Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, an information handling system may include a circuit board, a device communicatively coupled to the circuit board via an electrical interface, a temperature sensor for sensing a measured temperature associated with the device, an air mover, a heating element thermally coupled to the electrical interface, and a thermal control system. The thermal control system may be configured to receive a temperature signal from the temperature sensor indicative of the measured temperature, responsive to the measured temperature being above a maximum threshold temperature, control the air mover to generate airflow sufficient to at least reduce the measured temperature to below the maximum threshold temperature, and responsive to the measured temperature being below a minimum threshold temperature, control the heating element to cause the measured temperature to be maintained above the minimum threshold temperature.

Abstract: Techniques disclosed herein relate to exploiting photovoltaic effects to improve the thermal management capabilities for wearable electronic devices. In an exemplary embodiment, a wearable electronic device includes photovoltaic cells disposed over a housing assembly that encloses heat-emitting electronic components. The photovoltaic cells block solar radiation from reaching an exterior surface of the housing assembly—thereby reducing the solar gain thereof. Electrical energy that is generated by the photovoltaic cells is utilized in some manner that is determined to be currently appropriate based on various current-state factors of the wearable electronic device.

Abstract: An information handling system includes a battery, a managed device, a host processing complex to instantiate a hosted processing environment, a wireless management module, and a management controller coupled to the wireless management module. The wireless management module includes a wireless transceiver. When the host processing complex is unpowered, the wireless management module receives power from the battery and receives configuration information for the managed device via the wireless transceiver. The management manages the managed device out of band from the hosted processing environment based upon the configuration information.

Abstract: An external device including at least a first connector, a signal transmission module and a power module is provided. The signal transmission module is electrically connected to the first connector. The power module is electrically connected to the first connector and outputs power via the first connector. The signal transmission module of the external device is a pluggable external graphics card. A graphics card or a graphics chip in the electronic device connected to the external device can be replaced via the external graphics card. Consequently, the graphics card or the graphics chip in the electronic device can be eliminated and thus the electronic device can be made light and thin.

Abstract: An apparatus is configured to calculate consumption power of a processor caused by execution of a program, based on sampling data acquired by event-based sampling. The apparatus determines whether the processor is in an idle state, by using the sampling data of a clock event, where the clock event is an event which generates an interrupt at fixed time intervals when the processor is not in the idle state, and which generates the interrupt when a state of the processor changes from the idle state to a non-idle state. In a case where the processor is in the idle state, the apparatus calculates a first amount of consumption power of the processor in the idle state, based on a second amount of consumption power calculated using a consumption power model and a third amount of consumption power included in the sampling data.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for controlling two or more PSUs of a server system. An exemplary method comprises first determining whether the PSUs are switched on to an AC power source. If the PSUs are found not switched on to an AC power source, the method further comprises restarting the AC power source for the PSUs and completing a software-based recovery process. If the PSUs are found to be switched on to an AC power source, the method further comprises determining whether the PSUs meet a predefined criterion. If the PSUs do meet a predefined criterion, the method further comprises disabling a cold-redundancy mode for the PSUs. If the PSUs do not meet a predefined criterion, the method further comprises starting a wake-up process for a first PSU from a cold-redundancy mode.

Abstract: A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions, the instructions being executable by one or more processors to perform operations including: receiving, by a calibration module executed by the one or more processors, a calibration request including (i) a workload type, (ii) a list of compute nodes belonging to a distributed computer system, and (iii) one or more frequencies; responsive to identifying the workload type as a clustered workload type, instructing a plurality of compute nodes on the list of compute nodes to begin processing a workload of the workload type; and responsive to identifying the workload type as a clustered workload type, instructing a compute node on the list of compute nodes to begin processing the workload of the workload type is shown.

Abstract: The technology described herein is related to a two-phase deployment-initiated wakeup mechanism for a body-mountable electronic device. During a first phase of the two-phase wakeup mechanism, a motion sensor detects an acceleration event indicative of deployment of the device onto the body of the user. During a second phase of the two-phase mechanism, control circuitry can be adapted to be enabled by the acceleration event. Once enabled, the control circuitry can verify that the device has been launched onto the body of a user via a deployment applicator in which the device is retained until deployment. Once verified, the control circuitry can wake up the body-mountable electronic device by transitioning the device from a sleep state to a functional (or operational) state.

