Abstract: A preparation method for a spherical graphite for lithium batteries firstly adopts a combination of primary pulverization, secondary pulverization and shaping to produce spherical graphite with D50 of 13-25 ?m, and then adopts a combination of ultrafine primary pulverization, ultrafine secondary pulverization and shaping to produce spherical graphite of small particle size with D50 of 3-12 ?m from tailings produced during the production of spherical graphite with D50 of 13-25 ?m for the first time. The method increases the utilization rate of graphite raw materials by 25-35%, and can prepare spherical graphite with D50 of 13-25 ?m and spherical graphite with D50 of 3-12 ?m at the same time. An alternative method adopts a combination of primary pulverization, secondary pulverization, ultrafine primary pulverization, ultrafine secondary pulverization and shaping to produce spherical graphite of small particle size with D50 of 13-25 ?m directly from raw materials for the first time.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of preparing graphene quantum dots by intercalation of graphite nanoparticles and continuous exfoliation in an aqueous solution. The preparation method has a short process time and uses graphite nanoparticles of several nm as a reactant. Thus, graphene quantum dots prepared by the preparation method are uniform in size and shape with minimized defects and improved electrical properties.

Abstract: Systems, methods and compositions to produce fine powders are described. These include forming a hypereutectic melt including a target material, a sacrificial-matrix material, and an impurity, rapidly cooling the hypereutectic melt to form a hypereutectic alloy having a first phase and a second phase, annealing the hypereutectic alloy to alter a morphology of the target material to thereby produce target particles, and removing the sacrificial matrix to thereby produce a fine powder of the target particles. The first phase is defined by the target material and the second phase is defined by the sacrificial-matrix material. The sacrificial-matrix material forms a sacrificial matrix having the target material dispersed therethrough.

Abstract: An object of the present disclosure is to provide a method for producing a core-shell porous silica particle with an increased thickness of the shell. The object is met by a method for producing a core-shell porous silica particle, the method including the following steps: (a) preparing; (b) forming a shell precursor; (c) forming a shell; (d) preparing; (e) forming a shell precursor; and (f) forming a shell; wherein the steps (d) through (f) are further repeated one to three times, in which case the step of forming a shell described in step (d) refers to step (f).

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing lithium carbonate from lithium ion battery waste, the lithium ion battery waste including battery positive material components containing Li and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni and Mn, wherein, after subjecting the lithium ion battery waste to a wet process, thereby separating the at least one metal of the battery positive material components from the lithium ion battery waste to obtain crude lithium carbonate, the method includes: a dissolution step of dissolving the crude lithium carbonate in a liquid while feeding a carbon dioxide gas; and a decarbonization step of heating a lithium dissolved solution obtained in the dissolution step to release carbonic acid, and wherein when dissolving the crude lithium carbonate in the liquid in the dissolution step, the liquid is stirred in a reaction vessel using a stirrer, and a ratio of a diameter (d) of a stirring blade of the stirrer to an inner diameter (D) of the reaction vessel (d/D) is from 0.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and techniques for manufacturing a crystalline material (e.g., large crystal material) through the solid state conversion of a polycrystalline material are described. A device may be configured to concurrently heat a volume of ribbon, such as an alumina ribbon, using multiple heat sources. For example, a first heat source may heat a first volume of the ribbon and a second heat source may concurrently heat a second volume, for example, within the first volume, where the ribbon may comprise polycrystalline material. The concurrent heating may drive grain growth in the polycrystalline material in at least the second volume, which may convert the polycrystalline material to crystalline material having one or more grains that are larger than one or more grains of the polycrystalline material. The processed ribbon may include a large crystal material or a single crystal material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an alpha alumina having a high purity, a high density and a low surface area and particularly, to a method to produce such an alpha alumina as well as to the use of the alpha alumina in sapphire production or the production of composite and ceramic bodies.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for obtaining lead (Pb) and/or tin (Sn) from a lead- and/or tin-based material using a deep eutectic solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of decontamination by exposing a zirconium oxy(hydroxide) aerogel to a liquid, vapor, or gaseous sample suspected of containing a phosphonate compound. The aerogel may be doped with Fe3+ ions, Ce3+ ions, or SO42? ions. The aerogel may be made by: providing a solution of ZrCl4; FeCl3, CeCl3, or Zr(SO4)2; and a solvent; adding a cyclic ether to the solution to form a gel; infiltrating the gel with liquid carbon dioxide; applying a temperature and pressure to form supercritical fluid carbon dioxide; and removing the carbon dioxide for form an aerogel.

