Abstract: Provided is a laminate including a first polarizer, a first patterned optical anisotropic layer, a second patterned optical anisotropic layer, and a second polarizer in this order and an optically anisotropic layer disposed between the second polarizer and the second patterned optical anisotropic layer, in which an angle formed between an absorption axis of the first polarizer and an absorption axis of the second polarizer is 90°±5°; each of the first patterned optical anisotropic layer and the second patterned optical anisotropic layer has a plurality of phase difference regions having different slow axis directions in a plane of the first patterned optical anisotropic layer or the second patterned optical anisotropic layer; a white display state and a black display state are switched with each other; none of the slow axis directions of first phase difference regions and the slow axis directions of second phase difference regions are parallel or orthogonal to the absorption axes and transmission axes of the

Abstract: Exemplary thin-film optical devices have first and second layer groups disposed as a layer stack on a substrate. The first layer group comprises a first PPN layer, a first LCP layer, and a first barrier layer all superposed. The second layer group is superposed relative to the first layer group, and includes a second PPN layer, a second LCP layer, and a second barrier layer all superposed. The first and second layer groups cooperate to polarize multiple wavelengths of an incident light flux in a broadband and/or wide-angle manner Each of the layer groups has an alignment layer, a respective liquid-crystal polymer layer, and a barrier layer.

Abstract: A lightguide includes features for extracting light that would otherwise be confined and propagate within the lightguide primarily by total internal reflection. A first portion of light propagating within the lightguide and extracted exits the lightguide through a first area of the lightguide having an optical reflectance of at least 30% and an optical transmittance of at least 5% for normally incident light at a wavelength of the extracted light. A second portion of light propagating within the lightguide and extracted exits the lightguide through a different second area of the lightguide having an optical transmittance of at least 80% for normally incident light at the wavelength of the extracted light.

Abstract: An input coupler includes: a plurality of semi-reflectors located along an optical path along which a light incident from a light source travels, each of the plurality of semi-reflectors comprising a reflective surface that is inclined with respect to the optical path and configured to reflect a first portion of the light and transmit a second portion of the light; and a plurality of optical path changing members configured to change an optical path of the light transmitted through the plurality of semi-reflectors, wherein the plurality of semi-reflectors and the plurality of optical path changing members are arranged such that the light passing through at least one of the plurality of semi-reflectors and emitted in one direction has a linear beam distribution.

Abstract: A backlight unit satisfies the relationship given by the following expression: S<2(A??3T), where A (mm) represents the length along which the light shielding member covers the light diffusion sheet before shrinkage, T (mm) represents the thickness of the prism sheet, and S (mm) represents the amount of shrinkage of an end on the frame side of the light diffusion sheet in the planar direction of the light diffusion sheet. The backlight unit also satisfies the relationship given by the following expression: E<D, where D (mm) represents the distance between the end on the frame side of the light diffusion sheet before expansion and a frame and E (mm) represents the amount of expansion of the end on the frame side of the light diffusion sheet in the planar direction of the light diffusion sheet.

Abstract: A light guide plate (LGP) positioning structure, a backlight module and a display device are provided. The LGP positioning structure includes: a plurality of positioning members disposed between a first surface of a LGP and a back plate. The first surface is adjacent to an incident surface of the LGP. The surface reflectivity of the positioning members near the incident surface is lower than the surface reflectivity of the positioning members away from the incident surface.

Abstract: A display module includes a light guide plate; a display panel disposed on the light guide plate; and a plurality of fixing parts disposed between an edge of the light guide plate and an edge of the display panel. The fixing parts are spaced apart from each other, and each of the fixing parts includes: a sidewall portion facing a side surface of the light guide plate; a bottom portion extended from a first end of the sidewall portion to face the light guide plate; and a ceiling portion extended from a second end, opposite the first end, of the sidewall portion to face the display panel.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an illuminating device includes a lightguide plate including a curved emitting surface, and an incidence surface including a side edge curved along the emitting surface, a printed circuit board facing the incidence surface, and light sources mounted on the printed circuit board. Each light source includes a light-emitting center, a pair of connection terminals, and a central axis extending through the connection terminals and the light-emitting center. The light sources are arranged along a curved mounting line extending along the curved side edge of the incidence surface on the printed circuit board. The light-emitting centers are located on the mounting line, and the central axes are parallel to each other.

