Abstract: A method for compensating magnetic noise in a spatial volume in which two concurrently operating compensation loops are provided comprising: a closed compensation loop for magnetic noise fields outside the spatial volume and inside the electromagnetically environment; an open compensation loop for magnetic noise fields in the spatial volume; said two compensation loops generating each one a magnetic noise compensation field; said two compensation fields concurrently provide for compensation of the magnetic noise field in the spatial volume.

Abstract: Some aspects of the present disclosure relate to ultrashort-echo-time (UTE) imaging. In one embodiment, a method includes acquiring UTE imaging data associated with an area of interest of a subject. The acquiring comprises applying an imaging pulse sequence with a three-dimensional (3D) spiral acquisition and a nonselective excitation pulse. The method also includes reconstructing at least one image of the area of interest from the acquired UTE imaging data.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for performing a calibration “pre-scan” prior to acquiring data using a magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) system performing a multi-spectral imaging (“MSI”) acquisition. Information from the calibration scan is used to optimize the scanning and data collection during the MSI scan. As a result, scan times and motion artifacts are reduced. In addition, image resolution can also be increased, thereby improving image quality. As one example, the MSI acquisition can be a MAVRIC acquisition. In general, the calibration data is used to determine the minimum number of spectral bins required to achieve acceptable image quality near a specific metallic implant or device.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for correcting a uniformity of a magnetic resonance image, the method including: acquiring a first uniformity enhancement image by a phased-array uniformity enhancement method; and dividing the first uniformity enhancement image by a receiving sensitivity distribution value of a body coil in a magnetic resonance imaging device, so as to acquire a second uniformity enhancement image. The method further includes: dividing the second uniformity enhancement image by a spatial signal distribution value resulting from a field strength distribution of a transmitting radio-frequency field, so as to acquire a third uniformity enhancement image.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of a highly polarized nuclear spins containing sample of an organic or inorganic material, containing H or OH groups or adsorbed water molecules. Such highly polarized nuclear spins containing samples can be subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement and/or can be thawed and immediately administered to an individual undergoing a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The method is based on generating unstable radicals on the surface of the sample in the presence of ionized environment followed by cooling the sample to cryogenic temperatures. A device for carrying out a particular step of said method is also discloses.

Abstract: A system and methods for improved homogeneous and inhomegeneous magnetic transfer imaging are provided. In some aspects, a plurality of gradient coils and an RF system of a magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) system are controlled, using a computer, to perform, at least one pulse sequence that includes a preparation module followed by an imaging module, wherein the preparation module comprises a plurality of radio frequency (“RF”) saturation pulses applied according to a concentrated pulse cycle to manipulate exchangeable magnetization from protons in the subject, and the imaging module is configured to acquire image data. The computer is also configured to analyze the image data acquired to generate frequency information indicative of the exchangeable magnetization from protons in the subject, and generate a report, using the frequency information, pertaining to inhomogeneous or homogeneous magnetization transfer occurring in the subject.

Abstract: Some aspects include a method of determining change in size of an abnormality in a brain of a patient positioned within a low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device. The method comprises, while the patient remains positioned within the low-field MRI device, acquiring first and second magnetic resonance (MR) image data of the patient's brain; providing the first and second MR image data as input to a trained statistical classifier to obtain corresponding first and second output; identifying, using the first output, at least one initial value of at least one feature indicative of a size of the abnormality; identifying, using the second output, at least one updated value of the at least one feature; determining the change in the size of the abnormality using the at least one initial value of the at least one feature and the at least one updated value of the at least one feature.

Abstract: A device and a method for detecting a spike during a magnetic resonance scan are provided. The device has a first receiver with a first signal connection for connecting a local coil and a second receiver with a second signal connection for connecting a reference antenna. The device is configured to compare a first signal received by the first receiver via the first signal connection with a second signal received by the second receiver via the second signal connection and, in the event of a predetermined deviation, to emit a warning signal.

Abstract: In a method and magnetic resonance (MR) apparatus for avoiding artifacts in scan data recorded by execution of a spin-echo sequence, an excitation pulse is radiated, at least one refocusing pulse is radiated, and at least one echo signal is read out. Following the radiation of the excitation pulse and before the readout of the at least one echo signal, at least two artifact-avoidance gradients with different amplitudes are activated, wherein the moments of the artifact-avoidance gradients balance each other.