Abstract: A thermistor material composed of Ca1-xYbxCeNbWO8(0?x?0.2) can be used in a wide temperature range from 25 to 800° C. It is made from high-pure CaCO3, CeO2, NbO5, WO3 and Yb2O3. These ceramic materials with a scheelite structure can be obtained after mixing, grinding, calcination, pressing, cold isostatic pressing and high-temperature sintering, etc. The values of material constant B300° C./600° C. and ?25° C. of thermistor materials are in the range of 6465K-6732K, 4.06×107?.cm-8.63×107?.cm. The thermistor material has a good thermostability and significant negative temperature coefficient (NTC) characteristic in the temperature range of 25° C. to 800° C., could be used as a potential for fabricating high-temperature thermistor sensors.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to hydrogen-selective oxygen carrier materials and methods of using hydrogen-selective oxygen carrier materials. The hydrogen-selective oxygen carrier material may comprise a core material, which includes a redox-active transition metal oxide; a shell material, which includes one or more alkali transition metal oxides; and a support material. The shell material may be in direct contact with at least a majority of an outer surface of the core material. At least a portion of the core material may be in direct contact with the support material. The hydrogen-selective oxygen carrier material may be selective to combust hydrogen in an environment that includes hydrogen and hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preparing iron oxide magnetic particles and iron oxide magnetic particles prepared thereby, wherein the method includes (a) synthesizing a complex by reacting iron and one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic hydrocarbonate having 4 to 25 carbon atoms and an amine compound, (b) synthesizing an iron oxide crystal nucleus by mixing the complex with a mixture of an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon-based compound having 4 to 25 carbon atoms and an ether-based compound, and (c) forming a shell by mixing the iron oxide crystal nucleus and an MXn compound with a mixture of an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon-based compound having 4 to 25 carbon atoms and an ether-based compound, wherein M is a heavy atom element, X is a halogen element, and n is an integer of 1 to 6.

Abstract: Control strategy and algorithms to be utilized in a programmable logic control for automating injection rates of corrosion inhibitor and scaling inhibitor in a process plant. The logic control system can be programmed on a Distributed Control System (DCS) or Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) of the plant. The automating system is developed with the objective of optimizing corrosion inhibitor and scale inhibitor usage, thereby reducing operating cost, improving the reliability and integrity of process plant facilities, and preventing undesirable incident of loss of containment.

Abstract: A mobile device reads a test strip to determine a chemical condition of a liquid or a user inputs a treatment plan into the mobile device. The mobile device transmits the determined chemical condition or the input treatment plan to a liquid treatment system which treats the fluid in response to the determined chemical condition or the input treatment plan.

Abstract: A solar distillation system for producing a distillate and providing cooling for a structure or appliance, and a method of using the system to produce a distillate and cool a structure or appliance. The system includes a distillate cooling coil, a secondary cooling coil, an expansion valve which is capable of controlling an amount of a coolant that flows through each of the coils. The system also includes a compressor, a plurality of sensors including a temperature sensor and a distillate flow sensor, and a controller which receives input from the sensors and controls the activity of the compressor and expansion valve. The system is capable of producing distillate at night in the absence of solar radiation.

Abstract: In a method for separating low density particles from feed slurries, a bubbly mixture is formed in a downcomer and issues into a mid region in a chamber. An inverted reflux classifier is formed by parallel inclined plates below the mid region allowing for efficient separation of low density particles which rise up to form a densely packed foam in the top of the chamber, and denser particles which fall downwardly to an outlet.

