Abstract: A mouthpiece for a handheld inhaler is disclosed. A housing of the mouthpiece includes an inlet, an outlet opening, and a channel extending through the housing connecting the inlet and the outlet opening for directing an aerosol from the inlet to the outlet opening. An anterior portion of the housing (4) is configured for placement in the mouth of a patient. The anterior portion of the housing is configured to direct the outlet opening upwardly in the patient's oral cavity when in the mouth of the patient. Other embodiments include an outlet opening placed closer to the upper side of the housing than to the lower side of the housing. Further, an inhaler having a mouthpiece is disclosed.

Abstract: To disperse inhaling powders, a powder is positioned in a passage of a device for dispersing powders, wherein the passage has one or more exits, one or more inlets and one or more obstructions to block the movement or to contain the powder within the device before use. A breaching pressure differential between the one or more exits and the one or more inlets of the passage is applied to breach the one or more obstructions, which fully or partially aerosolizes the powder, thus releasing a fully or partially aerosolized powder from the device.

Abstract: A vaporizer pen for heating and vaporizing a liquid product that is ingested by a user has an outer hollow tube with a proximal end and a distal end and an inner hollow tube within the outer hollow tube having a proximal end and a distal end. The inner tube defines a chamber inside. A mouthpiece abuts the proximal end of the outer hollow tube and an atomizing chamber is positioned within the outer hollow tube and abuts the distal end of the inner hollow tube. A porous stone has a proximal stone end and a distal stone end and is configured to retain the liquid product. The porous stone is positioned within the hollow inner tube and the distal stone end is in contact with the atomizing chamber. A heating element is in communication with the atomizing chamber and is constructed of a ceramic material.

Abstract: A respiratory treatment device having an inlet configured to receive exhaled air into the device, an outlet configured to permit exhaled air to exit the device, a valve moveable in response to a threshold exhalation pressure at the inlet between a closed position where the flow of air from the inlet to the outlet is restricted, and an open exhalation position where the flow of air from the inlet to the outlet is less restricted, and a valve brace configured to support the valve, wherein a position of the valve brace relative to the valve is selectively adjustable to increase or decrease the threshold exhalation pressure.

Abstract: Gas flow reversing element (1) for the use of a gas supply (14) under excess pressure, in particular inspiratory gases, for selectively generating a gas flow (8) from or to a line connector (6) which can in particular be connected to an airway of a patient, said gas flow reversing element (1) being designed as a main piece (2), the main piece (2) at least comprising an inflow region (9), a nozzle region (15) and a mixing region (16), and further a branching piece (3), the inflow region (9) connecting a pressure connector (4), for connection to the gas supply (14), to at least one closable outlet opening (5) arranged in the mixing region (16), and the branching piece (3) connecting the nozzle region (15) of the main piece (2) to the line connector (6), wherein a nozzle (7), particularly an injector nozzle, is configured and arranged in the nozzle region (15) in such a way that, a gas flow (8) flowing along a first flow path (20) through the main piece (2) from the pressure connector (4) subsequently through th

Abstract: Continuity of therapy associated with a respiratory treatment device may be measured. Information relating to therapy administered via the respiratory treatment device to a subject during a therapy session may be received. Based on the received information, a quantity of therapy interruption events that occurred during the therapy session may be determined. A continuity indicator may be determined based on the quantity of therapy interruption events that occurred during the therapy session. The continuity indicator is indicative of continuity of therapy associated with the respiratory treatment device during the therapy session.

Abstract: An adhesive strip that could be used for securing oral or nasal airway tubes, such as endotracheal tubes or laryngeal mask airways. The adhesive strip has an elongated shape and is coated on one side with an adhesive material. At each terminal end of the adhesive strip, there is a non-adhesive tab that is free of the adhesive material. The non-adhesive tabs facilitate removal of the adhesive strip off the release liner and/or off the patient's skin. The adhesive strip can be used by adhering onto the patient's face and wrapping it around the airway tube to secure the airway tube.

Abstract: A filter device includes a distal housing comprising a distal inner port and a distal outer port; a proximal housing comprising a proximal inner port and a proximal outer port, the proximal housing being sealingly affixed to the distal housing to form an inspiratory pathway between the distal inner port and the proximal inner port and to form an expiratory pathway between the distal outer port and the proximal outer port that is fluidly sealed from the inspiratory pathway, the inspiratory pathway being laterally adjacent the expiratory pathway; and a first filter in the inspiratory pathway or in the expiratory pathway to filter gases flowing through the inspiratory pathway or the expiratory pathway.