Abstract: A sensor processing method for a mobile terminal, a storage medium, and an electronic device are provided. The sensor processing method includes: detecting whether the mobile terminal is playing a video (S101); when it is detected that the mobile terminal is playing the video, traversing an active connection interface queue for sensors (S102); determining whether an application corresponding to a connection interface in the queue meets a filtering condition (S103); and if not, removing the connection interface from the active connection interface queue (S104).

Abstract: An electronic device is disclosed. The electronic device includes a first input device; a second input device capable of operating in a first operating mode; and a system management module in communication with the first input device and the second input device. The system management module is configured for switching the second input device to a second operating mode in response to detecting, by the first input device, a presence of a user without receiving any operation-specific input from the user.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for aligning active and idle phases of components in a computing system are disclosed. A computing system includes components that can be forced into an active or idle phase and components that cannot be forced into an active or idle phase. The system implements schemes for aligning the active and idle phases of the components within the system. For example, a timer starts counting when a processor and memory subsystem go from a low power state to an operational state. If the amount of time spent by the processor and memory subsystems in the operational state without transitioning to the low power state exceeds a threshold, the system forces active-to-idle and idle-to-active phase transitions of components in the system in order to cause a realignment of active and idle phases of the various components within the system.

Abstract: When power is provided through a USB-C cable from a source device to a sink device, a sudden connection or disconnection of the cable between the two devices may cause a sudden power surge or power drop in at least one of those devices, leading to other problems. To avoid this sudden event from causing potential damage or disruption to one of the devices, in some embodiments a CC pin in the cable is used to announce the impending connection/disconnection, and the device may throttle back its power consumption before power is actually applied to or removed from the power pins.

Abstract: A wireless sensing device includes a wireless transmitter module, a microprocessor unit, and a wake-on unit. The wireless transmitter module is electrically connected to the microprocessor unit and the wake-on unit, respectively. The microprocessor unit is electrically connected to the wake-on unit. When the wireless transmitter module receives a sensing signal from outside and transmits it to the microprocessor unit, the microprocessor unit may enter a hibernation mode or a sleep mode from its previous on-duty mode depending on the level of the sensing signal. When the wireless transmitter module receives a wake-on signal from outside and transmits it to the wake-on unit, the wake-on unit generates a resume-from-hibernation command or a resume-from-sleep command for the microprocessor unit depending on the level of the wake-on signal so as to resume the microprocessor unit.

Abstract: To start power supply at a high current without applying USB Power Delivery, a power supply system includes a power supply device having a first USB connector conforming to the USB Type-C standard, and a power receiving device having a second USB connector conforming to the USB Type-C standard. The second USB connector includes a high current notification pin for notifying that it is possible to receive power at a high current greater than a predetermined reference current. When the second USB connector is coupled to the first USB connector, the power receiving device notifies the power supply device of the fact that it is possible to receive power at a high current greater than the predetermined reference current, through the high current notification pin. When receiving the notification, the power supply device determines that it is possible to start power supply to the receiving device at a high current.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided which comprises: a first circuitry to provide an estimate of a distance of a user from the apparatus; and a second circuitry to select a display resolution for displaying on a display panel of the apparatus, based at least in part on the estimate of the distance of the user from the apparatus.

Abstract: In one or more embodiments, one or more systems, methods, and/or processes may determine if a user is in contact with an information handling system. If the user is not in contact with the information handling system, the information handling system may utilize a thermal profile. If the user is in contact with the information handling system, it may be determined if the user is in contact with a first display of multiple displays of the information handling system. If the user is in contact with the first display, processing of information may be migrated from a component associated with the first display to a component associated with a second display of the multiple displays. If the user is not in contact with the first display, processing of the information may be migrated from the component associated with the second display to the component associated with the first display.