Abstract: A method of treating contaminated water, such as wastewater, with carboxylated cellulose to remove ammonium and nitrogen-containing impurities is claimed. Carboxylated cellulose extracted by nitro-oxidation has negatively-charged functionality and forms an aggregate when exposed to positively-charged impurities in contaminated water. The aggregate, nitrogen-containing impurities, and by-products from the nitro-oxidation process can be isolated to provide a fertilizer or fertilizer component.

Abstract: Disclosed is a treatment reactor for treating a continuously flowing liquid, comprising: an inlet for receiving liquid to be treated; and an outlet for outputting the treated liquid, whereby the liquid flows from the inlet to the outlet, wherein the reactor comprises an electrolysis unit arranged to subject the flowing liquid to electrolysis, and a microwave unit arranged to subject the flowing liquid to a microwave field.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for use in a water treatment system to separate charged compositions from the water stream are provided. An electric filtration cell may include a fluid passageway, a filtration membrane, and a first and second electrode, configured to provide an oscillating electric field across the filtration membrane to separate charged compositions on a first side of the membrane. A water treatment system may be provided to separate charged compositions from a water stream. The water treatment system may include an electromagnetic field (EMF) device to generate an electromagnetic field within a passageway. The water treatment system may further include a filtration membrane and a first electrode and a second electrode, configured to provide an oscillating electric field across the filtration membrane to separate charged compositions. In one embodiment, the system is configured to separate struvite and/or vivianite on a first side of the membrane.

Abstract: A method and device for removing chloride ions in desulfurized wastewater by electrochemical coupling in which the device comprises: an electrolyte tank having a top and a bottom wherein the tank is used as a separator in a separation process and as an electrode regenerator in an electrode regeneration process; two electrodes comprising a hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis function electrode and an electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) function electrode respectively, wherein the electrodes are connected with each other by a wire; two DC circuits having opposite electric field directions and used alternately in the separation process and the electrode regeneration process respectively; the bottom of the electrolyte tank is provided with a purified high-concentration chloride ion wastewater inlet and a flocculation product outlet; the top of the tank is provided with a dechlorination treatment water outlet and a hydrogen collecting port; and, in the electrode regeneration process, the electrolyte tan

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for treating water in a water system that includes a biofilm with acid-producing bacteria. The biofilm can be treated, reduced, or eliminated by adding chlorite to the water and reacting the chlorite with acid generated by the acid-producing bacteria to form chlorine dioxide. The chlorine dioxide is thus formed in situ localized to the biofilm, and can be effective to kill bacteria in the biofilm.

Abstract: a method of treating aqueous wellbore fluids, comprising (a) converting one or more multivalent cations in a multivalent cation-containing aqueous fluid to form a mixture comprising one or more insoluble compounds and a treated aqueous fluid, (b) separating the treated aqueous fluid from the one or more insoluble compounds, and (c) contacting the treated aqueous fluid with a sulfide-containing aqueous fluid to form a compatibilized aqueous fluid, wherein the multivalent cation-containing aqueous fluid, the sulfide-containing aqueous fluid, or both were recovered from wellbores prior to (c).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to equipment, systems and methods for recovering nitrogen, potassium, phosphates and water from wastewater effluents. More particularly the invention discloses methods and equipments for treating waste streams to produce water that can be discharged to the environment and concentrated potassium ammonium struvite solid fertilizers.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for treating water, such as wastewater, with ozone under alkaline and acidic conditions to decompose and remove acrolein and acrolein byproducts from the water and/or wastewater. The process is able to lower the concentration of acrolein and acrolein byproducts from water to a sufficiently low level suitable for discharge to a municipal sewer collection system with reduced occurrence of the decomposition by-products of acrolein converting back to acrolein in the water. One embodiment of the process treats contaminated water containing acrolein with ozone by sparging or bubbling ozone through the contaminated water. The contaminated water can be treated with ozone where the contaminated water is initially adjusted to a pH greater than 7.0 for a time to convert at least a portion of the acrolein to 3-hydroxypropanal to obtain a partially treated water. The pH of the partially treated water is then adjusted to a pH below 7.

