Abstract: Drive assemblies for surgical clamping and cutting instruments, as well as surgical clamping and cutting instruments using these drive assemblies, are disclosed. The drive assemblies may include a drive member, a locking member mounted to the drive member, and a spring. The drive member may be configured to releasably engage at least one of a knife or a shuttle of a surgical clamping and cutting instrument for translating the knife and/or shuttle in a distal direction through a firing stroke. The locking member may be movable from a first position permitting distal translation of the drive member through the firing stroke, and a second position inhibiting distal translation of the drive member through the firing stroke. The spring may be configured to bias the locking member toward the second position.

Abstract: A loading unit for a surgical apparatus includes a shaft assembly, an end effector extending from the shaft assembly, an articulation rod, and a fire lock assembly. The articulation rod positioned to articulate the end effector relative to the shaft assembly between an unarticulated position and an articulated position. The fire lock assembly movable in response to movement of the articulation rod. The fire lock assembly configured to selectively prevent the end effector from firing.

Abstract: Stapling assemblies for use with a surgical stapler are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the stapling assembly includes a cartridge having a plurality of staples disposed therein and a non-fibrous adjunct formed of at least one fused bioabsorbable polymer and configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge. Adjunct systems for use with a surgical stapler are also provided. Surgical end effectors using the stapling assemblies are also provided. Methods for manufacturing stapling assemblies and using the same are also provided.

Abstract: Stapling assemblies for use with a surgical stapler are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the stapling assembly includes a cartridge having a plurality of staples disposed therein and a non-fibrous adjunct formed of at least one fused bioabsorbable polymer and configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge. Adjunct systems for use with a surgical stapler are also provided. Surgical end effectors using the stapling assemblies are also provided. Methods for manufacturing stapling assemblies and using the same are also provided.

Abstract: Stapling assemblies for use with a surgical stapler are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the stapling assembly includes a cartridge having a plurality of staples disposed therein and a non-fibrous adjunct formed of at least one fused bioabsorbable polymer and configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge. Adjunct systems for use with a surgical stapler are also provided. Surgical end effectors using the stapling assemblies are also provided. Methods for manufacturing stapling assemblies and using the same are also provided.

Abstract: Stapling assemblies for use with a surgical stapler are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the stapling assembly includes a cartridge having a plurality of staples disposed therein and a non-fibrous adjunct formed of at least one fused bioabsorbable polymer and configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge. Adjunct systems for use with a surgical stapler are also provided. Surgical end effectors using the stapling assemblies are also provided. Methods for manufacturing stapling assemblies and using the same are also provided.

Abstract: Stapling assemblies for use with a surgical stapler are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the stapling assembly includes a cartridge having a plurality of staples disposed therein and a non-fibrous adjunct formed of at least one fused bioabsorbable polymer and configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge. Adjunct systems for use with a surgical stapler are also provided. Surgical end effectors using the stapling assemblies are also provided. Methods for manufacturing stapling assemblies and using the same are also provided.

Abstract: Stapling assemblies for use with a surgical stapler are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the stapling assembly includes a cartridge having a plurality of staples disposed therein and a non-fibrous adjunct formed of at least one fused bioabsorbable polymer and configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge. Adjunct systems for use with a surgical stapler are also provided. Surgical end effectors using the stapling assemblies are also provided. Methods for manufacturing stapling assemblies and using the same are also provided.

Abstract: Stapling assemblies for use with a surgical stapler are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the stapling assembly includes a cartridge having a plurality of staples disposed therein and a non-fibrous adjunct formed of at least one fused bioabsorbable polymer and configured to be releasably retained on the cartridge. Adjunct systems for use with a surgical stapler are also provided. Surgical end effectors using the stapling assemblies are also provided. Methods for manufacturing stapling assemblies and using the same are also provided.