Abstract: A display device includes: a display panel that displays an image on a front thereof; a light-guiding plate placed opposite to a back of the display panel; a storage container in which the light-guiding plate is stored, the storage container having a dish shape; a light-emitting element that supplies the display panel with light; and a light source substrate having a short side part on a first surface of which the light-emitting element is mounted and a long side part projecting inward from the first surface of the short side part, the first surface of the short side part being disposed to face a peripheral edge of the light-guiding plate, the light source substrate having a shape of letter L in cross section. In the display device, the long side part of the light source substrate and a bottom plate of the storage container are thermally connected to each other.

Abstract: An object is to provide an optical fiber transmission system that has a structure for effectively reducing inter-mode XT while reducing an increase in processing load in a MIMO configuration. For a transmission line that allows propagation of at least three degenerate spatial mode groups in at least one core or core group, an embodiment of crosstalk reducing means limits input of an optical signal to at least one of spatial mode groups having a transmission loss of 1 dB/km or less, except a spatial mode group having the smallest propagation constant.

Abstract: An optical device comprises first, second and third elements fabricated on a common substrate. The first element comprises an active waveguide structure supporting a first optical mode, the second element comprises a passive waveguide structure supporting a second optical mode, and the third element, at least partly butt coupled to the first element, comprises an intermediate waveguide structure. If the first optical mode differs from the second optical mode by more than a predetermined amount, a tapered waveguide structure in at least one of the second and third elements facilitates efficient adiabatic transformation between the first optical mode and the second optical mode. Mutual alignments of the first, second and third elements are defined using lithographic alignment marks.

Abstract: An optical device includes: a first port group P including n ports Pi; a second port Q; and a wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer disposed between the first port group P and the second port Q. In a case where light beams Li of predetermined different n wavelengths ?i corresponding to the respective ports Pi are inputted to the wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer, the wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer combines the light beams Li into light L and outputs the light L to the second port Q. In a case where light L? is inputted to the second port Q, the wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer separates the light L? into light beams L?i of the wavelengths ?i and outputs the light beams L?i to the corresponding ports Pi.

Abstract: A method includes providing a semiconductor wafer that includes at least one optical waveguide extending in a longitudinal direction. Stealth dicing laser processing is applied to the semiconductor wafer by producing defect regions into the wafer along at least one cutting line. The cutting line is oblique to the longitudinal direction of the at least one optical waveguide. The wafer is expanded to induce fracture thereof at the at least one cutting line, thereby producing an end surface of the at least one optical waveguide. The end surface is oblique to the longitudinal direction of the at least one optical waveguide.

Abstract: An integrated photonic device is provided with a photonic crystal lower cladding on a semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A luminescent photonic structure that comprises a luminescent material that when excited by an excitation light having a wavelength within an excitation wavelength spectrum of the luminescent material emits luminescent light having a luminescence wavelength spectrum. The luminescent photonic structure comprises a photonic crystal disposed between two other photonic crystals. The photonic crystal has a photonic lattice period within one of the luminescence wavelength spectrum and the excitation wavelength spectrum. The two other photonic crystals each have a photonic lattice period within the other of the luminescence wavelength spectrum and the excitation wavelength spectrum for reflecting one of excitation light and luminescent light propagating within the photonic crystal.

Abstract: Structures for a waveguide bend and methods of fabricating a structure for a waveguide bend. A first waveguide core has a first section, a second section, and a first waveguide bend connecting the first section with the second section. The first waveguide core has a first side surface extending about an outer radius of the first waveguide bend. A second waveguide core also has a first section, a second section, and a second waveguide bend connecting the first section with the second section. The second waveguide core has a second side surface extending about an outer radius of the second waveguide bend. The first waveguide bend is spaced from the second waveguide bend in a first non-contacting relationship with a gap between the first side surface and the second side surface. The gap has a perpendicular distance selected to permit optical signal transfer between the first and second waveguide bends.

Abstract: A photonic integrated circuit and a method of fabrication are provided which includes: a substrate; a first optical waveguide disposed, at least in part, extending across the substrate, the first optical waveguide being configured to transmit a first mode of light; and a second optical waveguide located at least partially over the first optical waveguide, the second optical waveguide being configured to transmit a second mode of light, wherein the first optical waveguide is vertically coupled to the second optical waveguide through a third optical waveguide disposed below the second waveguide.