Abstract: A microbial electrochemical cell is described herein. The cell includes an anode electrode disposed in an anoxic environment below a water surface. The anode receives electrons from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter or other reduced compounds by microbes in sediment below the water surface. The cell also includes a cathode electrode disposed in an environment at a higher electrochemical potential than the anoxic environment. The cathode is electrically connected to the anode to receive the electrons from the anode. A reference electrode is disposed in the environment at the higher electrochemical potential than the anoxic environment. A potentiostat is electrically connected to each of the anode, the cathode and the reference electrode and is configured to receive electrons from the anode and control distribution of the electrons to the cathode based on a potential difference between the anode and the reference electrode. Methods of remediating aquaculture sediment are also described.

Abstract: A system and method for collecting heat generated by the microbial action in a septic system effluent disposal area that is then transferred to a building structure where it may provide, for example, the temperature differential for a heat exchanger in a heat pump, thereby being the energy source for heating and cooling buildings.

Abstract: A filter element (1) comprising a central tubular body/core (2) and a plurality of radially outwardly directed fins (3) forming the main structure of the element, the radially outwardly directed fins (3) projecting outwardly from said central tubular body/core (2) and whose radial length increases stepwise from each end of the central body or core to a maximum length located centrally of the length of the body or core (2), thereby effectively providing a generally double back-to-back conical appearance, a stiffening ring (8) arranged to encircle with a gap therebetween the body/core (2) at a mid-region thereof and whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of the body or core (2), the central tubular body/core (2) including one or more radially inwardly directed ribs (12).

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for managing the operation of an apparatus for injecting oxygen into a purification basin. The oxygen notably being used by the biomass present in the purification basin to consume the pollution present in an effluent feedstock contained in the basin. The method comprises varying a rotational speed of the shaft by using a frequency variator, wherein an applied variation in speed is between plus 15% and minus 15% of the nominal speed of the shaft.

Abstract: A system (20, 70) for water treatment includes a plurality of containers (22, 24, 26, 80) which are configured to be stacked one on another for shipment and to deployed in a row at different, respective heights at a water treatment site. Each container includes an inlet (37, 86) at a first side of the container and an outlet (88) at a second side of the container, opposite the first side. The containers are filled with substrates (36, 38, 40) configured for planting of aquatic plants (60) therein and including at least different first and second substrates for filling the first and second containers, respectively. Piping includes at least an inlet pipe (34) for connection to the inlet of a first container, a transfer pipe (64, 66) for connection between the outlet of the first container and the inlet of a second container, and an outlet pipe (41) for connection to the outlet of the second container.

Abstract: The present application discloses a class of aerobic efficient-phosphorus-removal bacteria that enable to biologically self-assemble and synthesize nanoparticles while wastewater treatment, including Shewanella sp. CF8-6, Psychrobacter aquimaris X3-1403, and Erythrobacter citreus X3-1411. The strains in the present application have a high adaptability, which may grow, remove nutrients including phosphorus and synthesize nanoparticles within a broad range of pH values, salinity, temperatures, and nutrition concentrations of wastewater. Particularly, the outstanding performance of phosphorous removal at high-salinity has a high significance in wastewater treatment from seawater utilization such as seawater toilet-flushing to solve the fresh water resource deficiency. Self-flocculation and self-assembly are the important properties of the strains to form biofilms and synthesize calcium phosphate nanoparticles at low-concentrations, while decomposing contaminants in the wastewater.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a water treatment agent useful for reducing the MLSS and the like in a food factory effluent or the like and for reducing the total nitrogen of a water to be treated including nitrogen-containing compounds, a method for producing the water treatment agent, a method for treating water to be treated using the water treatment agent, and a kit for producing the water treatment agent. The water treatment agent of the invention is a water treatment agent that contains green rust and an enzymatic treatment agent containing a liver extract from a mammal (excluding a human being), a yeast lytic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, a glucose dehydrogenase, and water.

Abstract: The present invention provides a device and method for sulphur cycle-based advanced denitrification of wastewater coupling autotrophic denitrification and heterotrophic denitrification, and belongs to the technical field of wastewater treatment. The unit generating hydrogen sulfide during the wastewater treatment process adopts a lye to absorb hydrogen sulfide; the absorbed sulfide is introduced into an anoxic tank that removes nitrate nitrogen through sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification; and the remaining organic matters in the anaerobic methane-producing reaction tank are subjected to heterotrophic denitrification in the anoxic tank, and the anoxic unit combines the sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification with the heterotrophic denitrification of organic matters. The coupling of sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification and heterotrophic denitrification strengthens the removal of nitrate nitrogen.