Abstract: A method for controlling mechanical lung ventilation is described. The method may include intermittently switching the airway pressure of the patient from a substantially constant high baseline pressure level to a substantially constant low baseline pressure and vice-versa such that the patient is able to breathe spontaneously in both high and low baseline pressure levels; detecting an inspiration effort by the patient inside a trigger time window that immediately precedes a switching event of the intermittently switching the airway pressure; maintaining a baseline pressure at the level in which the inspiration effort was detected so that the patient can complete the inspiration-exhalation cycle; and switching the baseline pressure level after a delay time.

Abstract: An audio signal generation device (20) includes: an acquirer (210) configured to acquire biological information of a human subject; an audio signal generator (245) configured to generate an audio signal based on at least one of a plurality of pieces of sound information; and a switching cycle decider (241) configured to decide a switching cycle, such that first sound information switches to second sound information at a cycle that is in accordance with the biological information, the first sound information and the second sound information being included in the plurality of sound information pieces, and the audio signal generator (245) generates an audio signal based on the second sound information, at the switching cycle decided by the switching cycle decider (241).

Abstract: A urinary catheter and container are described. The urinary catheter may have a catheter shaft attached to a handle, and a coating disposed on an outer surface of the catheter shaft. The coating may include a hydrogel, water and/or glycerin, and a polyethylene glycol (PEG). The PEG may have a molecular weight equal to or less than 600, for example one or more of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300 and PEG 400. The coating may be applied in a wet state and remain wet for an extended period of time in the container, thereby obviating the need for a lubricant, such as a water sachet or gel package, to accompany the catheter in the container. The container may include a gas impermeable foil material. The container may include an adhesive tab covering a perforated section, the adhesive tab including a pull loop.

Abstract: Catheters for infusion of cardiovascular fluids into blood are disclosed. The cardiovascular fluid may, for example, comprise water highly supersaturated with a gas such as oxygen. Each catheter comprises one or more capillary tubings (or capillaries) through which a cardiovascular fluid flows. The distal end of each capillary is mounted (e.g., potted) preferably flush with an external surface of a catheter sidewall, while the proximal end of each capillary is in fluid communication with a cardiovascular fluid flowing through the lumen of the catheter. The combination of the catheter shape and the orientation of the distal end of each capillary relative to the longitudinal axis of the catheter provides control over the mixing pattern of the cardiovascular fluid with blood flowing within a vascular space such as an aorta.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an apparatus that includes a first catheter having a proximal end and a distal end. The apparatus also includes a first tubular housing having a proximal end and a distal end. The first tubular housing is coupled to the first catheter proximal to at least one first outlet. The apparatus also includes one or more pressure sensors coupled to the distal end of the first tubular housing. The apparatus also includes a second catheter having a proximal end and a distal end. The distal end of the second catheter is configured to be positioned substantially within a second tubular housing coupled to one or more of the first catheter and the first tubular housing, when the second catheter is in a first position.

Abstract: A catheter assembly for insertion into the brain. The assembly comprises a first length of tubing made of a first material. A second material surrounds the first length of tubing, the second material being more flexible than the first material and having a hardness of less than 50 Rockwell E. The second material provides damping to the first length of tubing.

Abstract: An innovative medical device that permits rapid, minimally invasive restoration of blood flow across a vascular blockage. A system allowing for lysis or removal of said blockage. Said device creates a temporary bypass using longitudinal structure configured for insertion into the blood vessel and adapted to deliver a side hole to a target area. The side hole defines a distal first segment and a proximal second segment with a lumen to allow blood flow therethrough to the distal end hole. In an alternate embodiment, a slidable outer sheath can cover the side hole to permit reversal of blood flow from the distal end hole to a proximal end hole located outside a patient's body by means of an aspiration controller. Alternate embodiments include an optional anchoring balloon, a macerating stent or wires, perforations for fluid delivery, and an backflow valve.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for a catheter having a side-port through which a wire may be advanced. The catheter comprises a catheter body, the catheter body defining at least a primary catheter lumen and at least one side-port in communication with the primary catheter lumen, and a distal portion of the catheter extending distal to the at least one side-port, the side-port being configured to allow travel of a wire or other component therethrough, wherein the distal portion of the catheter is radially collapsible.