Abstract: A transitory idle state is established for a memory sub-system that can be transitioned from an active state to one or more idle states including the transitory idle state and a deep idle state. A power consumption metric and transition time for each idle state is identified. A transitional energy metric is determined for each idle state based on the corresponding power consumption metric transition time. An energy target time is determined for the transitory idle state. Based on the energy target time, an idle state optimization time is determined for the transitory idle state. The memory sub-system is maintained in the transitory idle state for a duration of the idle state optimization time.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure are directed to saving always on (AON) routing of signals across chips, the disclosure includes turning ON a first power signal in a system on a chip (SOC) when a Power ON Reset (PoR) signal is asserted and a clamp control signal is asserted; turning ON a second power signal in the SOC after the first power signal is turned ON; de-asserting the PoR signal after the second power signal is turned ON; latching a logic signal with a LOW clamp keeper cell if the logic signal is at a LOW logic level or with a HIGH clamp keeper cell if the signal is at a HIGH logic level; and de-asserting the second power signal while a first section of the SOC routes the logic signal through a second section of the SOC.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a display and a processor. The processor controls the display to operate in a full display mode to display a full color user interface, detects whether a first predetermined trigger event occurs, controls the display, when the first predetermined trigger event occurs, to switch from the full display mode to a partial display mode, generates a partial interface and displays the partial interface on the display, and switches from an operating mode to a sleep mode after the partial interface is displayed on the display.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to link power savings with state retention are described. In one embodiment, one or more components of two agents coupled via a serial link are turned off during idle periods while retaining link state in each agent. Other embodiments are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system, method, and Head-Mounted Display (HMD) apparatus for recording a video and playing back the video to a viewer in a Virtual Reality (VR) environment. A geographical area is recorded with an omnidirectional video recording camera by dividing the geographical area into a plurality of area portions and recording in separate video sections, each of the area portions while moving the camera in different directions. Time points in each video section are associated with virtual locations of the viewer. At a time point providing the viewer with a choice of directions to proceed, the system receives the viewer's choice and presents to the viewer, a video section corresponding to the virtual location of the viewer and the desired direction of movement. The viewer's choice may be indicated by detecting a direction of the viewer's field of view or by receiving from the viewer, a response to a banner notification.

Abstract: One or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide an augmented reality presentation including a digital model of a product in connection with a camera stream. For example, systems and methods described herein provide a call-to-action associated with a digital model of a corresponding product. In response to detecting a selection of the call-to-action, systems and methods described herein provide the digital model. The system and methods described herein also activate a camera interface of a networking system application and render the digital model of the product within the camera interface. In this way, the systems and methods provide a portable user experience of trying on or otherwise sampling a product via an augmented reality presentation on a client device.

Abstract: An apparatus for creating movement in a virtual reality for a user includes a computer includes a virtual reality headset in communication with the computer that is worn on the head of the user so the user sees the virtual reality shown by the headset and produced by the computer in the headset. The apparatus includes a foot controller in communication with the computer against which the user moves at least one of his feet to create control signals with the foot to cause movement in the virtual reality. A method for creating movement in a virtual reality for a user having the steps of the user seeing the virtual reality shown by a virtual headset and produced by a computer in the headset, a virtual reality headset in communication with the computer that is worn on the head of the user.

Abstract: Technology is provided for a tracking constellation assembly for use in a virtual reality system. The tracking constellation assembly includes a translucent panel having an outward facing surface, and an inward facing surface and a mounting surface each opposite the outward facing surface. The translucent panel is substantially opaque to visible light and translucent to infrared light. The assembly includes a flexible circuit board including first and second opposed surfaces. A spacer interconnects the first surface of the flexible circuit board and the mounting surface of the translucent panel. Infrared light emitting diodes are connected to the flexible circuit board and positioned to direct light through the translucent panel.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for performing virtual reality simulations using virtual reality systems. In some aspects a method includes the actions of logging user actions in a virtual reality system, wherein the user actions include one or more of (i) a path traveled by user in the virtual reality system, or (ii) user interactions with objects in the virtual reality system; aggregating logged action over a first user and a second user; and deriving modifications to the virtual reality system based at least in part on the aggregated logged actions. The modifications to the VR system can include modifying at least one of (i) appearance of objects shown in the VR system, (ii) floor plan of the VR system, and (iii) location of objects shown in the VR system.