Abstract: The method according to the invention enables the diagnosis (15, 16) of phase current sensor defects in a system for controlling a synchronous rotary electrical machine of a motor vehicle. According to the invention, the method takes into account the differences (îd, lq) between measurements provided (14) by the sensors, and nominal values of the phase currents (ia, ib, ic) in order to diagnose defects. The differences are calculated (18) in a rotating Park reference frame (17) and are separate from an electromechanical model of the machine. The method detects sensor defects if the differences are substantially non-zero (19) and an offset sensor defect if a residual pulsation (? res) of the differences is substantially equal to a measured speed (w) of the control system.

Abstract: A method and a system for measuring and calibrating an imaging magnetic field in a magnetic resonance apparatus are provided. The method includes: providing the imaging magnetic field, where the imaging magnetic field is adapted for scanning an object; sampling a signal corresponding to the imaging magnetic field; processing the signal to obtain an actual magnetic field intensity; and calibrating based on a difference between the actual magnetic field intensity and a target magnetic field intensity. The system includes: a magnetic component, adapted for scanning an object to be imaged; a sampling unit, adapted for sampling a signal corresponding to the imaging magnetic field; a processing unit, adapted for processing the signal to obtain an actual magnetic field intensity; a calibration unit, adapted for calibrating based on a difference between the actual magnetic field intensity and a target magnetic field intensity; and a control unit, adapted for controlling the system.

Abstract: A beacon system includes a controller, a laser module operably connected to the controller, and at least one sensor operably connected to the controller. In such a system, the controller is configured to receive a signal from the at least one sensor, and to determine whether a response to the signal is required.

Abstract: A direction finding system is provided. It serves the purpose of finding a direction of an electromagnetic signal. The direction finding system comprises an antenna system for receiving the electromagnetic signal and a direction finder for determining the direction of the electromagnetic signal. The direction finder comprises a direction determiner, adapted to determine a number of possible directions, and a direction evaluator, adapted to evaluate the possible directions and determine the direction of the electromagnetic signal therefrom.

Abstract: Techniques for determining an actual position of a portable device are disclosed. In an embodiment, a two-tier triangulation and wireless beacon-enabled luminaire detection approach is implemented. An estimated position of a device is determined using wireless (e.g., wireless beacon) triangulation based on a signal parameter of a signal received from a wireless access point. The field of view of the portable device may be used to estimate positions of luminaires proximate the portable device. The actual position of the luminaires may be determined from the estimated position by querying a database. A second triangulation may be performed using the known position of the luminaires to determine the position of the portable device with respect to the actual position of the luminaire.

Abstract: A navigation system for a swarm of guided projectiles, such as cruise missiles, having three or more projectiles launched at a target is provided. The projectiles can be in secure communication with one another and can operate as a single swarm using a fusion of angle of arrival and time difference of arrival of a detected signal to direct the projectiles to a point of impact on a target that is offset from an emitter generating the detected signal. The projectiles can further use knowledge of their relative position to maintain and/or adjust their flight path and/or speed to maintain their course to the point of impact in areas of GPS denial or unavailability.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are described for determining displacement and/or rotation of a Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), including, but not limited to, determining a first Time of Flight (ToF) for audio signals transmitted by an audio transmitter of the UAV and received by a first audio receiver of the UAV while the UAV is in motion, determining a second ToF for the audio signals transmitted by the audio transmitter and received by a second audio receiver of the UAV while the UAV is in motion, and determining the displacement or the rotation of the UAV based, at least in part, on the first ToF and the second ToF.

Abstract: An integrated circuit (IC) is provided with a plurality of diode based mm-wave peak voltage detectors (PVD)s. During a testing phase, a multi-point low frequency calibration test is performed on one or more of the PVDs to determine and store a set of alternating current (AC) coefficients. During operation of the IC, a current-voltage sweep is performed on a selected one of the PVDs to determine a process and temperature direct current (DC) coefficient. A peak voltage produced by the PVD in response to a high frequency radio frequency (RF) signal is measured to produce a first measured voltage. An approximate power of the RF signal is calculated by adjusting the first measured voltage using the DC coefficient and the AC coefficient.