Abstract: A powered surgical stapler includes a motor unit, a movable member, a controller, a sensor assembly, an anvil, and an opposing deck surface. A method of operating the stapler includes controlling the motor unit to actuate the movable member to move from the open position towards the closed position. The method also includes sensing closure data using the sensor assembly. The closure data includes an initial tissue contact position, a gap formed between the anvil and the opposing deck surface, and an axial force on the anvil. The method also includes communicating the closure data to the controller. The method also includes determining at least one of an adjusted closure rate or an adjusted closure stroke using the closure data. The method also includes controlling the motor unit using at least one of the adjusted closure rate or the adjusted closure stroke.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a powered surgical stapler having a motor unit, a controller, and a stapling assembly having a plurality of movable members that are actuatable longitudinally by the motor unit to clamp, staple, and cut tissue. The controller determines that a movable member of the stapling assembly is in a first predetermined position, and then executes an actuation algorithm to activate the motor unit to actuate the movable member longitudinally from the first predetermined position toward a second predetermined position. The controller observes an actual longitudinal displacement of the movable member between the first and second predetermined positions. The controller compares the actual longitudinal displacement to an expected longitudinal displacement and determines that the actual longitudinal displacement differs from the expected longitudinal displacement by a difference value. The controller then adjusts the actuation algorithm based on the difference value.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a powered surgical stapler having a motor unit, a controller. and a stapling assembly having a closure member, a staple driver member, and a knife member. The controller receives a user input that indicates a tissue gap to be defined by the stapling assembly in a closed state. Based on the user input, the controller controls the motor unit to actuate the closure member to transition the stapling assembly to the closed state to define the tissue gap and clamp tissue therein. The controller then controls the motor unit to actuate the staple driver member to drive staples into the clamped tissue. In response to determining that the staple driver member has reached a predetermined longitudinal position, the controller controls the motor unit to initiate actuation of the knife member to cut the clamped tissue.

Abstract: A flexible surgical stapler includes an adapter having a coupling assembly configured for securing the adapter assembly to a handle assembly, an elongate body extending from the coupling assembly, a first drive assembly extending through the elongate body, and a loading unit secured to a distal portion of the elongate body. The loading unit includes a firing assembly operably connected to the first drive assembly. The firing assembly includes a cycloid gear assembly for increasing an input torque from the first drive assembly to actuate the firing assembly. The flexible surgical stapler may include an introducer assembly to facilitate introduction of a stapling portion of the surgical stapler into a body cavity of a patient.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a system for injecting a drug eluting construct in a patient. The construct includes multiple cellular based microcaspules, wherein the multiple cellular based microcapsules create at least one of a plurality of layers or sections of microcapsules joined together to comprise an implant. There is a medicinal agent within the microcapsules. A syringe and needle inject the implant constructed of microcapsules into the patient at least one of during and after a surgical procedure. The medicinal agent controllably releases into the patient both immediately and at a delayed time.

Abstract: A rectal injection device and a method of operating the same. In one embodiment, the device includes: (1) a body having a handle, (2) a suction system associated with the body, (3) a trigger associated with the handle, (4) a pod coupled to the body via a neck and (5) multiple suction ports associated with the pod, each of the multiple suction ports configured to receive a ligation band thereabout, the suction system configured to provide a suction to the multiple suction ports to draw tissue thereinto, the pod configured to deploy the ligation bands upon activation of the trigger.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke that provide immediate blood flow restoration to a vessel occluded by a clot and, after reestablishing blood flow, address the clot itself Immediate blood flow restoration advantageously can facilitate natural lysis of the clot and also can reduce or obviate the concern for distal embolization due to fragmentation of the clot. Several embodiments of the invention provide for progressive, or modular, treatment based upon the nature of the clot. For example, the progressive treatment can include immediate restoration of blood flow, in-situ clot management, and/or clot removal depending on the particular circumstances of the treatment. The in-situ clot management can include, for example, lysis, maceration, and/or removal.

Abstract: A transcatheter delivery device including a catheter and at least one stabilizer useful for trasnsseptal procedures. The stabilizer includes a shaft connected to an anchor. The anchor has a delivery position in which the anchor is collapsed against the shaft and a deployed position in which the anchor expands to engage a pulmonary vein or atrial appendage to support the catheter within the septal wall as the catheter moves within a left atrium. Various disclosed delivery devices are also configured to ablate tissue proximate the anchor and/or can be disconnected from the delivery device after the procedure to occlude an atrial appendage. Methods of using the disclosed delivery devices and treating a heart are also disclosed.