Abstract: A procedure includes calculating a position of a line of sight of a user in a display screen of a display device, based on information on an eyeball portion of the user included in an input image, setting a processing target region which is a target region of processing corresponding to an input operation by a line of sight and an operation region which is adjacent to the processing target region and is for receiving the input operation by the line of sight, in the display screen, based on the position of the line of sight and information on a field of view of the user, and creating screen data in which image information within the processing target region is included in image information within the operation region and which is to be displayed on the display device.

Abstract: Embodiments are disclosed for gaze tracking with an in-vehicle computing system. In one example, an in-vehicle computing system of a vehicle includes a camera, a light source, a display, a processor, and a storage device storing instructions executable to direct light from the light source to an eye of one or more occupants of the vehicle, receive, at the camera, light reflected from the eye of the one or more occupants of the vehicle, determine a gaze direction of each of the one or more occupants of the vehicle, and operate one or more of the in-vehicle computing system and another vehicle system based on the determined gaze direction.

Abstract: Technologies for improving foveated rendering of an image by improving the position of the image to be displayed through image re-projection are disclosed. For example, a method may include receiving a first estimation of a predicted gaze point of a user on a display device that is determined before starting rendering a high-quality portion of the image. The method may further include causing the image to be rendered based on the first estimation of the predicted gaze point. The method may also include receiving a second estimation of the predicted gaze point. The second estimation of the predicted gaze point is determined after rendering of the high-quality portion of the image has started. Responsive to determining that the second estimation of the predicted gaze point is different from the first estimation, the method may include adjusting the rendered image based on the second estimation of the predicted gaze point and transmitting the adjusted image to the display device for display.

Abstract: A virtual reality system enables a user to interact with virtual objects. The system includes a fiducial ring, an imaging device and a console. The fiducial ring includes a ring body that includes a plurality of fiducial markers that each correspond to a different location on the ring body. An imaging device is configured to capture one or more images of the fiducial ring. The console receives the images that include an image of one or more fiducial markers. Based on the received images of the fiducial markers, the console determines a location on the fiducial ring that corresponds to the imaged fiducial marker. The console determines a position of the fiducial ring based on the determined location of the fiducial marker on the fiducial ring. The console provides content to a head mounted display (HMD) based on the determined position of the fiducial ring.

Abstract: Technologies are disclosed herein for controlling a head-mountable heads-up display system comprising a heads-up display unit and a hand cover. The hand cover includes a plurality of input elements located on appendages thereof that are configured to cause the hand cover to transmit input signals to the heads-up display unit. The heads-up display unit is configured to display virtual image content within a field of view of a user. As a result of receiving a user input, the heads-up display unit may display virtual image content based on a user input. The heads-up display unit updates the virtual image content as a result of receiving an input signal corresponding to an interaction between a pair of input elements of the hand cover. The heads-up display system may be useable in connection with a system of an outdoor recreational area to obtain information regarding the outdoor recreational area.

Abstract: A system and a method for hybrid brain computer interface for controlling a robotic swarm are disclosed. The system comprises: a control interface for defining a plurality of electrodes configured for accessing a plurality of brain signals associated with a plurality of channels located over a sensorimotor cortex; a processor, in operative communication with the control interface, configured to: train a machine learning model to associate a brain state with data defining a brain signal, decode a control signal of the plurality of brain signals to generate control data, apply the control data to the machine learning model to identify the brain state, and transmit instructions to a plurality of robotic devices to modify a density of the plurality of robotic devices based on the brain state; and an input device, in operable communication with the processor, for generating input data, the input data utilized by the processor to modify a position of the plurality of robotic devices.

Abstract: A method, system, and computer program product for generating a visual and tactile representation of a plurality of flexed pages associated with a set of data and presented on a graphical display. The graphical display may sense a plurality of flexural states and model respective tactile gradients according to the plurality of flexural states. For a flexural state meeting a set of criteria, the tactile gradient may be applied to the graphical display by distributing a selective volume contained with the graphical display.

Abstract: Provided with an input system including: a detection device that contains a detection sensor which detects a user operation and is arranged apart from a display device, and an output circuit which outputs detected information indicating the user operation detected by the detection sensor; an input device which inputs the detected information; and a control device that contains a control means implemented by a programmed processor which, when the user operation is judged to indicate an operation performed at a prescribed position on the basis of the detected information input by the input device, determines the display position of an indicator on a screen of the display device as a specific position.

