Abstract: Systems and methods are described for managing articles. The systems and methods described herein may comprise an example method for manufacturing an article. The systems and methods provides an end-to-end manufacturing value chain as a closed system and feedback loop.

Abstract: A method for validating an Ethernet configuration of an automation system including several industrial devices, the method includes obtaining a device identifier for each of the industrial devices and indications of device ports and of device port connections. The method further includes obtaining device Ethernet parameters and instantiating a system object model of the Ethernet configuration of the automation system based on the device identifiers, the device ports and device port connections and the Ethernet parameters. The system object model allows applying predefined rules for generating a graph model representative of the Ethernet configuration. To the generated graph model cycle detection as known from graph theory may be applied by means of depth-first search. Based on the outcome of the cycle detection a validation result may be indicated. A generic Ethernet object model and a topology manager also are disclosed.

Abstract: A system includes an article supply location, wherein the article supply location includes a plurality of articles to be sorted, first and second transport vehicles, each having a first position in which an article is stowed about the vehicle and a second position in which the article is deposited into a proximal container. And a control system. The control system is configured to receive an order for a plurality of disparate articles, determine one destination container of a plurality of destination containers to direct the transport vehicle to deposit a selected article, direct the first transport vehicle to transport a selected article to the destination container and deposit the article by manipulation of the first transport vehicle from the first position to the second position for deposit of the selected article in the destination container.

Abstract: A universal automatic test system for a digital plugboard based on imagine processing, includes a digital plugboard test platform, an image acquisition and processing module, a test instrument module and a control and processing module. The universal automatic test system can determine a type of the digital plugboard and a point to be test based on the image of the digital plugboard, and call a corresponding automatic test program to complete the test of each point. A type of the output signal can be obtained through the universal automatic test system. By moving the detection probe, the any position of the digital plugboard can be test, and a fault portion of the digital plugboard can be obtained according to the test result.

Abstract: A method for learning and detecting an abnormal part of a device through artificial intelligence comprises: an information collection step for collecting a current waveform of a current value that changes over time in a driving state of at least one device and collecting information about a faulty part of the device, together with current waveform information before a fault occurs in the device; a model setting step for learning, by a control unit, information collected in the information collection step and setting a reference model of a current waveform for each faulty part of the device; and a detection step for, when an abnormal symptom of the device is detected in a real-time driving state, comparing, by the control unit, a real-time current waveform of the device and the reference model, and detecting and providing an abnormal part regarding the abnormal symptom of the device.

Abstract: A board production management device configured to manage a board production line including an initial notification section configured to issue notification information including at least one of a contents of an error cause or a contents of countermeasures when the error cause that requires countermeasures occurs at the board production line; and an escalation notification section configured to issue the notification information after escalating in a case in which the error cause is not resolved after a specified time has elapsed since the error cause occurred. Accordingly, because when the specified time has elapsed, a notification is issued as escalating the notifyee or escalating the contents of countermeasures to resolve error causes more effectively, and compared to conventional technology in which only re-notification of the occurrence of the error cause is performed, notification is performed more efficiently, enabling an error cause that requires countermeasures to be resolved more quickly.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for determining abnormal information associated with a vehicle. The systems may perform the methods to obtain real-time information associated with a bicycle and obtain reference information associated with the bicycle. The systems may also perform the methods to determine, based on the real-time information and the reference information, abnormal information associated with the bicycle, and transmit the abnormal information associated with the bicycle.

Abstract: A method for controlling an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) includes obtaining a signal strength of a remote control signal received by the UAV, obtaining a movement path of the UAV in response to the signal strength being less than a preset strength threshold, controlling the UAV to enter a backtrack return mode to return along the movement path, and controlling the UAV to exit the backtrack return mode in response to the signal strength being greater than the preset strength threshold. The movement path of the UAV includes position information of a plurality of discrete points, and the position information of the plurality of discrete points is calculated based on at least one of sensing information obtained by a satellite positioning system disposed in the UAV or sensing information obtained by a vision positioning sensor disposed in the UAV.