Abstract: An embolic coil implant having a stretch resistant fiber therethrough and dual-functional engagement feature at its proximal end is provided. The stretch resistant fiber can be effective to limiting separation of windings of the embolic coil. The engagement feature can provide an attachment for securing the embolic coil to an engagement system of a delivery tube and for securing the stretch resistant fiber at the proximal end of the embolic coil.

Abstract: A cutting guide for periacetabular osteotomy comprises at least a first main body having a longitudinal opening for the insertion of a cutting instrument, extending from a first end to a second end of the first main body and at least two positioning and fixing arms extending away from the first main body from opposite sides with respect to the longitudinal opening, in order to correctly position the first main body on a bone and fix it thereto through respective fastening members.

Abstract: Instruments and surgical techniques may be used to correct a bone deformity, such as a bunion in which a metatarsal is misaligned with respect to a medial cuneiform. In some examples, a bone cutting guide is utilized to cut an end of the metatarsal and/or an end of the medial cuneiform to facilitate realignment of the bones. The cutting guide can have a pivotable cut guide surface along which a cutting instrument is translated to provide a precise bone cut. In some applications, after suitably preparing and aligning the bones, the bones are compressed together using a fixation pin. The fixation pin can be driven through one of the bones, into the second bone, and then further driven to compress the bones together.

Abstract: A reference jig comprises a base adapted to be secured to a distal end of a bone. An adjustment mechanism has a bracket, one or more rotational joints operatively mounting the bracket to the base, whereby the bracket is rotatable in two or more rotational degrees of freedom relative to the base, and one or more translational joints. A landmark alignment unit is operatively connectable to the bracket by the at least one translational joint, the landmark alignment unit having a bone alignment component configured to be aligned with at least one bone landmark.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cutting block for use in preparing a bone during orthopaedic surgery. The cutting block comprises a bone attachment face, and a front face opposing the bone attachment face. The cutting block further comprises at least a first group of bone pin holes, each hole being configured for removable receipt of a bone pin. The first group of pin holes includes at least two bone pin holes that extend between the bone attachment face and the front face. The at least two bone pin holes extend parallel to each other in an anterior-posterior direction. The at least two bone pin holes are offset from each other in at least one of a superior-inferior direction or a medial-lateral direction. The at least two bone pin holes are interconnected.

Abstract: Disclosed are radially expanding debridement tools configured to pass through an access channel present in a first tissue of a living being, expand radially, and create a void in a second tissue of the living being upon being advanced distally through the access channel and into the second tissue while being rotated, wherein the shape of the void comprises at least one step. Further disclosed are debridement systems and methods of treating tissue defects in living beings.

Abstract: A single cell power unit for a motorized surgical power tool includes a single cell power unit enclosure. A high temperature battery cell is mechanically supported within and disposed at about a center of the single cell power unit enclosure. An electrical connector having a plurality of connector pins is configured to couple to a mating electrical connector of a tool part having a motor. A motorized surgical handpiece tool which prevents the motor from operating when the power unit is removed, a method to start a multi-phase brushless sensorless motor of a surgical hand piece tool in a controlled manner, a power unit for a motorized surgical power tool with a battery insulated by a flexible circuit boards, and a safety switch system for a motorized surgical power tool with a lever magnet motor speed control are also described.

Abstract: This document describes bone matter collection devices and methods for their use. For example, longitudinally extendable/retractable spirally wound, conically-shaped bone matter collection/harvesting devices are described. In some implementations, such bone matter collection devices can be attachable with and detachable from bone drill bits. In some implementations, bone chips generated by bone drilling are collected in such a bone matter collection device while the bone matter collection device is detachably coupled to the bone drill bit, and the collected bone chips can be used for bone grafting and other purposes.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an intramedullary nail has a proximal end and a distal end that are offset from one another along a distal direction. The nail has an outer surface and an inner surface. The inner surface defines a cannulation that extends into the proximal end towards the distal end. The nail defines a bone-anchor fixation hole that extends into the outer surface and entirely through the nail. The nail also defines a receptacle that is proximate to the bone-anchor fixation hole and open to the cannulation such that the receptacle is configured to receive a locator of a targeting system therein from the cannulation, where the locator includes at least one of a sensor and a field generator. The receptacle is at least partially defined by a stop that limits an insertion depth of the locator within the nail along the distal direction.