Abstract: A catheter assembly including a multi-lumen catheter, a stylet, and a guide-wire. The multi-lumen catheter includes a first lumen in fluid communication with a first distal opening and a second lumen in fluid communication with a second distal opening. The stylet is designed for insertion through the first lumen, having a length greater than a length of the first lumen such that a distal portion of the stylet can extend distal of the first distal opening. The distal portion of the stylet can include a stylet distal opening, a stylet proximal opening in communication with the stylet distal opening, and an expandable portion. The expandable portion can include a first expansion side and a second expansion side at least partially separable from the first expansion side. The stylet proximal opening can be formed through the first expansion side.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed toward a medical line holder system. The system preferably includes a tray and a secure line holder. The tray preferably has a holder receptacle. The tray preferably couples to a head of a surgery bed. The holder receptacle preferably receives and separably secures the secure line holder. The secure line holder preferably securely holds multiple medical lines both while being secured in the receptacle and while being separated from the tray. The secure line holder preferably separably couples to a bed rail of a hospital transportation bed or a hospital recovery bed after being separated from the tray.

Abstract: A delivery catheter including a valve body having a closeable valve opening for introducing a medical device in insertion direction into, in particular, a blood vessel, the valve opening, when a medical device is not introduced, tapering in the insertion direction, and a sealing section, which in a closed position at least in sections is subject to a pretension, directly adjoins the taper, so that the sealing section, when a medical device is introduced, is actuated from the closed position into an open position in such manner that the sealing section encloses the medical device in a substantially fluid-tight manner.

Abstract: A dilation apparatus includes a handle assembly, a dilator, a guidewire, and a steering assembly. The dilator is connected to the handle assembly and is configured to transition between an unexpanded state and an expanded state. The guidewire is longitudinally fixed relative to the dilator. The steering assembly is configured to laterally deflect at least a portion of the guidewire relative to the handle assembly. The steering assembly includes an actuator coupled with the handle assembly and a pull wire extending between the actuator and guidewire. A portion of the pull wire is attached to the guidewire. The actuator is configured to move the pull wire relative to the handle assembly in order to laterally deflect the at least a portion of the guidewire.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are inflators and methods of using the inflators for inflating inflatable devices, such as balloons, used in medical procedures. Such procedures include angioplasty and the transcatheter delivery of prosthetic heart valves and stents. The inflators overcome the resistances typically generated during such procedures and reduces the force required to fully inflate the balloon.

Abstract: A balloon catheter for treating aneurysms or other intraluminal target sites, having at least one bypass window through which blood flows temporarily and out at least one end hole, and a balloon mounted near the end hole, such that there is no need for repeated inflation/deflation cycles. The invention has an elongated tube, a balloon disposed between the most distal said window and said end hole, and at least two channels. A first channel passes from the proximal end of said tube to the bypass window to allow blood to flow into said window and out said end hole, and a second channel passing from the proximal end of said tube to said balloon to allow inflation material to enter said balloon.

Abstract: A urological medical device having a retrieval string is provided. The retrieval string has a proximal end connected the device and an opposed distal end. In a first embodiment, the retrieval string is configured in an initial confined form which, following a period of deployment in a patient's bladder, changes to an unconfined form in which the distal end of the retrieval string is extendible into the urethra to enable extraction of the device from bladder by pulling the retrieval string. The device may include a bioerodible component which permits the retrieval string to take the unconfined form following degradation of the bioerodible component in vivo. In another embodiment, the retrieval string includes a ferromagnetic material, which can be magnetically captured to facilitate removal of the device from the bladder. The ferromagnetic retrieval string may be buoyant in urine.

Abstract: A ureteral stent including a tubular body that defines a lumen and has (i) a distal kidney section to be placed in or near a patient's kidney, (ii) a proximal bladder section to be placed within or near the patient's bladder, and (iii) a ureter section between the distal and proximal sections to be placed within the patient's ureter. A first anti-migration feature may be provided at the proximal bladder section. A second anti-migration feature may be provided at the proximal bladder section, the distal kidney section, or both. A proximal end of the tubular body includes a one-way valve that allows fluid to flow out of the lumen, while preventing fluid from entering the lumen.

Abstract: A microneedle includes a base having a support surface, and a projection that protrudes from the support surface, the projection having a through hole that penetrates the projection in an extending direction of the projection. The projection includes a flow path expansion section which is configured to expand a communication path that communicates between an inner space of the through hole and a space surrounding the projection in response to an increase in pressure of a fluid flowing in the through hole.