Abstract: An environmental control system, control apparatus, and control method thereof are provided. The control apparatus receives a plurality of sets of sensed signals from a trackable apparatus, wherein each set of sensed signals is sensed from one of a primary base station and a first secondary base station and the last set of sensed signals is sensed from the primary base station. The primary base station, the first secondary base station, and a second secondary base station have a common coverage area. The control apparatus determines that the trackable apparatus has moved at least a predetermined distance in the common coverage area in a direction away from the first secondary base station and toward the second secondary base station. In responses to the determination, the control apparatus transmits instruction signals to turn off the first secondary base station and turn on the second secondary base station.

Abstract: A vehicle sensor calibration system for self-driving vehicles can include a turntable on which a sensor system including a LIDAR sensor is positioned. A plurality of fiducial targets can be positioned around the turntable to enable calibration of the sensor system, and a control mechanism can automatically rotate the turntable when the sensor system is positioned on the turntable. The system can include one or more computing systems that receive a data log corresponding to sensor data recorded by the sensor system as the sensor system rotates on the turntable, and analyze the sensor data to determine a set of calibration parameters to calibrate the sensor system.

Abstract: A LIDAR system emits laser pulses, wherein each pulse is associated with a power level. A laser emitter is adjusted during operation of a LIDAR system using power profile data associated with the laser. The power profile data is obtained during a calibration procedure and includes information that associates charge duration for a laser power supply with the actual power output by laser. The power profiles can be used during operation of the LIDAR system. A laser pulse can be emitted, the reflected light from the pulse received and analyzed, and the power of the next pulse can be adjusted based on a lookup within the power profile for the laser. For instance, if the power returned from a pulse is too high (e.g., above some specified threshold), the power of the next pulse is reduced to a specific value based on the power profile.

Abstract: An echo measuring apparatus has: a transmission signal forming unit for forming a transmission signal by a pseudo noise sequence signal; a transmitting unit for transmitting the transmission signal as an ultrasonic wave into the water; a receiving unit for receiving an echo of the ultrasonic wave; and a correlator for discriminating the echo corresponding to the transmission signal by executing a correlating process to the echo by the pseudo noise sequence signal and measuring a distance to a measurement target on the basis of a time difference between the transmission signal and the echo, wherein assuming that a velocity of a sound wave in the water is equal to Vu and the distance to the measurement target is equal to D, a period of the transmission signal includes a case where it is equal to or less than (2D/Vu).

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein relates to a radar device, and more particularly, to a radar device having a structure that reduces the influence of an internal reflected wave, which is capable of preventing a target sensing performance from being deteriorated by a reflected wave reflected within the radar device, while having a cover structure that is capable of protecting an antenna from the outside.

Abstract: A method for determining the range of an object includes transmitting successive radar chirps, adding a frequency offset to the successive radar chirps, the frequency offset being a fraction of a range frequency bin, receiving return signals, constructing frequency transforms from each of the return signals, adding each of the frequency transforms together to create a composite frequency transform, and interpolating the range of the object from a frequency peak detected in the composite frequency transform.

Abstract: A method for constructing a frequency profile of an emitted signal suitable for use in a non-contact ranging system with multi-scale spectral analysis includes determining N stepped frequency chirps, wherein each frequency chirp of the N stepped frequency chirps has a linear FM modulation of predetermined bandwidth and slope, and wherein a starting frequency for each of the plurality of stepped frequency chirps is chosen so that a non-linear step profile is created which extends over a predetermined total bandwidth, sorting the plurality of N stepped frequency chirps into P sub-sequences, where P is equal to the product of decimation factors to be used in the multi-scale spectral analysis, and ordering the P sub-sequences end to end in time.

Abstract: There is provided a radar device which detects targets by performing a signal processing procedure based on a frequency-modulated continuous wave and the reflected waves of the transmission wave from the targets. A signal processing unit is configured to periodically perform the signal processing procedure based on beat signals which are differential waves between the transmission wave and the reflected waves. A monitoring unit is configured to monitor each of processing states of processes which are sequentially performed in the signal processing procedure. A changing unit is configured to change a processing condition for the subsequent-stage processes of a process, according to the processing state of the process, if the monitoring unit detects that the process is in a high load state, from the processing states.

Abstract: A mobile radar system for visualizing forward looking topography is configured with at least two phased-array antennas to form a forwarding looking phased-array interferometer.