Abstract: A method for depositing silicon oxynitride film structures is provided that is used to form planar waveguides. These film structures are deposited on substrates and the combination of the substrate and the planar waveguide is used in the formation of optical interposers and subassemblies. The silicon oxynitride film structures are deposited using low thermal budget processes and hydrogen-free oxygen and hydrogen-free nitrogen precursors to produce planar waveguides that exhibit low losses for optical signals transmitted through the waveguide of 1 dB/cm or less. The silicon oxynitride film structures and substrate exhibit low stress levels of less than 20 MPa.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward techniques and configurations for an optical device having a multiplexer and/or demultiplexer with an input and/or output optical waveguide including one or more waveguide segments tapered according to a non-linear function such as a curve. In embodiments, the one or more waveguide segments is tapered according to, e.g., a quadratic function, a parabolic function, or an exponential function. In accordance with some embodiments, the tapered segment assists in spatially dispersing the propagating light along a substantially uniform phase wavefront at a mirror that includes an echelle grating surface that is shaped to receive/reflect the light at the substantially uniform phase wavefront. In embodiments, the one or more waveguide segments is tapered according to a curve to receive a portion of light from the substantially uniform phase wavefront at the echelle grating surface. Additional embodiments may be described and claimed.

Abstract: A holding member is configured to hold an optical fiber of which an end connects to an optical circuit formed on a semiconductor substrate, the holding member includes a first surface configured to surround an exposed end of the held optical fiber, a second surface configured to be bonded to the semiconductor substrate to surround the first surface, and a groove configured to be formed along an edge of the first surface and provided between the edge of the first surface and an edge of the second surface.

Abstract: An optical fiber array with high reliability, which relates to the technical field of optical fibers is disclosed. The optical fiber array is composed of three parts, namely, optical fiber positioning substrate (1), cover plate (2) and optical fiber ribbon (3). One end of the optical fiber ribbon is striped to be a naked fiber (4). The naked fiber (4) is pressed into the micro-groove array of the optical fiber positioning substrate (1) by the cover plate (2) and glued and fixed with a glue layer (5), and a transitional region between the stripped part and the unstripped part of the optical fiber ribbon (3) is glued and fixed onto a rear half of the optical fiber positioning substrate (1) with the glue layer (5). It has a reasonable and novel structural design.

Abstract: An expanded beam fiber optic connection system is disclosed which overcomes the problems associated with known expanded beam fiber optic connection systems. In particular, the expanded beam fiber optic connection system in accordance with the present invention includes a pair of mating fiber optic connectors. Each fiber optic connector includes a connector body and fiber optic termini. In accordance with an important aspect of the invention, the fiber optic termini utilize expanded beam technology and are configured with virtually the same form factor as existing physical contact fiber optic termini. The configuration of the expanded beam termini provides several benefits.

Abstract: Ruggedized field terminated optical fiber connector systems comprising a field terminated connector assembly including a drop cable coupled to a connector, the drop cable having a custom length. The ruggedized field terminated connector system may further comprise a rugged front portion configured to slide over at least a portion of the field terminated connector assembly, and a rear connector body configured to couple to the rugged front portion. The rear body has a crimp ring and a grommet is slide into said crimp ring, and secured therein.

Abstract: An optical connector holding two or more LC-type optical ferrules is provided. The optical connector includes an outer body, an inner front body accommodating the two or more LC-type optical ferrules, ferrule springs for urging the optical ferrules towards a mating receptacle, and a back body for supporting the ferrule springs. The outer body and the inner front body are configured such that four LC-type optical ferrules are accommodated in a small form-factor pluggable (SFP) transceiver footprint or eight LC-type optical ferrules are accommodated in a quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP) transceiver footprint. A connector is released by pulling distally on boot assembly until receptacle hook is displaced from receptacle hook recess at a proximal end of connector.

Abstract: Disclosed is an annular-beam coupling system enabling reduction of noise generated from a core of a double-clad fiber. The disclosed annular-beam coupling system comprises: a fiber for transmitting light of a light source; a collimator for receiving the light outputted from the fiber and forming a parallel beam of a circular shape; an annular-beam generation unit for converting the parallel beam into an annular beam; and a double-clad fiber having the annular beam coupled to a cladding region thereof.