Abstract: An access port for subcutaneous implantation is typically connected to a catheter, a distal portion of which is disposed within a vein or other vessel of the patient. The access port described herein is configured with enhanced fluid handling features to improve fluid flow therethrough while reducing the likelihood of clotting or occlusions in the attached catheter, thus improving system patency. The access port includes a body defining a reservoir, a needle-penetrable septum covering the top opening of the reservoir, a stem including a lumen in fluid communication with the reservoir, and a volume control device positioned in the reservoir. The volume control device includes a floor designed to move from a first position below the side opening to a second position adjacent the bottom surface, and a spring element positioned between the floor and the bottom surface, the spring element biasing the floor in the first position.

Abstract: A power-injectable access port and methods of making are described. One method of making includes forming a power-injectable access port housing, creating a screen including one or more apertures through the screen in the shape of one or more alphanumeric characters, suspending a radiopaque material in a silicone material to form a radiopaque suspension, and depositing the radiopaque suspension onto a surface of the power-injectable access port housing through the one or more apertures of the screen to create at least one radiopaque identification feature. The at least one radiopaque identification feature may have a thickness protruding from an outer surface of the port base such that it is perceivable by sight and touch prior to implantation of the power injectable access port, and is observable via imaging technology subsequent to subcutaneous implantation of the power-injectable access port.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a reversibly removable self-adjusting, perforating and/or guiding port configured to automatically retract a perforating blade or guiding rod upon entering a body cavity, while providing a substantially hermetic seal across the body cavity's wall.

Abstract: Provided is a medical tool for disconnection of a medical tubing connection comprising a resilient body forming a pair of open biased opposing jaws joined at a connected end; and gripping elements on an inside surface of each opposing jaws near the connected end to grip the medical tubing when the opposing jaws are moved together, to allow disconnection of the medical tubing connection. Also provided is a use of the medical tool for disconnecting medical tubing connection and a method for disconnecting medical tubing connection using the medical tool.

Abstract: Connectors for medical devices include visual and tactile features as an indicator of a connection-type of the connector. This allows for differentiation by type of connection under busy and/or low light conditions.

Abstract: A safety device is described wherein drug delivery systems and methods involve associating unique keys to patients that prevent the interconnection between a drug delivery device and non-complimentary patient key. Medication in a drug delivery device intended for a patient may only be accessed via a particular unique key associated with the intravenous access device of that patient.

Abstract: A medical connector assembly for establishing a fluid connection between a first medical device and a second medical device includes a multi-use connector and a plurality of single-use connectors connected in series. The multi-use connector has a proximal end opposite a distal end along a longitudinal length thereof. The plurality of single-use connectors each have a proximal end opposite a distal end along a longitudinal length thereof. The distal end of the multi-use connector is releasably connected to the proximal end of a first of the serially-connected single-use connectors. When a second of the serially-connected single-use connectors is disconnected from the first single-use connector, the first single-use connector remains connected to the multi-use medical connector as a sterility retaining cover.

Abstract: The breakaway assembly includes a first breakaway subassembly and a second breakaway subassembly. The subassemblies are configured to connect, which causes bellows sheaths in each subassembly to compress and open pores, allowing fluid to flow through the subassemblies. The subassemblies can be connected to luer tip. The luer tips can be connected to an intravenous (IV) fluid line or other types of lines used in the medical field to move fluids. This allows the movement of fluid from a fluid-holding component to a patient. Unless the subassemblies are locked together, the subassemblies will be disconnected under the correct amount of pressure. This disconnection closes the pores on the subassemblies, which keeps fluid from leaking, and prevents the contamination of the IV line. Luer tips may also be connected to the subassemblies. Some of the luer tips allow for the quick connection of the luer tip to the subassembly through a flange being inserted into a notch or flange acceptor.

Abstract: Described herein are methods and systems for using the treatment tip apparatuses and high-voltage connectors with robotic surgical systems. For example, retractable treatment tip apparatuses (e.g., devices, systems, etc.) including one, or more preferably a plurality, of electrodes that are protected by a housing (which may be retractable) until pressed against the tissue for deployment of the electrodes and delivery of a therapeutic treatment, are disclosed. In particular, these apparatuses may include a plurality of treatment needle electrodes and may be configured for the delivery of nanosecond pulsed electric fields. Also described herein are high-voltage connectors configured to provide high-voltage energy, such as nsPEF pulses, from a generator to the retractable treatment tip apparatuses.