Abstract: A radar device includes a signal processing unit and a target information output unit. The target information output unit outputs only pair data having addition reliability equal to or larger than a threshold to the outside of the radar device as target information. The signal processing unit determines whether a first target and a second target belong to the same object. The first target is pair data derived later than the second target. If it is determined that the first target and the second target belong to the same object, the signal processing unit transfers reliability of the second target to the first target.

Abstract: Beamformed sonar data is compressed before communicating the data to a storage step or to a further processing step. At lease some of the beams of the compressed beamformed data have values for at least two different ranges.

Abstract: A distance measuring method and an electronic laser distance measuring module, in particular for use in a distance measuring apparatus, especially configured as a laser tracker, tachymeter, laser scanner, or profiler, for fast signal detection with an analog-to-digital converter, wherein conversion errors that arise in the context of a signal digitization, in particular timing, gain and offset errors of the ADC, are compensated for by means of variation of the sampling instants.

Abstract: An optical system for laser-pointing a target through the atmosphere, with four optical channels: a passive imaging channel with an auxiliary camera linked to a coarse pointing control device; an illumination channel with a pulsed illumination source and temporal synchronization means, these channels including a first common optical coarse pointing device; an effector channel with a high-power laser source; an active imaging channel with: a high-speed camera synchronized with the illumination source by the synchronization means, and linked to a fine pointing control device; means for harmonizing the high-speed camera with the high-power laser source; the active imaging and effector channels form a pair and include a second common optical coarse pointing device, the coarse pointing devices controlled by the coarse pointing control device; a common optical fine pointing device, controlled by the fine pointing control device; and the coarse pointing control device is linked to the fine pointing control device.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to achieve highly accurate detection of obstacles even in adverse weather environments, particularly environments in which a scatter phenomenon caused by fog or the like occurs. A target signal processing unit 51 calculates a cross-correlation function between split reference light from a light source unit 201, and reflected light from a target T, said reflected light being obtained using split signal light from the light source unit 201. An estimation unit 52 estimates scattering characteristics of propagation paths of the signal light and the reflected light. A correction processing unit 53 executes, on the basis of the scattering characteristics estimated by the estimation unit 52, prescribed correction processing of the cross-correlation function calculated by the target signal processing unit 51.

Abstract: A constellation of satellites and associated methods for Earth Observation are disclosed. One method includes transmitting a set of at least four signals towards the Earth using a constellation of at least four satellites and receiving a set of at least four reflected signals from the Earth using the constellation. The method also includes analyzing, using a set of at least four signal analyzers, the set of at least four signals to generate a set of data. Each satellite in the constellation individually houses a signal analyzer in the set of at least four signal analyzers. The method also includes deriving the set of Earth observations using the set of data. Each satellite receives a signal in the set of at least four signals from every other satellite in the constellation.

Abstract: Determination of one or more timing (phase) and/or frequency corrections to be made to a local time base of a receiver device to synchronize the local time base with the time of GPS or other highly accurate time base. Timing packets from one or more grandmaster devices whose time bases are substantially the same as that of GPS or the like and/or positioning system signals (e.g., GPS signals) directly from a positioning system are received and manipulated to determine the timing and/or frequency corrections. The corrected time base may be used to assist in acquiring such positioning signals to allow for higher accuracy correction and/or for downstream communication operation. The present utilities are advantageous such as when a sufficient number of channels (e.g., four) from the receiver device to positioning system satellites are unavailable to synchronize the local time base to the GPS or other accurate time base.

Abstract: A mobile terminal control method includes receiving N direction-finding signals that are respectively sent by a multiple-antenna node at N moments, where the multiple-antenna node is located in an indoor-outdoor critical area. The method includes obtaining N pieces of location relationship information between a mobile terminal and the multiple-antenna node at the N moments according to the N direction-finding signals, where the N moments and the N pieces of location relationship information are in a one-to-one correspondence. The method includes determining location relationship change information between the mobile terminal and the multiple-antenna node according to at least M of the N pieces of location relationship information, where 2?M?N. The method includes controlling the mobile terminal by matching the location relationship change information and according to the location relationship change information.

Abstract: A photonic dosimeter accrues cumulative dose and includes: a substrate; a waveguide disposed on the substrate and that: receives a primary input light; transmits secondary input light from the primary input light to a dosimatrix; receives a secondary output light from the dosimatrix; and produces primary output light from the secondary output light; the dosimatrix disposed on the substrate and in optical communication with the waveguide and that: receives the secondary input light from the waveguide; produces the secondary output light that is communicated to the waveguide; and includes an active element that undergoes conversion from a prime state to a dosed state in response to receipt, by the active element, of a dose of radiation; and a cover layer disposed on waveguide and the dosimatrix.