Abstract: A method of targeting, which involves capturing a first video of a scene about a potential targeting coordinate by a first video sensor on a first aircraft; transmitting the first video and associated potential targeting coordinate by the first aircraft; receiving the first video on a first display in communication with a processor, the processor also receiving the potential targeting coordinate; selecting the potential targeting coordinate to be an actual targeting coordinate for a second aircraft in response to viewing the first video on the first display; and guiding a second aircraft toward the actual targeting coordinate; where positive identification of a target corresponding to the actual targeting coordinate is maintained from selection of the actual targeting coordinate.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method includes: adjusting a first flight control device of a rotorcraft to control flight around a first axis of the rotorcraft, the first flight control device exercising flight control authority around the first axis of the rotorcraft; detecting a failure of the first flight control device; transitioning at least a portion of the flight control authority around the first axis of the rotorcraft from the first flight control device to a second flight control device of the rotorcraft, the transitioning being performed automatically in response to detecting the failure of the first flight control device; and adjusting the second flight control device to control flight around the first axis of the rotorcraft, the second flight control device being adjusted by a first control process when the rotorcraft is in a first flight mode, the second flight control device being adjusted by a second control process when the rotorcraft is in a second flight mode.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to controlling a vehicle having an autonomous driving mode. This may include receiving, by one or more processors of the vehicle, first information identifying a current relative humidity measurement within a sensor housing of a vehicle having an autonomous driving mode. The relative humidity measurement and pre-stored environmental map information may be used by the one or more processors to estimate a condition of a sensor within the sensor housing at a future time. This estimated condition may be used by the one or more processors to control the vehicle.

Abstract: A vehicle driving system that controls switching between automatic driving by a vehicle and manual driving by a driver of the vehicle includes a temperature sensor configured to monitor a temperature of an automatic driving ECU which controls the automatic driving; and a microcontroller configured to: (i) set a threshold temperature based on an estimated gradient of increase in the temperature of the automatic driving ECU, the estimated gradient of increase being estimated based on a drive state of an equipment installed on the vehicle, and (ii) in a case where the temperature of the automatic driving ECU that is sensed by the temperature sensor becomes equal to or greater than the threshold temperature, perform an operation for prompting the driver to switch to the manual driving during the automatic driving.

Abstract: To make it possible to correct a current position detected by an autonomous traveling work machine to the correct position with a simple configuration. A robot lawn mower includes a first position detecting unit for detecting a current position by using odometry and a second position detecting unit for detecting a current position by using an image capture. When position detection accuracy of both of the first and second position detecting units decreases to less than or equal to a predetermined value, the robot lawn mower is controlled to travel to either of zones Z1 and Z2 in which the position detection accuracy of the second position detecting unit is relatively high, and when the robot lawn mower moves to either of the zones Z1 and Z2, a current position used for autonomous traveling is corrected to the current position detected by the second position detecting unit.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to a method of managing a fleet of autonomous vehicles providing trip services. The method includes receiving information identifying an intermediate destination and a final destination for a trip. In this example, the intermediate destination is a destination where an autonomous vehicle will drop off and wait for a passenger in order to continue the trip, and the final destination is a destination where the trip ends. The method also includes determining an amount of waiting time the vehicle is likely to be waiting for the passenger at the intermediate destination, determining how a vehicle of the fleet of autonomous vehicles should spend the amount of waiting time, and sending an instruction to the vehicle, based on the determination of how the vehicle should spend the amount of waiting time.

Abstract: Among other things, planning a motion of a machine having moving capabilities is based on strategic guidelines derived from various basic principles, such as laws, ethics, preferences, driving experiences, and road environments.

Abstract: Embodiments provide systems, methods and computer-readable medium to manage rider pickup and drop-off for autonomous vehicles. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving a ride request and an associated pickup location from a requestor computing device, matching the ride request to a vehicle, and instructing the vehicle to travel towards the pickup location. When the vehicle reaches the pickup location, an unlock request is received from the requestor computing device to unlock the vehicle. In response to receiving the unlock request, a verification is made that one or more unlock criteria associated with the vehicle are satisfied. If satisfied, a door of the vehicle is unlocked.

Abstract: An autonomous electronic bicycle comprises a frame, a wheel that can be powered by a first electronic motor, and a pedal assembly connected to a pedal motor. The pedal assembly is not mechanically connected to the wheel, but the autonomous electronic bicycle simulates a mechanical connection by powering the rear wheel proportional to the user's pedaling force. The autonomous electronic bicycle uses a virtual gear ratio based on the cadence of the rider, the current incline of the bicycle, and the current speed of the bicycle. The virtual gear ratio can be a ratio between a torque of the set of pedals and a torque of the wheel.