Abstract: A device for neural prosthetics is disclosed. The device comprises arrays of micro-wires and a control unit. The control unit connects to and communicates with the micro-wires. The ends of the micro-wires serve as microelectrodes. The microelectrodes are in contact with neural tissue. The micro-wires are covered in sheaths made of conformal material. The ends of the micro-wires protrude beyond the ends of the sheaths. This allows the electrodes to be individually positioned on the neural tissue.

Abstract: Flexible high-density mapping catheter tips and flexible ablation catheter tips with onboard high-density mapping electrodes are disclosed. These tips can be used for diagnosing and treating cardiac arrhythmias. The flexible, distal tips are adapted to conform to tissue and comprise a plurality of microelectrodes mounted to permit relative movement among at least some of the microelectrodes. The flexible tip portions may comprise a flexible framework forming a flexible array of microelectrodes (for example, a planar or cylindrical array) adapted to conform to tissue and constructed at least in part from nonconductive material in some embodiments. The flexible array of microelectrodes may be formed from a plurality of rows of longitudinally-aligned microelectrodes. The flexible array may further comprise, for example, a plurality of electrode-carrying arms or electrode-carrier bands. Multiple flexible frameworks may be present on a single device.

Abstract: A device comprises an implantable pulse generator having a plurality of stimulator outputs and a plurality of neutral electrodes. A lead splitter is configured to electronically map the stimulator outputs to the plurality of neutral electrodes. The present invention generally relates to implanted neurostimulation systems and, more particularly, to a lead splitter for neurostimulation systems and methods to increase the number of effective output channels of a single or multi-channel neurostimulator.

Abstract: A lead anchor includes a lead passageway defined along a central body and configured to receive a lead. The central body includes a twistable region that reversibly twists and stretches. First and second hubs are coupled to opposing ends of the central body. The first hub is rotatable relative to the second hub about the central body. Rotation of the first hub relative to the second hub causes twisting of the twistable region. When a lead is inserted into the lead passageway and the twistable region is twisted into a twisted configuration the central body compresses against the lead to retain the lead within the lead passageway. A locking mechanism transitions the hubs between an unlocked position, where the first hub is rotatable relative to the second hub, and a locked position, where the hubs resist rotation relative to one another.

Abstract: A neuromodulation system includes a first therapy element adapted for positioning within a superior vena cava, and a second therapy element adapted for positioning within a pulmonary artery. The first therapy element is carried on a first elongate flexible shaft, and the second therapy element is carried on a second elongate flexible shaft. One of the first and second shafts is slidably received within a lumen of the other of the first and second shafts—so that the second therapy element may be advanced within the body relative to the first therapy element. A stimulator is configured to energize the first therapy element within the first blood vessel to deliver therapy to a first nerve fiber disposed external to the superior vena cava and to energize the second therapy element within the pulmonary artery to deliver sympathetic therapy to a second nerve fiber disposed external to the pulmonary artery.

Abstract: Implantable leadless pacing devices and medical device systems including an implantable leadless pacing device are disclosed. An example implantable leadless pacing device may include a pacing capsule. The pacing capsule may include a housing. The housing may have a proximal region and a distal region. A first electrode may be disposed along the distal region. One or more anchoring members may be coupled to the distal region. The anchoring members may each include a region with a compound curve.

Abstract: An example of a system to program a neuromodulator to deliver neuromodulation to a neural target using a plurality of electrodes may comprise a programming control circuit configured to determine target energy allocations for the plurality of electrodes based on at least one target pole to provide a target sub-perception modulation field, calibrate a plurality of electrode groups in the plurality of electrodes where each of the plurality of electrode groups is in an electrode configuration and includes an electrode set of at least one electrode from the plurality of electrodes, including for each of the plurality of electrode groups receive a feedback metric to delivery of modulation energy to the neural target, and normalize the target sub-perception modulation field, including determine a space domain scaling factor using the feedback metric to account for actual electrode-tissue coupling, and apply the space domain scaling factor to the target energy allocations.