Abstract: A hermetic optical fiber alignment assembly includes a ferrule portion having a plurality of grooves receiving the end sections of optical fibers, wherein the grooves define the location and orientation of the end sections with respect to the ferrule portion. The assembly includes an integrated optical element for coupling the input/output of an optical fiber to the opto-electronic devices in the opto-electronic module. The optical element can be in the form of a structured reflective surface. The end of the optical fiber is at a defined distance to and aligned with the structured reflective surface. The structured reflective surfaces and the fiber alignment grooves can be formed by stamping.

Abstract: A photonic integrated circuit including a beam launching waveguide, a local oscillator waveguide, a target interferometer, and a reference interferometer all integrated on a chip. The beam launching waveguide transmits target electromagnetic radiation off the chip and receives a retroreflection of the target electromagnetic radiation from a target off the chip. The target interferometer interferes the retroreflection with a local oscillator field transmitted from the local oscillator waveguide so as to form a target interference signal. The reference interferometer interferes a portion of the target electromagnetic radiation that does not leave the chip with the local oscillator field transmitted from the local oscillator waveguide to form a reference interference signal. The difference between the reference interference signal and the target interference signal is used to measure a distance to the target from the chip.

Abstract: A fastening member is configured to be removably attached to an optical fiber connector including a supporting member supporting an optical fiber and a flange part expanding outward in a radial direction. The fastening member includes a base portion and an engaging portion. The base portion defines a slit having a width smaller than a diameter of the flange part of the optical fiber connector and greater than a diameter of the supporting member of the optical fiber connector. The engaging portion extends from the base portion perpendicularly to the base portion. The engaging portion includes a spring portion at a tip portion of the engaging portion.

Abstract: An optical fiber cable includes a plurality of flexible ribbons, a plurality of first bonding regions and a second bonding region. Each of the plurality of flexible ribbons includes a plurality of optical fibers. Adjacent ones of the plurality of optical fibers are attached to each other by one of the plurality of first bonding regions. The second bonding region joins a first one of the plurality of flexible ribbons with a second one of the plurality of flexible ribbons.

Abstract: A cable may include a include an inner conductor and an outer conductor coaxially arranged around the inner conductor. A dielectric strength member may be positioned between the inner and outer conductors. The dielectric strength member may have a tensile strength of at least 10,000 MPa. Additionally, a jacket may be formed around the outer conductor.

Abstract: A cable adapter module includes a cable tray that holds a plurality of cables and an adapter tray removably attached to the cable tray. The adapter tray includes a plurality of adapters configured to connect the plurality of cables. The cable adapter module may also include a plurality of cable clips configured to secure the plurality of cables to the cable tray. The cable tray of the cable adapter module may also include a plurality of steps configured to hold the plurality of cables. The cable tray of the cable adapter module may also include a plurality of splice slots extending from the base wall towards the top of the cable tray, and at least one splice holder removably attached to the plurality of splice slots.

Abstract: A tray may be arrangeable in a chassis that is slideably displaceable from a stowed position to a first use position or to a second use position. A flexible member may be coupled to a tray and provide for maintaining a bend radius of optical fibers received by the flexible member. The flexible member may include anti-jamming features to prevent links of the flexible member from jamming. A handle may be coupled to the tray and may be lockingly engageable with the flexible member. A faceplate may be couplable to a first end of the tray or to a second end of the tray, the faceplate to provide a respective cable management capability for a plurality of fibers received by the tray. The first end of the tray may have a first geometry symmetrical, about at least one axis, to a second geometry of the second end of the tray.

Abstract: A modular optical fiber distribution unit and related distribution system is provided. The distribution unit includes a shifted fiber arrangement that allows for modular network assembly. For example, the distribution unit includes a distribution body including a plurality of body optical fibers and a field optical fiber leg including a plurality of field optical fibers including at least one active field optical fiber and at least one inactive field optical fiber. Each active field tether optical fiber is optically coupled to one of the body optical fibers and at least one body optical fiber is not coupled to an active field optical fiber. The positioning of the active and inactive field tether optical fibers in a predetermined manner disclosed herein allows for modular network assembly.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes subassemblies and optoelectronic modules in which an optics system, or a spacer laterally surrounding a cover glass, includes a flange which facilitates mechanical attachment of the optics system to the spacer.