Abstract: The disclosed subject matter includes a method and system for navigating an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), that include: generating, based on the scanning output data, a first map comprising a first group of cells and characterized by a first size; generating, based on the scanning output data, a second map representing an area smaller than that of the first map comprising a second group of cells, which are characterized by a second size being smaller than the first size; wherein each cell in the first group of cells and the second group of cells is classified to a class selected from at least two classes, comprising traversable and non-traversable, wherein the second part at least partly overlaps the first part; navigating the UGV based on data deduced from crossing between cells in the first map and second map.

Abstract: Generally, the present disclosure is directed to systems and methods that include or otherwise leverage an iterative solver as part of optimizing a motion plan for an autonomous vehicle (AV). In particular, a scenario generator within a motion planning system can include a warm start generator configured to determine an initial trajectory that respects the dynamics of the autonomous vehicle and that closely tracks a speed profile determined by a constraint solver and one or more nominal paths determined by a route selector. A decision validator can analyze speed profiles and nominal paths to identify potential inconsistencies and validate a decision before optimization and execution. An initial trajectory can be further optimized by an iterative solver to determine an optimized trajectory for execution as a motion plan for the autonomous vehicle.

Abstract: A method for the automated control of a motor vehicle (10) is presented. The method includes the following steps: Generating and/or receiving a reference trajectory (T*) for the motor vehicle (10); Generating at least two possible trajectories ({circumflex over (x)}i) for the motor vehicle (10); Comparing the at least two possible trajectories ({circumflex over (x)}i) with the reference trajectory (T*); and Selecting one of the at least two possible trajectories ({circumflex over (x)}i) based on the comparison of the at least two possible trajectories ({circumflex over (x)}i) with the reference trajectory (T*). A control device (24) for a system for the control of a motor vehicle (10) is also proposed.

Abstract: Provided is an automatic conveying technique capable of reducing load on a management system and promptly formulating and reviewing an operation plan. One preferred aspect of the invention includes: a plurality of conveying vehicles including a first conveying vehicle and a second conveying vehicle; and a management system configured to control the plurality of conveying vehicles. The management system is configured to formulate, for the plurality of conveying vehicles, an operation plan to be executed in a plurality of conveying operations collectively performed by the plurality of conveying vehicles. The management system is configured to determine by calculation that the first conveying vehicle is to perform a first conveying operation among the plurality of conveying operations, notify the other conveying vehicles including the second conveying vehicle of the first conveying operation, and cause the first conveying vehicle to perform the first conveying operation.

Abstract: The present invention is related to systems and methods for detecting an occluded object based on the shadow of the occluded object. In some examples, a vehicle of the present invention can capture one or more images while operating in an autonomous driving mode, and detecting shadow items within the captured image. In response to detecting a shadow item moving towards the direction of vehicle travel, the vehicle can reduce its speed to avoid a collision, should an occluded object enter the road. The shadow can be detected using image segmentation or a classifier trained using convolutional neural networks or another suitable algorithm, for example.

Abstract: A driving support apparatus (12) is configured to support a vehicle (1) to travel at a parking lot, a parking spot (PS) at which the vehicle should be parked is defined by a parking section line (PL) at the parking lot, the driving support apparatus is configured to: detect a specific edge part (PLE) of the parking section line that is an edge part nearest to a traveling space at which the vehicle travels at the parking lot; set a virtual road section line (VDL) if a plurality of specific edge parts are detected at a specific area (LSA, RSA) located on a predetermined side viewed from the vehicle, the virtual road section line is an approximate line connecting the plurality of detected specific edge parts at the specific area; and support the vehicle to travel on the basis of the set road section line.

Abstract: A robotic vehicle can seek markers in one or more zones and take action if the marker so indicates. Systems, methods, and computer-readable media can cause a robotic vehicle to seek and identify a marker, then determine whether action should be taken based on a characteristic of the marker. If an action should be performed, the robotic vehicle can perform an action, and if no action should be performed, a determination can be made whether to seek another marker, move to another zone, or terminate the robotic vehicle's routine.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses described herein are directed to performing segmentation on voxels representing three-dimensional data to identify static and dynamic objects. LIDAR data may be captured by a perception system for an autonomous vehicle and represented in a voxel space. Operations may include determining a drivable surface by parsing individual voxels to determine an orientation of a surface normal of a planar approximation of the voxelized data relative to a reference direction. Clustering techniques can be used to grow a ground plane including a plurality of locally flat voxels. Ground plane data can be set aside from the voxel space, and the remaining voxels can be clustered to determine objects. Voxel data can be analyzed over time to determine dynamic objects. Segmentation information associated with ground voxels, static object, and dynamic objects can be provided to a tracker and/or planner in conjunction with operating the autonomous vehicle.