Abstract: A bone plate system for use with fasteners for fixation of a fractured bone, including a bone plate having an elongate shaft for placement against the bone. The bone plate further has at least one threaded hole for receiving at least one fastener, with each hole having a central axis. The plate further has a bone contacting first surface, an opposite second surface, a thickness extending in a dimension between said first and second surfaces; and at least one tubular drill guide cap. The drill guide cap is engageable with a first hole of at least one threaded hole, the cap having a threaded exterior, an internal bore, a proximal end, and a distal end.

Abstract: A drill and/or K-wire guide for receipt in an aperture formed in a bone plate is provided. The drill and/or K-wire guide can include a first end, an opposite second end, an annular outer surface extending between the first end and the second end, a maximum diameter, a maximum thickness perpendicular to the maximum diameter, a first opening at the first end, a second opening at the second end, and an aperture extending between the first opening and the second opening. The aperture formed in the drill and/or K-wire guide can be configured for receipt of at least one of a drill and a K-wire therethrough, and the drill and/or K-wire guide can be configured for receipt in the aperture formed in the bone plate.

Abstract: An orthopedic surgical instrument comprising: a customized patient-specific acetabular reaming guide comprising an at least partially circular body, having an inner surface defining a slot sized to receive an acetabular reamer head, and further having a top surface defining a contact element; at least one support element configured for supporting the at least partially circular body on a patient-specific anatomy of a coxal bone; and further comprising at least one acetabular reamer head comprising a bone milling portion configured for insertion in the slot of the acetabular reaming guide; a connecting element configured for removable attachment to a reamer's shank for operation of the at least one acetabular reamer head; wherein the orthopedic surgical instrument further comprises an abutment element attached to a top portion at least one acetabular reamer head and configured to limit a milling depth of the bone milling portion, by resting on the contact element of the acetabular reaming guide.

Abstract: A cutting guide for periacetabular osteotomy comprises at least one first main body having a longitudinal opening for the insertion of a cutting instrument, extending from a first end to a second end of the first main body and at least two positioning and fixing arms extending away from the first main body from opposite sides with respect to the longitudinal opening, in order to correctly position the first main body on a bone and fix it thereto through respective fastening members.

Abstract: A bone cut guide includes a first portion having a first cut slot and having an aperture for receiving a wire to connect the first portion to a first bone. A second portion has a second cut slot and a second aperture for receiving a second wire to connect the second portion to a second bone. The first portion and the second portion are movably connected to each other to allow the first bone and the second bone to move relative to each other.

Abstract: A stent system according to the present invention is for use in retrieving a blood clot from the brain region and includes a wire; a first stent connected to a distal portion of the wire; a first outer sheath that covers and is fixed to a portion of the wire proximal to the first stent; and a second stent disposed on a portion of the wire proximal to the first stent, in which the second stent is configured to be movable toward or away from the first stent.

Abstract: A torque cable that comprises an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner layer includes a plurality of wires that form a braiding pattern. A first set of wires of the inner layer is directed in a proximal direction and a second set of wires of the inner layer is directed in a distal direction. The outer layer includes a plurality of wires that form a braiding pattern. A first set of wires of the outer layer is directed in a proximal direction and a second set of wires of the outer layer is directed in a distal direction.

Abstract: An aspiration catheter including an elongate body and an expansile distal tip continuous with the elongate body. An expanding assembly is alignable internal to the expansile distal tip and connected proximally to a control wire. The expanding assembly includes a proximal position within the expansile distal tip proximal of a distal most end of the expansile distal tip. In a distal position where the expanding assembly is distally moved, by the control wire, until being aligned with and contacting the distal most end of the expansile distal tip causing the expansile distal tip to form a funnel mouth to receive clot.

Abstract: Retrieval assemblies configured to capture an obstruction located in a bodily duct of a patient and associated methods of manufacture are provided. According to one implementation a retrieval assembly is provided that includes a distal collar fixed stationary on an elongate wire, a proximal collar slideable along a portion of the length of the elongate wire, and a plurality of shape memory elongate capturing elements that each has a proximal end coupled to the proximal collar and a distal end coupled to the distal collar. The retrieval device is configured to automatically transition from a radially constrained state to an expanded rest state with the proximal collar located nearer the distal collar when in the expanded rest state. As the retrieval device transitions from the radially constrained state to the expanded rest state, proximal portions of the capturing elements invert around the proximal collar.