Abstract: A thermally tunable optoelectronic module includes a light emitting assembly operable to emit light of a particular wavelength or range of wavelengths. The light emitting assembly is disposed to a temperature-dependent wavelength shift. The thermally tunable optoelectronic module further includes an optical assembly aligned to the light emitting assembly, and separated from the light emitting assembly by an alignment distance. The thermally tunable optoelectronic module further includes a thermally tunable spacer disposed between the optical assembly and the light-emitting assembly, the thermally tunable spacer is operable to counteract the temperature-dependent wavelength shift.

Abstract: A lens module with auto-focusing mechanism includes a plastic lens barrel, a lens assembly, an auto-focusing mechanism and a coil regulating structure. The plastic lens barrel includes a front end portion, a rear end portion and an outer side portion, wherein the front end portion includes a front end surface and a front end hole, the rear end portion includes a rear end opening, the outer side portion connects the front end portion and the rear end portion. The lens assembly is disposed in the plastic lens barrel, and includes a plurality of lens elements. The auto-focusing mechanism is connected to the plastic lens barrel, and includes a coil being polygon. The coil regulating structure is located on the outer side portion of the plastic lens barrel, and is integrated with the plastic lens barrel, wherein the coil is connected and positioned to the coil regulating structure.

Abstract: A camera system with an autofocus actuator with flex members is provided for actuating the lens of the camera. A set of flex members reside on opposite sides of a lens assembly with a lens. The flex members suspend the lens assembly within the frame of the camera. The flex members may be made of a material with a flexural modulus and ducts to enhance the flexural modulus. The flex members are optimized to provide linear movement of the lens assembly with limited lateral movement. The camera may further include a shuttle driver to move the lens of the camera and actuate a flex in the flex members.

Abstract: A lens moving mechanism includes a lens mount unit on which a lens for projecting light is mounted, a lens guide unit which supports the lens mount unit and guides the lens mount unit in at least one axis direction among three orthogonal axis directions including an optical axis direction of the light, and a lens guide fixing unit to which the lens guide unit is fixed. The lens guide unit includes a plurality of linear motion guide devices each including a track body fixed to the lens guide fixing unit and a moving body moving along the track body. A plurality of track bodies are coaxially disposed in the lens guide fixing unit.

Abstract: On embodiment of the invention provides an optical lens includes a lens barrel, a first lens group and a photo interrupter disposed in the lens barrel, a light-shading sheet and a power machine. The photo interrupter has an optical transmitter and an optical receiver, the optical transmitter emits a light beam in a first direction, and the optical receiver receives the light beam. The light-shading sheet is disposed in a propagation path of the light beam and has two shading parts with mutually different lengths. The power machine is linked to a kinetic machine part, and the kinetic machine part is connected to the first lens group.

Abstract: Provided is an optical system including, in order from an object side to an image side: a first lens unit having a positive refractive power; a second lens unit having a negative refractive power configured to move during focusing; and a third lens unit, wherein an interval between each pair of adjacent lens units is changed during focusing, wherein the first lens unit includes a positive lens arranged closest to the object side and an aperture stop, wherein the second lens unit consists of one negative lens, and wherein a distance on an optical axis from a lens surface closest to the object side in the optical system to an image plane, a focal length of the optical system, a refractive index of a material of the one negative lens, and an Abbe number of the material of the one negative lens are appropriately set.

Abstract: A fixed focal length lens including, in order from an object side to an image side, a first lens unit having a positive refractive power, a second lens unit and a third lens unit, wherein the first lens unit does not move for focusing, at least the second lens unit moves for focusing, a distance between each pair of adjacent lens units changes for focusing, and the first lens unit includes two negative lenses disposed in succession from the object side, and wherein a focal length of the fixed focal length lens, a focal length of the first lens unit, and a combined focal length of the two negative lenses of the first lens unit are appropriately set.

