Abstract: Apparatus for forming plastic preforms into plastic containers, having at least one forming station configured to form the plastic preforms into the plastic containers by the application of a flowable and, in particular, gaseous medium, wherein the forming station has an application device configured to apply on the plastic preforms with the flowable medium, and at least one first pressure reservoir configured to store the flowable medium at a predetermined pressure, wherein the apparatus has a pressure fluctuation reducing device which is configured for reducing pressure fluctuations in the first pressure reservoir.

Abstract: Provided are a sheet material in which a skin material can be adhered to a base material. A sheet material 2 for forming a design surface of a product by being adhered to base materials 68a, 68b includes a sheet-like skin material 20, and a sheet-like stretchable material 25 laminated on a rear surface side of the skin material 20 and having higher stretchability than the skin material 20. The stretchable material 25 has a rectangular shape in plan view, and include grippable areas 27a, 27b, 27c, 27d on which the skin material 20 is not laminated and which are respectively provided in portions including four edge sides 26a, 26b, 26c, 26d facing each other in plan view. In the skin material 20, five linear cut portions 24a, 24b, 24c, 24d, 24e are formed in a non-design area 23 other than the design areas 22a, 22b.

Abstract: A polymeric film or laminate comprising the same is applied to at least a portion of a surface of an underlying article to provide, for example, desired surface characteristics. To assist in such application, a polymerizable composition is coated onto at least one of the surface of the polymeric film or the laminate and the surface of the article. The polymerizable composition is then polymerized with the polymeric film or laminate positioned thereover to form a sufficiently polymerized interlayer between the polymeric film or laminate and the underlying surface in resulting articles. Ease of removal and/or repair of polymeric film and laminates comprising the polymeric film that are so applied is facilitated.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an additive manufacturing system and additive manufacturing method comprising a printing platform that sprays a droplet and that deposits the droplet on a substrate or a build platform by attractive-force control of an electric field to form at least one layer of a laminated body in a layer by layer method; a flattening unit that flattens the laminated body formed by the printing platform to a preset height; a curing unit that cures the laminated body flattened by the flattening unit; and a controller that controls the printing platform, the flattening unit and the curing unit, thereby significantly increasing the manufacturing speed while improving the quality of additive manufacturing.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for producing a 3D item by means of fused deposition modelling, the method comprising a 3D printing stage comprising layer-wise depositing 3D printable material, to provide the 3D item comprising 3D printed material, wherein the 3D item comprises layers of 3D printed material, wherein the 3D printable material comprises thermoplastic material, wherein during at least part of the 3D printing stage the 3D printable material further comprises porous inorganic particles embedded in the thermoplastic material, wherein the porosity of the inorganic particles is in the range 5-60 vol. %, and wherein the inorganic particles (410) have an open porosity. The invention also comprises the product resulting from above method.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for producing a 3D item by means of fused deposition modelling, the method comprising: (a) a 3D printing stage comprising: layer-wise depositing 3D printable material, wherein the 3D printable material comprises 3D printable core material and 3D printable shell material, to provide the 3D item comprising a core-shell layer of 3D printed material, wherein the 3D printed material comprises a core comprising 3D printed core material and a shell comprising 3D printed shell material, wherein the shell at least partly encloses the core, wherein the 3D printable core material comprises a pore forming material with a first concentration c1, wherein the 3D printable shell material comprises the pore forming material with a second concentration c2, wherein c2/c1?0.9; and (b) a pore forming stage comprising: heating one or more of (i) the printable material and (ii) the 3D printed material.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing apparatus an extruder configured to receive material, a work surface extending so as to define a plane for receiving one or more layers of the material, an applicator assembly secured at a downstream portion of the additive manufacturing apparatus, a nozzle connected to the applicator assembly, the nozzle being configured to receive the material from the extruder and deposit the material on the work surface, and an actuator configured to displace the work surface in a movement direction, wherein the movement direction forms an acute angle with the plane.

Abstract: Synthetic two- or three-dimensional structures are described that include directional negative, near-zero, or zero Poisson ratio. Methods for forming the structures are also described. Disclosed structures mimic disclination networks as occur in soft cubic blue phase high chirality liquid crystals. Disclination networks can be based upon BPI or BPII phases and can include modifications as compared to an undistorted bulk blue phase crystal.

Abstract: A 3D printing system (10) for manufacturing at least one physical object comprises at least one reservoir (12) for receiving hardenable material; at least one light engine (22) configured to irradiate light onto a focal plane within the reservoir of the hardenable material to form a layer of hardened material; at least one build platform (18) for carrying the physical object to be manufactured; and a controller configured to select at least one or at least two optical resolutions from two or more optical resolutions available in the 3D printing system for irradiating the hardenable material based on a predetermined surface quality of the physical object to be manufactured.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing apparatus includes powder supplies, a preceramic binder supply, and a mixer device downstream from the powder supplies and the preceramic binder supply and configured to generate a powder-integrated preceramic mixture. The additive manufacturing apparatus also includes a nozzle device downstream from the mixer device and configured to output the powder-integrated preceramic mixture, and a heat source configured to heat the powder-integrated preceramic mixture to initiate a self-sustainable ceramization reaction to generate a ceramic matrix composite.