Abstract: A direct current delivery device includes a direct current source or a device for connecting to a direct current source, and a first electrode and a second electrode for connecting to the direct current source, wherein the first electrode is configured as a plurality of needles and the second electrode is configured as a planar electrode, as a needle or a plurality of needles directly connected to one another in an electrically conductive manner. The direct current delivery device includes one or more devices configured to maintain the current intensity constant during the individual delivery of direct current through the needles of the first electrode.

Abstract: Methods of treating a psychiatric disorder in a subject are provided which include placing at least one anode on an area of the subject's back over the dorsal spinal cord at the level of one or more of: thoracic vertebra 7 (T7), 8 (T8), 9 (T9), 10 (T10), 11 (T11), and 12 (T12) and lumbar vertebra 1 (L1); placing at least one cathode on an area of the subject's back which is generally rostral with reference to the anode; connecting the anode and the cathode to at least one source of direct and/or alternating electrical current; delivering direct current to the anode for a treatment period of time, the treatment period of time defining a tsDCS and/or tsACS treatment session, thereby modulating spinal input to the brain of the subject, decreasing sympathetic activity and reducing one or more symptoms and/or comorbidities associated with the psychiatric disorder.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods for the treatment of bone, cartilage and other types of hard tissue. The treatments, which are suitable for extended treatment, include the treatment and prevention of pathologies through the controllable use of silver, iron, zinc, or magnesium ions. These pathologies may include a pathology which is at least partially induced or aggravated by an infectious disease, for example a bacterial disease. In this case the electrically released ions are silver ions, which are known to have antibacterial properties.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to systems, methods, and devices for interpreting neural signals to determine a desired movement of a target, transmitting electrical signals to the target, and dynamically monitoring subsequent neural signals or movement of the target to change the signal being delivered if necessary, so that the desired movement is achieved. In particular, the neural signals are decoded using a feature extractor, decoder(s) and a body state observer to determine the electrical signals that should be sent.

Abstract: This invention controls stimulation levels and cycling cadence on an FES ergometer to minimize or prevent the occurrence of spasm in spinal cord injured or other neurologically impaired patients.

Abstract: Among other things, there is disclosed a Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulator system. The system includes an electronic unit that produces low-level constant current ranging from 50 ?A-500 ?A that is delivered to the patient via a pair of conductive electrodes incorporated into ear cushions of a headset with a second independent wireless connection for audio purposes. The CES controls are accomplished via a smart device (phone, tablet, etc.) via a wireless protocol. The smart device contains a dedicated software application (app) that controls operation of the system, allows a user to adjust duration and intensity level of treatment, records treatment parameters (duration, intensity, frequency), presets control and customization of the presets as well as varies level, frequency and waveform shape of the current, gathers patient treatment feedback at the conclusion of each treatment, allows a patient to set up treatment reminders, and allows patient ability to store and share treatment data.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for the treatment of pain through activation of select neural fibers. The neural fibers may comprise one or more afferent neural fibers and/or one or more efferent neural fibers. If afferent fibers are stimulated, alone or in combination with efferent fibers, a therapeutically effective amount of electrical stimulation is applied to activate afferent pathways in a manner approximating natural afferent activity. The afferent fibers may be associated with primary receptors of muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, secondary receptors of muscle spindles, joint receptors, touch receptors, and other types of mechanoreceptors and/or proprioceptors. If efferent fibers are stimulated, alone or in combination with afferent fibers, a therapeutically effective amount of electrical stimulation is applied to activate intrafusal and/or extrafusal muscle fibers, which results in an indirect activation of afferent fibers associated therewith.

Abstract: A method is provided that includes implanting (a) a parenchymal electrode in or in contact with an outer surface of brain parenchyma of a subject identified as at risk of or suffering from a disease, and (b) a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) electrode in a CSF-filled space of a brain of the subject, the CSF-filled space selected from the group consisting of: a ventricular system and a subarachnoid space. A midplane treatment electrode is disposed in or over a superior sagittal sinus. Control circuitry is activated to drive the parenchymal electrode and the CSF electrode to drive a substance from the brain parenchyma into the CSF-filled space of the brain, and apply a treatment current between the CSF electrode and the midplane treatment electrode to drive the substance from the CSF-filled space of the brain to the superior sagittal sinus. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Devices and methods are provided to treat acute and chronic heart failure by using one or more implantable or non-implantable sensors along with phrenic nerve stimulation to reduce intrathoracic pressure and thereby reduce pulmonary artery, atrial, and ventricular pressures leading to reduced complications and hospitalization.