; and a cutter that performs a cutting operation. A controller executes: a printing processing for performing a printing operation while conveying the printing medium with the moving member being located at a second position; a cutting processing for performing the cutting operation after the printing operation is stopped; a moving processing for controlling the moving mechanism such that movement of the moving member to a first position is completed before the cutting operation; and a roller driving processing for, after the movement of the moving member to the first position is completed and before the cutting operation, rotating the roller in a direction for conveying the printing medium downstream in a conveying direction and stops the roller from rotating.

Abstract: In an information processing apparatus, a processor acquires first and second information on residual quantities of printing agent stored in first and second cartridges respectively. The first cartridge is mounted on a portion including a tank. The processor generates display screen data including first and second objects. The first object has a first position corresponding to a minimum residual quantity of the printing agent in a first state where the printing agent remains in the first cartridge. The second object has a second position corresponding to a maximum residual quantity of the printing agent, and a third position corresponding to a minimum residual quantity of the printing agent in a second state where the printing agent does not remain in the first cartridge but remains in the tank. The first position and one of the second and third positions are aligned at a reference position.

Abstract: A film media kit includes a first part and a second part. The first part is a first transparent film element having a first film having front side and back sides, wherein the front side is a high gloss smooth surface and wherein the back side supports an image-receiving layer for receiving a mirror-reflected reversed image printed on top of the image-receiving layer. The second part includes a second transparent film element having a second film having front and back sides, wherein the front side supports an adhesion layer and the back side supports a light diffusion layer. The second part also includes a third film element having a third film/paper having front and back sides, wherein the back side supports an anti-block layer. A method of manufacturing the film media kit and a film media for both front-lit and back-lit viewing are also provided.

Abstract: An ink jet recording method is disclosed where, when a liquid including water is absorbed and removed from an image including an aqueous liquid component and a coloring material, by use of a water repellent porous body, a contact surface of the porous body with the image is treated with a wetting liquid whose contact angle to the contact surface is less than 90°, and thereafter absorption and removal of the aqueous liquid component from the image by the porous body are performed.

Abstract: This application relates to a flexible cable for a portable electronic device, where the portable electronic device includes operational components having connectors that are capable of being electrically coupled to the flexible cable. The flexible cable includes a dielectric substrate having a generally planar shape, an upper grounding plane, a lower grounding plane, and a first signal transmission line that is separated by the upper and lower grounding planes, where the dielectric substrate is capable of electromagnetically shielding the first signal transmission line.

Abstract: The invention relates to a printer device for thermal printing or embossing of a carrier film coated with a coloring matter on a substrate, wherein the printer device has a roller arrangement for accommodating the carrier film and for moving the carrier film along a conveyor path, stepper motors for driving the roller arrangement, a thermal print head for printing or embossing the coloring matter from the carrier film onto the substrate, and a swivel arrangement, which can be deflected over a swivel range, for engaging with a swivel roller of the roller arrangement and for exerting a tensile force on the carrier film. The printer device is characterized in that, with regard to an engagement with the carrier film, the swivel roller is arranged along the conveyor path directly adjacent to the thermal print head.

Abstract: A method and surface micro patterned stamp for patterning image correlation test specimens is disclosed. The stamp may be formed and applied to the surface of structural components and laboratory test specimens in a repeatable fashion while reducing requisite infrastructure and time. The resulting test specimen incorporating the surface micro stamped pattern is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a cliché for offset printing and a cliché for offset printing.

Abstract: Provided is a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system capable of manufacturing a gravure plate-making roll more quickly as compared to a conventional case, achieving space saving, performing an unattended operation even in the nighttime, and reducing dust between individual processes.

Abstract: Provided are a lithographic printing plate precursor including: a hydrophilized aluminum support, and a water-soluble or water-dispersible negative type image recording layer provided on the aluminum support, in which an arithmetic average height Sa of a surface of an outermost layer on a side opposite to a side where the image recording layer is provided is in a range of 0.3 ?m to 20 ?m; a method of producing the lithographic printing plate precursor; a lithographic printing plate precursor laminate formed of the lithographic printing plate precursor; and a lithographic printing method.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a sheet processing device includes a moving member, an extrusion member, a first motor, a second motor, a first power transmission unit, a second power transmission unit, and a shaft. The first motor drives the moving member. The second motor drives the extrusion member. The second motor is a motor separated from the first motor. The first power transmission unit includes a first rotor. The first power transmission unit transfers power from the first motor to the moving member. The second power transmission unit includes a second rotor. The second power transmission unit transfers power from the second motor to the extrusion member. The shaft supports the first rotor and the second rotor.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a folder including a magnetic closure adapted for use in a visual management system. The folder includes a back flap and a front flap that cooperate to define a storage area for papers. The magnetic closure is configured to selectively hold the folder in a closed position.

Abstract: A binding tool for paper sheets includes a base member extending in a longitudinal direction; and a plurality of first binding members and second binding members each having a base end portion formed protruding outward in a width direction from the base member and a tip end portion integral with the base end portion and curved inward in the width direction so as to be movable between a binding position where the tip end portions contact each other and an open position where the tip end portions are separated from each other by a prescribed distance. The base end portions are positionally displaced from each other by at least an amount corresponding to a thickness TH of the base end portion in the longitudinal direction when the tip end portions positioned facing each other in the width direction are in contact with each other in the binding position.

Abstract: A writing instrument may include an upper barrel rotatably connected to a lower barrel. Writing fluid reservoirs may be housed in the upper barrel. A writing tip secured to the lower barrel may be in selective fluid communication with the writing fluid reservoirs. The upper barrel may be rotatable relative to the lower barrel of the writing instrument.

Abstract: A pen assembling press includes a base, a press unit, a carriage, and a positioning arrangement. Actuation of a lever moves an engagement head relative to the base along an actuation axis. A second engagement head is coaxial with the first engagement head. The carriage is movably mounted to the base. The positioning arrangement includes a slot, a plurality of recesses and a pin. The slot extends through the first leg in a direction perpendicular to the actuation axis. The slot has a constant height section having a height. The pin has a shaft and a head. The head is receivable in the recesses. The shaft has a thickness being substantially equal to the height of the constant height section of the slot. The pin is movable relative to the carriage along a pin axis that is perpendicular to the actuation axis to selectively engage and disengage the recesses.

Abstract: Decals with dimensional offsets are disclosed. The decals may be part of a decal kit or may be applied to an article. The decals include an overlay having multiple dimensional spacers. When applied to an article, the decal overlay bonds to the article, securing the dimensional spacers between the overlay and the article creating dimensional offsets. The dimensional offsets are positioned on an interior surface of the article so that contact with a wearer's skin is minimized, reducing the perception of cling.

Abstract: A thermal transfer light pen and a thermal transfer apparatus favorably perform thermal transfer even using light as a heat source to a thermal transfer sheet and performing thermal transfer to a transfer object with an uneven surface. A thermal transfer light pen includes a hollow pen body including a front end portion, a pressing body in the front end portion of the pen body and including a curved surface projecting toward a front end, a light guide including a first end and a second end, at least a portion of the light guide inside the pen body, and a light source connected to the first end of the light guide. The second end of the light guide is disposed in the front end portion of the pen body and faces the pressing body in the pen body. The pressing body is made of a material transparent to light emitted from the light source.