Abstract: A modeling system trains computer models for an autonomous control system using computer simulated models of objects. The objects may be vehicles, and the computer simulated models may be virtual models of vehicles simulated by computer software. Since the vehicle models are computer simulated, various characteristics of the vehicle can be easily obtained by the modeling system. The various types of data may include geometric information of the vehicle, views of the vehicle from different perspectives, and the like. The modeling system can easily generate and label a large amount of training data using the characteristics of the computer simulated vehicles. The modeling system can use the training data to train computer models for the autonomous control system.

Abstract: An autonomous device and method for controlling an autonomous device are disclosed. The autonomous device is configured for performing at least one task, selected from a household task, a commercial task and an industrial task. The autonomous device comprises at least one spatial sensor for generating location information and at least one further sensor for determining at least one further parameter. The autonomous device further comprises at least one task unit arranged to perform the household and/or commercial and/or industrial task, and at least one electronics unit, wherein the electronics unit is configured to generate a map using the location information, wherein the electronics unit further is configured for connecting the further parameter to the location information and adding the location of the further parameter to the map, thereby creating a parameter map containing location-correlated values of the at least one further parameter.

Abstract: A positioning system and a method based on neural network models are provided. The positioning method includes collecting WI-FI® fingerprint data; configuring a computing device to receive the WI-FI® fingerprint data, and the computing device includes a processor and a database storing positioning map data and a group of neural network models including a global positioning model, a coarse positioning model and a fine positioning model; configuring the processor to input the WI-FI® fingerprint data and perform the following steps: estimating a global coordinate through the global positioning model; obtaining the corresponding coarse positioning model from a corresponding primary sub-region to estimate an estimated coarse coordinate of a current position; estimating a plurality of estimated fine coordinates of the current position from the corresponding fine positioning model; and performing a merging process on the estimated fine coordinates to generate a final coordinate.

Abstract: A distributed control system with supplemental attitude adjustment including an aircraft control having an engaged state and a disengaged state. The system also including a plurality of flight components and a plurality of aircraft components communicatively connected to the plurality of flight components, wherein each aircraft component is configured to receive an aircraft command and generate a response command directing the flight components as a function of supplemental attitude. The supplemental attitude based at least in part on the engagement datum and generating a supplemental attitude includes choosing a position supplemental attitude if the aircraft control is disengaged and choosing a velocity supplemental attitude if the aircraft control is engaged. In generating the response command, the aircraft attitude is combined with the supplemental attitude to obtain an aggregate attitude, and the aircraft component is configured to generate the response command based on the aggregate attitude.

Abstract: A system for producing a control signal of an electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft includes a flight controller configured to obtain a requested aircraft force, generate an optimal command mix, wherein the optimal command mix includes a plurality of commands to a plurality of actuators as a function of the requested aircraft force, wherein generating further comprises receiving an ideal actuator model includes at least a performance parameter, producing a model datum as a function of the ideal actuator model, and generating the optimal command mix as a function of the request aircraft force and the model datum, and produce a control signal as a function of the optimal command mix.

Abstract: A vehicle to transport a first drone and a second drone includes a controller and a storage unit. The storage unit is configured to store a plurality of package containers. The controller is configured to initiate movement of a package container from the storage unit to the first drone and to initiate coupling of a first electromechanical interface of a plurality of electromechanical interfaces of the package container to the first drone. The controller is also configured to release the first drone from the vehicle with instructions for the first drone to move the package container to a package container reception point configured to couple to a second electromechanical interface of the plurality of electromechanical interfaces. The second drone is configured to provide data to the first drone. The data is related to a route from the vehicle to the package container reception point.

Abstract: A method includes identifying time values for a length of time to carry out process fluid delivery within multiple processing chambers that concurrently process multiple substrates; translating each time value to a recipe parameter for execution of an operation of a processing recipe; and causing the operation to be performed using each recipe parameter as a control value to control valves of a fluid panel of the multiple processing chambers. For each processing chamber of the multiple processing chambers, selectively controlling process fluid flow to the process chamber for a first period of time corresponding to a time value of the set of time values and to a divert foreline of the process chamber for a second period of time.