Abstract: A surgical device comprising: a closure assembly comprising: (a) a movement unit including (i) a bar and (ii) a contact element, wherein the bar, the contact element, or both move in a direction of a prescribed motion; (b) a latch unit comprising: (i) a latch plate including: (1) a hook latch that selectively receives the bar, the latch plate being movable between: (A) a lockable state where the hook latch is engageable by the bar, and (B) an unlockable state where the hook latch is unengageable by the bar; (c) an indicator mechanism that moves into alignment with the prescribed motion of the contact element, the bar, or both when the latch unit is in the unlockable state so that the indicator is contacted by the bar, the contacting element, or both generating an indication.

Abstract: A medical assistive device for quick positioning which can be combined with surgical reduction forceps rapidly, free from angle limitation, operated more conveniently. It comprises a base, the top surface thereof can hold the patient's wrist region; a socket holder located under the bottom surface of the base, provided with a round cavity-like hole slot; multiple support columns vertically located on the bottom surface of the base, surrounding the socket holder, forming connected passages under the base; a universal joint, embedded in the hole slot of socket holder, flexibly diverted. Thereby, the lower forceps body of surgical reduction forceps can reach the lower part of socket holder at any angle under the base, so that the lower forceps body is combined with the universal joint quickly, the combination is rapid, and the lower forceps body can rotate flexibly.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a vacuum-actuated surgical grasper includes a suction head adapted to interface with patient tissue, a suction tube connected to and in fluid communication with the suction head, and a handle connected to the suction tube, the handle comprising an internal passage in fluid communication with the suction tube through which fluid from the suction tube can flow and a pivotable actuation lever that controls this flow through the passage.

Abstract: An endoscopic surgical device for an endoscopic surgical procedure includes a slotted clear cannula with a tubular body having a distal end, a proximate end and a slot extending longitudinally therethrough. A pair of wings near the proximal end of the slotted clear cannula extend outward from the tubular body. The tubular body is made from a transparent material. The slotted clear cannula may be part of an endoscopic surgical blade assembly in which the cannula is attached to a housing enclosing a blade slidably oriented in the cannula. A kit comprising the endoscopic surgical device and a method for a performing a uniportal endoscopic surgical procedure using the endoscopic surgical device are also described.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for tissue reduction are described where one embodiment of the tissue resection device may generally comprise an external clamping mechanism having at least two distally extending members shaped with an atraumatic distal end and defining a confined region between the distally extending members sized to receive a tissue region therebetween. Additionally, an elongate coring needle defining a lumen and having a proximal end attached to a handle and a distal end which defines a cutting mechanism may also be included, wherein the coring needle is translatable adjacent and/or relative to the external or internal clamping mechanism defined by the confined region.

Abstract: An enclosure configured to hermetically seal electronics of a surgical instrument therein includes a first casing component defining a first weld deck about a perimeter thereof, a second casing component defining a second weld deck about a perimeter thereof, and an energy director extending from the first weld deck and configured to facilitate ultrasonic welding of the first and second weld decks of the first and second casing components, respectively, with one another to establish a weld seam hermetically sealing the first and second casing components. The first weld deck lies in multiple planes.

Abstract: An ultrasonic surgical instrument includes an ultrasonic transducer configured to vibrate ultrasonically, a probe configured to treat a living tissue by the ultrasonic vibration, a detector configured to detect a pressing force of the probe against the living tissue, a memory configured to store a predetermined value related to a pressing force in accordance with the living tissue, a comparing section configured to compare the pressing force detected by the detector with the predetermined value stored in the memory, and a notification section configured to perform a notification in response to a comparison result obtained by the comparing section.

Abstract: An atherectomy system includes an atherectomy burr and a drive mechanism that is adapted to rotatably actuate the atherectomy burr and to accommodate a guidewire extending therethrough. A controller is adapted to regulate operation of the drive mechanism. A guidewire extends through the drive mechanism and an electromagnetic guidewire clamp is adapted to releasably secure the guidewire relative to the drive mechanism.