Abstract: An electromagnetic radiation detection device comprises a matrix having a plurality of N rows divided into a plurality of M columns of cells, each cell comprising a plurality of diode segments responsive to electromagnetic radiation incident on said device. A scan driver provides a plurality of N scan line signals to respective rows of said matrix, each for enabling charge values from cells of a selected row of said matrix to be read. A reader reads a plurality of M variable charge value signals from respective columns of said matrix, each corresponding to a cell within a selected row of said matrix. Each diode segment is connected to a drive voltage sufficient to operate each diode segment in avalanche multiplication Geiger mode; and connected in series with an avalanche quenching resistor to said reader.

Abstract: Methods and systems that utilize centrifugally tensioned metastable fluid detector (CTMFD) sensors and an external probing source to detect the presence of fissile and fissionable materials, including but not limited to special nuclear materials (SNMs), in containers. Such a method includes subjecting a container to probing with a fission-inducing radiation species that induces fission in an fissile or fissionable material, detecting fission neutrons emitted from the fissile or fissionable material with CTMFD sensors that each contain a detection fluid in which the fission neutrons induce cavitation in a centrifugally tensioned portion of the detection fluid. A threshold energy neutron analysis mode is then utilized to reject the radiation species and detect a fraction of the fission neutrons that have energies above a predetermined energy threshold determined by centrifugally-induced tension in the centrifugally tensioned portion of the detection fluid within each of the CTMFD sensors.

Abstract: The invention discloses an omnidirectional vector electrostatic levitation geophone, comprising: a regular tetrahedron hollowed-out structure, and an inner hollowed-out base and an outer hollowed-out base that are provided inside and outside the regular tetrahedron hollowed-out structure and at equal distance from the regular tetrahedron hollowed-out structure, and have the same structure as and different size from the regular tetrahedron hollowed-out structure; the regular tetrahedron hollowed-out structure has a solid part and a hollowed-out part of each surface thereof, the solid part is a quadrangle divided from angular bisectors of two angles on each surface and an isosceles triangle that abuts the solid part by a surface central point, and the hollowed-out part is two triangles that are divided from the angular bisectors of the two angles and abut each other by a surface center.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method is described for a manner of geologic analysis using time-lapse seismic data. The method includes steps of receiving a first seismic attribute volume inverted from a seismic dataset recorded at a first time, a second digital seismic attribute volume inverted from a seismic dataset recorded at a second time, and a range of geological and geophysical parameters possible in the subsurface volume of interest; identifying a layer and area of interest; computing an attribute difference volume from the seismic attribute volumes; performing probabilistic attribute analysis of at least two of the first digital seismic attribute volume, the second digital seismic attribute volume, and the attribute difference volume using the range of geological and geophysical parameters; estimating time-lapse reservoir properties based on the probabilistic attribute analysis; and outputting visual information depicting the time-lapse reservoir properties via a user interface.

Abstract: A method of analyzing measured microseismic events obtained from monitoring induced hydraulic fracturing of underground geological formations, the method involving (a) postulate a geomechanical model for the region bounding the microseismic events, the model including the parameters vertical stress, reservoir pore pressure, minimum horizontal stress and the orthogonal horizontal stress, (b) select a microseismic event and (c) for the selected microseismic event assume an associated slippage plane with a postulated orientation, (d) apply the geomechanical model to the postulated orientation to determine the resulting shear stress and normal stress applied to the postulated orientation, (e) repeat steps (c) and (d) to produce a number of postulated slippage planes each with their own shear stress and normal stress attributable to them, (f) select the fracture plane having the highest ratio of shear stress to normal stress as being the fracture plane most likely to be representative of a real slippage plane cons

Abstract: Computing device, software and method for balancing forces acting on a piston of a marine vibrator towed in a body of water. The method includes estimating with a management system located on a vessel or a controller located on a marine vibrator, a transient pressure disturbance in the body of water; computing, at the controller, a force correction for the piston of the marine vibrator, based on the transient pressure disturbance; and instructing an actuation system of the marine vibrator to apply the force correction to the piston in anticipation of an arrival of the transient pressure disturbance.