Abstract: A confocal inspection system can optically characterize a sample. An objective lens, or separate incident and return lenses, can deliver incident light from a light source to the sample, and can collect light from the sample. Confocal optics can direct the collected light onto a detector. The system can average the incident light over multiple locations at the sample, for example, by scanning the incident light with a pivotable mirror in the incident and return optical paths, or by illuminating and collecting with multiple spaced-apart confocal apertures. The system can average the collected light, for example, by directing the collected light onto a single-pixel detector, or by directing the collected light onto a multi-pixel detector and averaging the pixel output signals to form a single electronic signal. Averaging the incident and/or return light can be advantageous for structured or inhomogeneous samples.

Abstract: An optical system comprising trapping optics for forming an optical trap using counter propagating beams of light and light sheet imaging optics for light sheet imaging a particle, for example a cell, that is positioned in the optical trap, wherein the wavelength of the counter propagating beams of light and the wavelength of the light used for light sheet imaging are non-interfering.

Abstract: An optics arrangement for a solid immersion lens (SIL) is disclosed. The arrangement enables the SIL to freely tilt. The arrangement includes a SIL having an optical axis extending from an engaging surface and a rear surface of the SIL; a SIL housing having a cavity configured to accept the SIL therein while allowing the SIL to freely tilt within the cavity, wherein the cavity includes a hole positioned such that the optical axis passes there-through, to thereby allow light collected by the SIL to propagate to an objective lens; and, a SIL retainer attached to the SIL housing and configured to prevent the SIL from exiting the cavity.

Abstract: Certain aspects pertain to epi-illumination Fourier ptychographic imaging systems and methods for high resolution imaging of thick samples.

Abstract: A relay lens system for transmitting an image from a distal end of the relay lens systems to a proximal end of the relay lens system including a plurality of imaging devices with in each case one or more lenses, wherein each imaging device of the plurality of imaging devices images a real intermediate image distal to the imaging device into a further real intermediate image proximal to the imaging device. The plurality of imaging devices has a plurality of first imaging devices and a second imaging device. The first imaging devices each have a chromatic aberration. The chromatic aberration of the first imaging devices is corrected by the second imaging device. The second imaging device is arranged between the first imaging devices.

Abstract: A display panel includes a light waveguide layer and a first substrate disposed opposite to each other, and further including an electrowetting control layer disposed between the light waveguide layer and the first substrate, the electrowetting control layer including a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, and a grating layer and an electrowetting layer which are disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode layer, the grating layer and the electrowetting layer are configured to operatively couple light with a set transmittance, a setting direction, and a set wavelength out of the light waveguide layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to glazing (1) comprising a first glazing sheet (10; 10A, 10B) forming a substrate on which at least one film of an electrochemical system (12) is formed, said system having optical and/or energy-related properties that are electrically controllable, a second glazing sheet (14) forming a counter-substrate, and a third glazing sheet (18). The substrate has characteristics that allow it to be obtained by being cut from a motherboard on which motherboard at least one film of the electrochemical system (12) is formed. The substrate is located between the counter-substrate (14) and the third glazing sheet (18) and is set back relative to the counter-substrate (14) and relative to the third glazing sheet (18) over the entire circumference of the substrate (10; 10A, 10B).

Abstract: An optical scanning device, an image display device, a heads-up display, and a mobile object. The optical scanning device includes a light source configured to emit scanning light, a light quantity adjuster provided with a plurality of optical attenuators having different light transmittances, the light quantity adjuster configured to change a light-intensity of the scanning light by switching one of the plurality of optical attenuators placed on an optical path, by movement of the light quantity adjuster, to scan a to-be-scanned surface using the scanning light passed through the light quantity adjuster, and a home position sensor configured to detect that the light quantity adjuster is present at a predetermined position. The light source starts emitting the scanning light after one of the plurality of optical attenuators is placed on the optical path at a time of startup.

Abstract: Presented is a method, apparatus, and computer-readable medium for selectively switching optical paths. The apparatus includes a directing mirror for redirecting light from an incoming path to one of a plurality of input paths and redirecting the light from one of a plurality of output paths to an outgoing path, and a plurality of input mirrors, each one of the plurality of input mirrors operable for redirecting the light from one of the plurality of input paths to one of a plurality of transition paths. The apparatus includes a plurality of light modifying elements, each one of the light modifying elements in a corresponding transition path and a plurality of output mirrors, each one of the plurality of output mirrors operable for redirecting the light from one of the plurality of transition paths to one of a plurality of output paths.