Abstract: A novel process for treatment of low quality or brackish water that allows increased recovery of high quality water, recovers commodity minerals and reduces the volume of water and mass of solids that are disposed from the process.

Abstract: A device for purifying drinking water in multiple stages by combining orthogonal purification technologies in one module is described, where the device comprises a housing, a water inlet opening, a water outlet opening, a hollow cylinder which is filled with activated carbon, and a hollow cylinder with a semipermeable wall, wherein the hollow cylinder contains a chelating bactericidal gel or a chelating and bactericidal gel for removing heavy metals or bacteria or for removing heavy metals and bacteria.

Abstract: A method includes heating a glass preform having a plurality of glass layers and drawing the glass preform in a distal direction to form a drawn glass sheet extending distally from the glass preform and having the plurality of glass layers. The drawn glass sheet is thinner than the glass preform. The drawn glass sheet can be rolled onto a collection spool. At least a portion of a glass layer can be removed from the drawn glass sheet. An exemplary glass sheet includes a first glass layer, a second glass layer adjacent to the first glass layer, and a thickness of at most about 0.1 mm. An exemplary ion exchanged glass sheet includes a thickness of at most about 0.1 mm and a surface layer that is under a compressive stress and extends into an interior of the glass sheet to a depth of layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for shaping a glass sheet having a reflective low emissivity coating thereon comprising the steps: (i) positioning the coated glass sheet at a furnace entrance; (ii) conveying the coated glass sheet through the furnace to heat the glass sheet to a temperature suitable for shaping; (iii) transferring the coated glass sheet on to a first bending tool for supporting the coated glass sheet, the first bending tool having a fixed wall and first, second and third movable walls; (iv) moving at least one of the first, second and third movable walls to adjust the position of the coated glass sheet on the first bending tool ring from a first position to a second position; and (v) shaping the coated glass sheet between the first bending tool and a die. Apparatus for carrying out the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: This application relates to a method and system for cutting a brittle body. In one aspect the method includes preparing a brittle body having a rotary shaft. The method may also include forming a scribing line by irradiating laser on the brittle body along a preset route by using a laser irradiation unit. The method may further include cutting the brittle body by bringing a vibration unit that vibrates at a preset frequency in contact with a first region of the brittle body, which is spaced apart from the scribing line.

Abstract: Compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and methods for the manufacture of light guide plates and back light units including such light guide plates made from glass. In some embodiments, light guide plates (LGPs) are provided that have similar or superior optical properties to light guide plates made from PMMA and that have exceptional mechanical properties such as rigidity, CTE and dimensional stability in high moisture conditions as compared to PMMA light guide plates.

Abstract: Aluminosilicate microcrystalline glass, and a manufacturing method and a product thereof, where in addition to a glass phase, the aluminosilicate microcrystalline glass includes principal crystalline phases: a magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) crystal including a volume percentage of 5% to 30%, a lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5) crystal including a volume percentage of 10% to 30%, and a quartz and quartz solid solution including a volume percentage of 5% to 30%. Residues are other inevitable impurities. The inevitable impurities include intermediate products generated when the MgAl2O4 crystal, the Li2Si2O5 crystal, or the quartz and quartz solid solution is being generated, other impurities that are inevitable in a glass production process, and the like.

Abstract: A transparent colored glass ceramic, in particular an LAS glass ceramic, suitable for use as a cooking surface is provided. The transparent colored glass ceramic includes high-quartz solid solution (HQ s.s.) as a main crystal phase and exhibits thermal expansion of ?1 to +1 ppm/Kin the range from 20° C. to 700° C. The glass ceramic has from 3.0 to 3.6 percent by weight of lithium oxide (Li2O) as constituents and either is colored with 0.003 to 0.05 percent by weight of vanadium oxide (V2O5) or is colored with 0.003 to 0.25 percent by weight of molybdenum oxide (MoO3).