Abstract: Systems and sensor elements for indirect monitoring of cumulative damage to downhole components are described. The systems include a sensor body defining an internal cavity with at least one electrical wear element located within the sensor body. A portion of the at least one electrical wear element electrically extends from the internal cavity, through the sensor body, and to an exterior of the sensor body. An abrasive substance is located within the internal cavity, the abrasive substance being moveable within the internal cavity to contact and erode material of the at least one electrical wear element such that erosion of the at least one electrical wear element causes a resistance of the at least one electrical wear element to increase.

Abstract: A downhole tool may include a voltage multiplier within a housing. The voltage multiplier may transform input power to the downhole tool from a first voltage to a second voltage higher than the first. The downhole tool may also include multiple shielding rings surrounding at least the voltage multiplier to reduce electric field stresses within the downhole tool. Additionally, the downhole tool may include an insulator located between the shielding rings and the housing.

Abstract: Technologies for providing optical analysis systems using an integrated computational element with laterally-distributed spectral filters are described. A measurement tool contains an optical element including a substrate and a plurality of spectral filters supported by the substrate and arranged at different lateral positions with respect to a path of light to be received from a sample during operation of the measurement tool. Each spectral filter is formed to transmit or reflect a different subset of wavelengths in a wavelength range. Additionally, each spectral filter has a respective area exposed to the light from the sample, such that the respective areas are related to a property of the sample. The wavelength range can include wavelengths in a range from about 0.2 ?m to about 25 ?m. Additionally, the sample can include wellbore fluids and the property of the sample is a property of the well-bore fluids.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic device and a method for sensing proximity in an electronic device, which reduces an error in sensing a proximity distance by considering a color of an object when sensing the proximity distance to the object based on an amount of light reflected from the object.

Abstract: Systems and methods for formation characterization in a subterranean formation are disclosed. A set of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices may be disposed in a circulating fluid. Each MEMS device in the set may have a machine-scannable designator. A MEMS scanner may be configured to scan the designator of a MEMS device in response to circulation of the circulating fluid in a wellbore surrounded by the formation. A MEMS analysis subsystem communicatively coupled with the MEMS scanner may store the designator of each MEMS device in the set, detect a subset of MEMS device by receiving the designators of MEMS devices from the MEMS scanner, and determine a characteristic of the formation based on the subset of MEMS devices.

Abstract: A weather forecasting system has memory for storing satellite image data and numerical weather prediction (NWP) model data, which indicates predicted atmospheric conditions for a geographic region. At least one processor is programmed to identify a cumulus cloud within the satellite image data and to define a zone of influence around the cumulus cloud. The zone of influence represents a boundary for the NWP model data to be used by the processor for predicting whether the cumulus cloud will produce a weather event (e.g., precipitation, convective storm, etc.) in the future.

Abstract: A wind forecast prediction apparatus includes an historical forecast patterns module configured to generate at least one historical wind forecast pattern and determine a deviation magnitude and a probability of occurrence of the at least one historical wind forecast pattern based on at least one actual wind value; a current wind forecast module; and a wind forecast prediction controller connected to the historical forecast patterns module and current wind forecast module, the wind forecast prediction controller is configured to generate a current wind forecast pattern based on current wind data from the current wind forecast module; and determine a matching historical wind forecast pattern from the at least one historical wind forecast pattern that matches the current wind forecast pattern, where the deviation magnitude and the probability of occurrence of the matching historical wind forecast pattern are combined with the current wind forecast pattern to generate a predicted wind forecast.

Abstract: A structure includes a first transparent conductive layer, a second transparent conductive layer, and an insulation layer disposed between the first transparent conductive layer and the second transparent conductive layer. A light source having a first node and a second node may have its first node electrically coupled to the first transparent conductive layer and its second node electrically coupled to the second transparent conductive layer. A via running though one of the transparent conductive layers may facilitate electrical routing to the light source.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an antireflection film, including the successive steps of: applying a composition including a curable compound (a1), a plurality of particles (a2), and a solvent on a substrate, and volatilizing the solvent to provide a layer (a), the layer (a) having a portion in which the particles (a2) do not exist, and the portion having a thickness being 0.8 times the average primary particle diameter of the particles (a2) or greater; curing a portion of the curable compound (a1); causing a portion of the curable compound (a1) to permeate the substrate or to be volatilized so as to form an uneven shape; and curing the curable compound (a1) remained in the layer (a).