Abstract: In a flow rate controller unit (1) it is thus provided to generate a temporal profile (22) of a volumetric flow, in which temporal profile (22) a switching profile by way of which at least one flow controller (6) is actuated for varying the defined volumetric flow is run.

Abstract: An observed operational state can include an operational state of one or more system devices. A sensor can emit, in response to a detected observable condition reflective of a given operational state, a simulated signal reflective of a different operational state as a proxy for the detected condition. A controller receiving such a proxy signal can, at least partially responsively to the proxy signal, issue a command corresponding to the given operational state. An electro-mechanical actuator can be selectively activatable responsive to the command.

Abstract: There is provided a fluid sensing apparatus comprising a fluid flow channel, at least one fluid conduit in fluid communication with the fluid flow channel, and a fluid sensor having a casing and at least one sensor port in fluid communication with the at least one fluid conduit and providing access into the casing. The fluid sensing apparatus also includes a pressure compensation chamber in which the casing of the fluid sensor is enclosed. The apparatus further includes at least one pressure compensation conduit in fluid communication with the pressure compensation chamber and with the fluid flow channel. Also provided is a mass flow controller including such a fluid sensing apparatus.

Abstract: A gas safety device includes flow path, shutoff valve that shuts off flow path, flow rate measurement unit that measures a flow rate of gas, gas-side absolute pressure sensor that measures absolute pressure of the gas, atmosphere-side absolute pressure sensor that measures absolute pressure of atmospheric pressure, and pressure value transition detector that detects a transition state of the absolute pressure measured by gas-side absolute pressure sensor. Further provided are sensor drive controller that controls driving of atmosphere-side absolute pressure sensor in accordance with a value of pressure transition in pressure value transition detector, and gas pressure determination unit that calculates gas supply pressure from a difference between pressure values measured when the two sensors are driven.

Abstract: An integrated pressure regulator is provided with three stages configured to reduce an extreme tank pressure down to a typical working pressure. The regulator is configured to supply a steady working pressure until the tank pressure is reduced to little more than the working pressure itself. Stages of the pressure regulator are integrated into a body and arranged to minimize regulator mass and volume. A thermally-triggered pressure relief device may be included with a triggering time adapted to enhance the safety of smaller cylinders that may be used, e.g., in aerial applications.

Abstract: A regulator, e.g., a pressure regulator for supplying a high pressure fuel to an engine, is disclosed. The regulator includes at least a pair of annular bearings composed of a rigid synthetic resin interposed along a length direction of a pressure regulating valve body at a predetermined distance at a position on a valve seat side in an axial direction of a gap formed between the pressure regulating valve body and an inner wall of the passage formed in a body main body.

Abstract: A variable reference voltage source that generates a variable reference voltage corresponding to setting data set from outside includes a control unit including a calibration control unit that controls operation for acquiring calibration data including calibration values of an offset voltage and a predetermined unit voltage of a determiner, which determines magnitudes of two voltages, and an output control unit that controls operation for generating, based on the calibration data, a variable reference voltage corresponding to the setting data set from the outside, a reference voltage unit that outputs a reference voltage, and an integrated-voltage generating unit that repeats, when the calibration control unit controls the operation, an integrating operation until an integrated voltage obtained by integrating at least two or more kinds of unit voltages becomes equal to the reference voltage and outputs, when the output control unit controls the operation, the variable reference voltage corresponding to the se

Abstract: A semiconductor device capable of changing drive capability as appropriate is provided. A semiconductor device (100A) includes first to third circuits (102, 103, 101) and a first holding circuit (SH2), and the first holding circuit (SH2) includes a first holding portion (node ND2) and holds a first potential. The first circuit (102) has a function of changing the first potential of the first holding portion (node ND2) to a second potential, and the second circuit (103) has a function of generating a bias current based on the first potential or the second potential of the first holding portion (node ND2). The third circuit (101) includes first to third terminals (TLa4, TLa1, TLa2) and has a function of generating a third potential in accordance with an input potential to the second terminal (TLa1) by supply of the bias current to the first terminal (TLa4) and outputting the third potential from the third terminal (TLa2).