Abstract: A tactile sensation providing apparatus includes a panel, an actuator configured to vibrate the panel, and an elastic member in contact with the panel. When the actuator vibrates the panel, the elastic member suppresses inhibition of vibration at a position where the panel is pressed.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to content-based tactile outputs. In some embodiments, user interfaces associated with content-based tactile outputs are described. In some embodiments, user interfaces associated with end-of-content tactile outputs are described. In some embodiments, user interfaces associated with moving a user interface in response to different types of input are described. In some embodiments, user interfaces associated with adjustable item-based tactile outputs are described. In some embodiments, user interfaces associated with input velocity-based tactile outputs are described.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a touch-sensitive input device, including: a support; a touch-sensitive input component mounted on the support by a first spring means to elastically return along a deflection direction and is oscillation-capable; an absorber body mounted on the support by a second spring means to be movable along the deflection direction in an elastically returning and oscillation-capable manner; an actuating mechanism acting on the absorber body and the input component, with at least one direction of action having a component of the direction of action parallel to the deflection direction to cause a movement of the input component for generating haptic feedback along the deflection direction and cause movement of the absorber body in the direction opposite the movement of the input component; a mechanical trimming device for changing an effective spring length of a spring of the first spring means or the second spring means.

Abstract: An electronic device: while displaying a user interface, detects an input sequence that includes detecting an increase in a characteristic intensity of a contact on a button. In response, the device determines whether the increase is above a first intensity threshold and whether a change in the characteristic intensity proximate to a time when the characteristic intensity increases above the first intensity threshold has a first or a second value for an intensity-change metric. If the increase is above the threshold and the change has the first value, the device performs a first operation that changes the user interface displayed on the display; and generates a first discrete tactile output that corresponds to the increase. If the increase is above the threshold and the change has the second value, the device performs the first operation and generates a second discrete tactile output that corresponds to the increase.

Abstract: An approach is described for enabling motion control of a client device, such as a mobile device, via a video feed transmitted from one or more video capture devices. An associated method may include establishing, via a communications network, a communication session between a client device and one or more video capture devices. The method further may include identifying a user of the client device via the one or more video capture devices and negotiating parameters of a video feed for transmission from the one or more video capture devices to the client device via the communication session. The method further may include, upon transmission of the video feed from the one or more video capture devices to the client device, facilitating control of the client device in response to any device control gesture received from the user based upon the video feed.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a proximity sensor and a controller configured to determine a direction of a gesture by a user on the basis of an output from the proximity sensor and in accordance with the hand the user uses to operate the electronic device.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a handwriting board and a control method thereof. The handwriting board includes: a touch structure configured to sense the handwriting touch position; a filter display structure comprising a photonic crystal layer and a filter driving circuit, the photonic crystal layer comprises a periodic defect structure of the surface and a photo-dielectric filled in the periodic defect structure, and the filter driving circuit is used for applying a voltage to the photonic crystal layer to drive a change in the state of the photo-dielectric in the periodic defect structure; and a controller configured to control the filter driving circuit to drive a change in the state of the photo-dielectric in the photonic crystal layer in the corresponding region according to the handwriting touch position so as to change the forbidden band of the photonic crystal layer in the corresponding region.

Abstract: Fitts's law is a predictive model of human movement primarily used in human-computer interaction, ergonomics, and medical assessments. A cervical orientated assessment allows assessments of aspects of users such as injuries, concussions, impacts of equipment as well as ergonomic assessments etc. Accordingly, a three-dimensional visual target acquisition system (3D-VTAS) provides measurements based upon a cervical oriented Fitts' Law paradigm in a manner which provides for ease of use, high between-day reliability and validity based upon healthy subject's performance. The 3D-VTAS also provides increased data allowing determination/verification if there are movement trajectory or target size confounds between the measurements of a subject's performance and hence assessments of both healthy and non-healthy individuals as well as assessments of ergonomic factors etc.

Abstract: When first sensor information is input to an information processing unit in an information processing apparatus, the information processing unit detects a trigger operation according to a type of the first sensor information. Moreover, the information processing unit recognizes a gesture operation by a user as an operation input on the basis of second sensor information operation. In addition, the information processing unit determines the operation input on the basis of a combination of the detected trigger operation and the recognized gesture operation. According to the information processing apparatus, it is possible that the operation input is diversified without imposing a burden on the user.