Abstract: A device (1, 30, 40, 50, 60) for denuding a vein comprises a vein denuding head (3) operatively attached to an elongated catheter member (2) and configured for transluminal delivery and deployment in the vein. The vein denuding head comprises a helical coil (4) that is self-adjustable from an uncoiled delivery configuration suitable for transluminal delivery within the catheter member and a coiled deployed configuration having a diameter greater than the vein to be denuded that circumferentially engages an internal lumen of the vein when deployed. The helical coil has an abrasive surface configured to circumferentially denude the internal lumen of the vein when the coil is moved axially along the body lumen in the coiled configuration. The helical coil may be a single helical coil element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polymer needle comprising a body portion with a cylindrical cross-section and a tip portion in extension to the body portion. The tip portion of the needle forms at least two converging surfaces defining an edge. The needle forms a plurality of conduits arranged about a central solid core. The conduits and the core extend from the body portion into the tip portion such that each conduit terminates in one of the tip surfaces and the solid core forms the tip. The invention further relates to an apparatus for cleaving a polymer fibre at elevated temperatures. The polymer needle is prepared by this cleaving apparatus. The cleaving apparatus comprises a holding means for holding the fibre, a guide for guiding the movement of a cleaving knife, and a cleaving knife forming a cutting face of V-shape.

Abstract: In an aspect, a device includes a body structure including a core and a sleeve disposed around at least a portion of the core, the core defining a channel through the core extending from a first end of the core to a second end of the core, the sleeve including a flange adjacent the second end of the core; and a deployable portion coupled to the body structure adjacent the first end of the core, the deployable portion having a wired structure transitionable between a retained configuration and a deployed configuration, wherein a top portion of the wired structure extends beyond the first end of the core in a longitudinal direction when the wired structure is in the retained configuration, and wherein first end of the core extends beyond the top portion of the wired structure when the wired structure is in the deployed configuration.

Abstract: The present it relates to a sensor applicator assembly for a continuous glucose monitoring system and provides a sensor applicator assembly for a continuous glucose monitoring system, which is manufactured with a sensor module assembled inside an applicator, thereby minimizing additional work by a user for attaching the sensor module to the body and allowing the sensor module to be attached to the body simply by operating the applicator, and thus can be used more conveniently. A battery is built in the sensor module and a separate transmitter is connected to the sensor module so as to receive power supply from the sensor module and be continuously used semi-permanently, thereby making the assembly economical. The sensor module and the applicator are used as disposables, thereby allowing accurate and safe use and convenient maintenance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a needle channel usable in a hair transplant device, and the needle channel can be coupled to the outer circumferential surface of a central shaft inside the hair transplant device so as to be slidable in a vertical direction, and comprises: a body part having a tubular inner space; a needle coupled to the lower end of the body part; a core shaft slidably arranged in the tubular inner space and inside the needle; a slot longitudinally formed in the body part, and opened radially and outwardly from the central axis of the central shaft; a lever coupled to the upper end of the core shaft, and arranged to be slidable in a vertical direction in the slot.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to software used in planning the correction of bone deformities preoperatively or postoperatively, and in particular relates to virtually manipulating rings and struts of an external fixation frame in order to plan the steps for making a desired correction to two or more bone portions of a patient. The software can be used prior to surgery, allowing a user to virtually define a bone deformity, and virtually add and manipulate fixation rings and struts to the bone deformity. Based on the virtual manipulations, a correction plan can be generated that describes length adjustments that should be made to the plurality of model struts over a period of time to correct the bone deformity. The software can also be used after surgical fixation of the fixation frame and struts to the deformed bone.

Abstract: A system for reducing deformities of the vertebrae in the spine includes a first reduction assembly, a second reduction assembly, and a reduction drive assembly. The first reduction assembly is configured for attachment to a first reduction tower that attaches to a first vertebra. The second reduction assembly is configured for attachment to a second reduction tower that attaches to a second vertebra. The reduction drive assembly includes an arcuate rack gear operably coupling the first reduction assembly to the second reduction assembly to translate the first reduction assembly relative to the second reduction assembly along an arcuate path in a first plane.