Abstract: A coated substrate comprising a coating layer comprising inorganic oxide and pores, the coating layer demonstrates improved durability properties. The coated substrate may for example be used in solar modules.

Abstract: A glass article includes a first surface, a second surface opposed to the first surface, a first compressive region extending from the first surface to a first compression depth, a second compressive region extending from the second surface to a second compression depth and a tensile region between the first compression depth and the second compression depth. A stress profile of the first compressive region includes a first segment located between the first surface and a first transition point and a second segment located between the first transition point and the first compression depth. A depth from the first surface to the first transition point ranges from 6.1 ?m to 8.1 ?m. A compressive stress at the first transition point ranges from 207 MPa to 254 MPa. A stress-depth ratio of the first transition point ranges from 28 MPa/?m to 35 MPa/?m.

Abstract: Provided are materials that include one or more cycloaliphatic polyamides integrated into or coated onto one or more structural fibers such as polyethylene fibers, aramid-fibers, glass fibers or carbon fibers. The resulting materials may be incorporated into composite articles suitable for use as protective equipment or structural layers.

Abstract: A dry composition for a wall covering for interior walls can have a food additive as a binding agent to bind cotton and paper. The dry composition can be mixed with an appropriate amount of water and allowed to set to create a paste. The paste can then be applied to a surface of an interior wall. Once cured, the paste forms a solid layer of a decorative coating on the surface of the interior wall. A color of the decorative layer can be varied by altering the color of the cotton, color of the paper, and the addition of pigments to the paste. A texture of the decorative layer can be varied by altering the amount of cotton, and the size of the cotton pieces used in the dry composition.

Abstract: Pigmented masonry compositions are provided that include chemically treated carbon black pigments having attached an organic group including an ionic or an ionizable group, the ionic or ionizable group being present at a level from 1.0 to 3.0 ?mol/m2. The compositions exhibit excellent color consistency and jetness and provide consistent color after long term exposure to high levels of moisture.

Abstract: The invention relates to an admixture for a cementitious material suitable to influence the rheological properties of the cementitious material. The admixture comprises a compound having a backbone chain provided with at least one first functionality and at least one second functionality. The at least one first functionality is adapted to adsorb to the cement particles of the cementitious material. The at least one second functionality is adapted to respond to an external trigger signal of an electric field, a magnetic field or an electromagnetic field, thereby influencing the rheological properties of the cementitious material. The rheological properties are influenced by influencing the interaction of the at least one first functionality with the cement particles and/or by influencing the interparticle interaction between the cement particles. The invention further relates to a cementitious material comprising such admixture.

Abstract: An acoustical geopolymer panel element includes a layer including a fibre component and a geopolymer binder made from a mixture including ground mineral wool, and an additional layer including mineral wool. The layer including a fibre component and a geopolymer binder has a density in the range of 20-400 kg/m3, a porosity in the range of 0.75-0.99 and a thickness in the range of 5-75 mm. The ground mineral wool may be ground glass or stone wool and the fibre component may be a wood fibre component, a polymer fibre component and/or a mineral wool component. Further, a geopolymer mixture is provided upon recycling mineral wool which is ground to powder and mixed with an alkali activator component. Additionally, a method for producing acoustical geopolymer panel elements includes grinding elements including mineral wool for provision of a powder component.

Abstract: A two-component epoxy-modified cement mortar, wherein component A includes cement and an epoxy compound and component B including water and an amine hardener for the epoxy compound, and wherein the epoxy compound includes at least one liquid, water soluble polyepoxide.

Abstract: A cementitious mixture for a 3D printer and its relative use are described, more specifically for the production of finished products having a complex geometry using a 3D printing apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention discloses magnesia and a method for manufacturing same, wherein the magnesia can be produced into granules of various shapes and sizes and can be improved in moisture resistance with the formation of a moisture resistant surface oxide layer by donor addition and then thermal treatment. The magnesia according to the present invention comprises a MgO granule; and a surface oxide layer formed on a surface of the MgO granule and a composition of the surface oxide layer is different from a composition of an inside of the MgO granule.