Abstract: Embodiments of systems and methods for on-screen keyboard detection for multi-form factor Information Handling Systems (IHSs) are described. In an illustrative, non-limiting embodiment, an IHS may include a processor; and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory having program instructions stored thereon that, upon execution by the processor, cause the IHS to: detect a keyboard using a magnetic sensor; and determine, in response to the detection, a position of the keyboard relative to a display surface of a second display, where the second display is coupled to a first display via a hinge.

Abstract: Embodiments for providing a wearable device are generally described herein. A wearable device may include a processor having memory and communicatively coupled to a plurality of display areas; and an orientation sensing module communicatively coupled to the processor to determine at least one of an orientation and a location of at least one of the plurality of display areas with respect to a point of view of a user; wherein the processor provides a function for at least one of the plurality of display areas based on the determined at least one of the orientation and the location of at least one of the plurality of display areas by the orientation sensing module.

Abstract: Present disclosure relates to a system for detecting hand gesture and a method thereof. The system comprises a hand-held controller and a computing application. The hand-held controller includes a plurality of finger detectors. The finger detectors are configured to obtain finger positions. The computing application, executed by a processor, is configured to retrieve a spatial vector of the hand-held controller. The computing application is also configured to retrieve the finger positions from the hand-held controller. The spatial vector of the hand-held controller and the finger positions are provided to illustrate a simulated hand gesture.

Abstract: An input device may include at least one touch surface arranged in a three-dimensional (3D) shape wherein the at least one touch surface receives translational and rotational input along three spatial axes. A six degree-of-freedom (6DOF) input system may include at least one touch registering surface formed into a 3D shape to detect an interactive touch from a user and a processor to receive the interactive touch and adjust the position of a three-dimensional (3D) object represented in 3D space on a graphical user interface (GUI).

Abstract: A virtual object that represents a tangible object is displayed in a three-dimensional image. Responsive to a first input which may be movement of the tangible object, the virtual object moves within the three-dimensional image. Alteration of how the three-dimensional image is displayed occurs responsive to a second input. For example, virtual medical tools can be controlled by manipulating tangible tools to perform procedures and tasks virtually. Eye tracking can be used to generate variable angular resolution in the field of view in a head display unit with which the three-dimensional image is displayed. Digital objects may be used to cause the viewer's eyes move from feature to feature in a saccades fashion or a smooth tracking fashion.

Abstract: An automatic pencil type pointer includes a housing, a first circuit unit, a lead propelling unit, and a first electromagnetic unit. The housing has a port and an accommodation space in communication with the port. The first circuit unit is disposed in the accommodation space. The lead propelling unit is disposed in the accommodation space and includes a lead storage tube, a tip sleeve, a graphite lead, and a lead propelling assembly. The tip sleeve is disposed at the port. The graphite lead is accommodated in the lead storage tube. The lead propelling assembly is capable of controlling the graphite lead to be output from the tip sleeve. The first electromagnetic unit includes a first magnet and a first coil. The first coil is wound around the first magnet and is electrically connected to the first circuit unit. The graphite lead passes through the first magnet.

Abstract: Example embodiments described herein disclose a device configured to generate and cause display of a rotary input interface within a display of the device. The rotary input interface may be displayed as one or more dial types, including at least a continuous rotary dial, a horseshoe dial, or a continuous scroll wheel, configured to include an arrangement of values at positions along the rotary input interface. The rotary input interface also include a central display configured to indicate a selected value (e.g., from among the arrangement of values) based on a location of a value indicator among the arrangement of values.

Abstract: An active pen includes a pen chassis including a pen tip and a pressure sensitive gripping element that is accessible on at least a portion of an outer surface of the pen chassis. The pen chassis houses a communication system, a processor, and a memory that includes instructions that, when executed by the processing system, causes the processing system to provide a pressure input engine that is configured to capture first force data and first location data generated by a first user interaction with the pressure sensitive gripping element at a first time. The pressure input engine then uses the first force data and first location data to provide an input to a graphical user interface provided on a display screen of a computer device.