Abstract: A method for additively printing extension segments on workpieces using an additive manufacturing machine includes controlling, with a computing system, an operation of a print head of the machine such that a region of interest of a build plate of the machine is scanned with an electromagnetic radiation beam. Additionally, the method includes receiving, with the computing system, data associated with reflections of the beam off of the build plate as the region interest is scanned. Furthermore, the method includes receiving, with the computing system, data associated with a location of the beam relative to the build plate. Moreover, the method includes determining, with the computing system, a location of a workpiece interface based on the received data. In addition, the method includes controlling, with the computing system, the operation of the print head such that an extension segment is additively printed on the determined workpiece interface.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a resin formed product having a leather grain includes: a 3D printing step of inputting printing data to a 3D printer, and printing an intermediate product having an intermediate grain that is a base of the leather grain; and a post processing step of obtaining the resin formed product, which is a finished product, by carrying out post processing on the intermediate product printed in the 3D printing step. A grain height in input data, which is the printing data inputted in the 3D printing step, is greater than or equal to 120% of a stacking pitch in the 3D printing step.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for additively manufacturing a part. The method may involve using a reservoir to hold a granular material feedstock, and using a nozzle in communication with the reservoir to release the granular material feedstock in a controlled fashion from the reservoir to form at least one layer of a part. The method may further involve using an excitation source for applying a signal to the nozzle which induces a controlled release of the granular material feedstock from the nozzle as needed to pattern the granular material feedstock as necessary to form a layer of the part.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing apparatus includes a resin support configured to support a first resin and a second resin. A support plate includes a window. A stage is configured to hold one or more cured layers of the resin to form a component positioned opposite the support plate. A radiant energy device is positioned on an opposite side of the resin support from the stage and is operable to generate and project radiant energy in a patterned image through the window. An actuator assembly is configured to move the stage in a Z-axis direction and in a Y-axis direction.

Abstract: A manipulator device such as a robot arm that is capable of increasing manufacturing throughput for additively manufactured parts, and allows for the manipulation of parts that would be difficult or impossible for a human to move is described. The manipulator can grasp various permanent or temporary additively manufactured manipulation points on a part to enable repositioning or maneuvering of the part.

Abstract: A 3D printing system that includes a first light source and a second light source. The first light source emits a first light beam having a first wavelength that initiates polymerization of a photosensitive resin and the second light source emits a second light beam having a second wavelength that inhibits polymerization of the photosensitive resin. A dichroic mirror is placed in an optical path of the 3D printing system to superimpose the first and second beams, a digital micromirror device (DMD) spatially structures the superimposed first and second light beams into a spatial pattern as a spatially structured superimposed light beam, and a single optical system in the optical path projects the spatially structured superimposed light beam onto the photosensitive resin.

Abstract: A projection device with a combined matrix optical lens and 3D printer is disclosed. The LED array includes multiple rows and columns of point light sources; the combined matrix optical lens includes a first and second matrix optical lenses, wherein the first matrix optical lens consists of the first lenses with the same arrangement and the same number as the point light source, the second matrix optical lens consists of the second lenses with the same arrangement and the same number as the point light source; the 385-405 nm ultraviolet light emitted by the point light source passes through the corresponding first lens and the corresponding second lens in turn and is projected to the LCD liquid crystal display. The device adopts the combined matrix optical lens, which improves the uniformity of the light spot, and it is helpful for the 3D printer to improve the printing success rate and efficiency.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a part includes fabricating, in an additive fabrication stage, an object including build material for the part in a semi-solid state, the build material including a polymerization initiation catalyst separated from a monomer by a semi-solid component, a mold forming a cavity comprising a completed shape of the part and containing the build material, and curing the part, in a curing stage that occurs after the additive fabrication stage, the curing including heating the object to a first temperature sufficient to liquify the semi-solid component of the build material while maintaining a shape of the mold, liquification of the semi-solid component causing initiation of a polymerization mechanism by mixing the polymerization initiation catalyst with the monomer.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method for creating a three dimensional (3D) object from reactive components that form a thermoset product. In one embodiment, a method includes providing first and second reactive components that are effective to form the thermoset product. In one embodiment, the thermoset product includes a urethane and/or urea-containing polymer. In one embodiment, the first reactive component includes an isocyanate and the second reactive component includes a polyol having at least one terminal hydroxyl group, a polyamine having at least one amine that includes an isocyanate reactive hydrogen, or a combination of the polyol and the polyamine. In one embodiment, the first reactive component includes a prepolymer, and optionally the ratio of viscosity of the first and second reactive components is from 1:3 to 3:1. Also provided is a 3D object that includes a completely reacted thermoset product, and a thermoset system that includes a first and a second reactive component.