Abstract: A supply circuit has a first and a second terminal for connecting an accumulator, a third and a fourth terminal for connecting at least one battery, and an output terminal. A voltage regulator is connected to the first terminal on the input side and to a fifth terminal on the output side. An undervoltage detection circuit is adapted to activate the voltage regulator when a voltage at the first terminal is greater than a threshold voltage. A reverse polarity protection device is coupled between the third terminal and the output terminal. A blocking diode is coupled between the fifth terminal and the output terminal.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes first to N-th voltage output circuits each outputting an output voltage and outputs a feedback voltage having a voltage value corresponding to the output voltage, and a differential circuit including first to N-th primary side transistors to which N feedback voltages are input and that individually flow first to N-th currents through a first node, a secondary side transistor that flows a reference current corresponding to a reference voltage through the first node, and a current mirror circuit as an active load. The current mirror circuit includes first to N-th primary side load transistors individually coupled in cascade to the first to N-th primary side transistors, a secondary side load transistor coupled in cascade to the secondary side transistor and generates a voltage at a connection point between the secondary side transistor and the secondary side load transistor as a control voltage.

Abstract: A control system for an energy storage system located behind a utility meter uses a unique, feedback-based, communication and control method to reliably and efficiently maximize economic return of the energy storage system. Operating parameters for the energy storage system are calculated at an external, centralized data center, and are selected to prevent electrical power demand of an electric load location from exceeding a specified set-point by discharging energy storage devices, such as DC batteries, through a bidirectional energy converter during peak demand events. The control system can operate autonomously in the case of a communications failure.

Abstract: An electronic device includes an accelerated processing unit (APU) and multiple elements. The APU performs operations for a platform boost and throttle (PBT) controller. For the operations, the APU receives a platform electrical power limit, the platform electrical power limit being a limit on a total electrical power allowed to be consumed by a group of the elements at a given time. The APU then determines a present platform electrical power consumption. The APU next adjusts one or more operating parameters for specified elements from among the group of elements to control electrical power consumption by the specified elements based on a relationship between the present platform electrical power consumption and the platform electrical power limit.

Abstract: Techniques for providing temperature trim codes to multiple reference circuits of an integrated circuit are provided. In an example, a string of primary latch circuits can provide a set of pre-defined temperature trim codes to a multiplexer in response to a token of a series of tokens. The multiplexer can provide two trim of the trim codes to an interpolator based on a temperature reading of the integrated circuit. The interpolator can provide an interpolated trim code and the trim code can be distributed to a reference circuit based on the token.

Abstract: A bandgap current reference circuit includes a bandgap core circuit and an error amplifier. The bandgap core circuit is configured to generate a zero temperature coefficient bandgap current. The bandgap core circuit includes a bipolar transistor. The bipolar transistor is configured to pass a current that is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT current). The error amplifier is coupled to the bandgap core circuit and includes a bipolar differential input pair. The bipolar differential input pair is configured to ensure that the PTAT current is flowing in the bipolar transistor.

Abstract: In an embodiment an electronic device includes a first MOS-type transistor and a second MOS-type transistor connected as current mirrors, wherein the first transistor is diode connected and a first circuit configured to provide a first current equal to a first gate current of the first transistor multiplied by a size ratio of the first and second transistors.

Abstract: Multiple temperature-proportional cores are implemented within a bandgap circuit to deliver respective, uncorrelated temperature-proportional currents to a temperature-complementary load, reducing flicker noise in the resulting bandgap reference voltage.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a bandgap reference voltage circuit, in which an output reference voltage is stable with respect to temperature and other variations. Example embodiments include a bandgap reference voltage circuit comprising an output voltage circuit and a plurality, n, of offset amplifiers connected between first and second voltage rails, each of the plurality of offset amplifiers comprising a differential pair of transistors that together define an offset between an input voltage at an input and an output of the amplifier, the offset amplifiers being chained together and connected to the output voltage circuit that provides a bandgap reference voltage dependent on a sum of the offsets of the plurality of offset amplifiers.

Abstract: A logic circuit comprising: inputs for receiving multiple n-bit numbers, n being greater than one; and an adder capable of receiving m n-bit numbers, m being greater than one, and forming an output representing the sum of those numbers, the adder having a plurality of single-bit stages and being configured to form the sum by subjecting successive bits of each of the numbers to an operation in a respective one of the single-bit stages, the single-bit stages being such that the adder has insufficient capacity to add all possible combinations of bits in a respective bit position of m n-bit numbers; the addition circuit being configured to add the multiple n-bit numbers by: in the adder, adding a first one of the n-bit numbers to a value corresponding to a set of non-consecutive bits of another of the n-bit numbers to form a first intermediate value; adding the first intermediate value to a value corresponding to the bits of the said other of the n-bit numbers other than those in the said set to form a sum; and o