Abstract: A three dimensional (3D) printing apparatus to print an implantable bone scaffold (IBS) in an aseptic environment is described. The 3D printing apparatus includes a sterile cartridge. The sterile cartridge contains a sterile printing material, a print nozzle, and a plunger. The 3D printing apparatus also includes a heater configured to indirectly heat the printing material. In addition, the 3D printing apparatus includes a cartridge receiver configured to retain the sterile cartridge. A sterile receiving plate is positioned below the print nozzle. A cover encompasses and maintains the sterile cartridge and the sterile receiving plate in an aseptic environment. A filter fan unit (FFU) overlays a section of the cover. Positive laminar filtered air flow created by the FFU maintains the aseptic environment inside a printing chamber. An ultraviolet light source irradiates the receiving plate. A movable diaphragm separates a printer mechanism, below the receiving plate, from the printing chamber.

Abstract: A powdered surface monitoring system of additive manufacturing comprises an additive manufacturing processing cavity, having therein a working area carrying powder to be sintered; a laser source, generating a laser beam, which passes through a reflector, a dichroic mirror and a scanning vibration mirror and is transmitted to an upper surface of the powder in the working area; a polarization imaging device, having therein a beam expander group, a polarizer group and at least one photodetector, the polarizer group consisting of a plurality of linear polarizers, and the number of photodetectors being equal to the number of the linear polarizers.

Abstract: According to examples, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may have stored thereon instructions that may cause a processor to obtain a digital model of a transfer screen to be 3D fabricated. The processor may also determine placements of pores in the digital model, in which the transfer screen is to be mounted on a transfer mold via an attachment mechanism and to engage a surface of a wet part formed on a corresponding forming screen. The forming screen may have a first shape and the transfer screen may have a second shape that is complementary to the first shape, and the locations of the pores may be determined to allow liquid to be suctioned from the wet part when a vacuum pressure is applied to the transfer mold. The processor may further modify the digital model of the transfer screen to include the pores at the determined placements.

Abstract: According to examples, a processor may obtain a digital model of a screen including pores that is to be implemented in a formation of a wet part from a slurry. The processor may obtain a digital model of a feature to be added to the screen, in which the feature is to impart a detail onto the wet part during formation of the wet part and may incorporate the digital model of the feature with the digital model of the screen. The processor may also identify locations in the digital model of the feature that are in line with pores in the digital model of the screen and modify the digital model of the feature to add pores at the identified locations in the digital model of the feature to extend the pores in the digital model of the screen through the digital model of the feature.

Abstract: The invention relates, inter alia, to a method for operating an additive manufacturing device. The method includes a transmission of a product identification information, which identifies a manufacturing material product unit, preferably a material filament spool, a container having liquid material, or a container having powdered material. The method furthermore includes a reception of a release information to release the additive manufacturing device in reaction to the transmission of the product identification information.

Abstract: A method for welding at least two parts including a thermoplastic material and having respective surfaces to be welded, including: inserting an insert between the surfaces to be welded of the two parts; generating heat via the insert; wherein the insert moves in relation to the parts to be welded in a welding direction. Also, an installation adapted for implementation of the method.

Abstract: A method for bonding two fiber composite components with each other to form a fiber composite structure includes integrating conductive fibers underneath a bonding surface of at least one of the two fiber composite components, each conductive fiber comprising a carbon fiber coated with an electrically insulating coating, the conductive fibers running along the bonding surface and protruding at least at their ends from the respective fiber composite component; arranging the two fiber composite components against each other at their respective bonding surfaces; passing an electric current through the conductive fibers by electrically contacting the conductive fibers at their protruding ends so that the respective fiber composite component is heated at the bonding surface to a curing temperature; and joining the two fiber composite components with each other at their bonding surfaces via secondary bonding, co-bonding and/or co-curing at the curing temperature, thereby forming the fiber composite structure.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing plastic parts, each of which has at least one glass insert which is connected to the plastic part along a connecting region, and the glass insert is free of plastic in the region encompassed by the connecting region and forms a glass window. The connecting region of the glass insert is preferably circumferentially closed. The glass window can have through-holes or preferably recesses extending only over a portion of the thickness of the glass window and having microstructures.

Abstract: A system for applying a protective overlay on construction tracks being carried along a work path is provided. The system includes an adhesive dispensing unit provided along the work path and has a dispenser operable to dispense adhesive to a surface of the construction tracks. The system also includes an overlay feeding unit operatively mounted about the work path and which has one or more feeder rolls adapted to guide and feed a length of protective overlay from a supply of protective overlay along a feeding course above the work path. The system further includes an affixing unit provided along the work path following the feeding course. The affixing unit includes an applicator adapted to generate an affixing force to secure the length of protective overlay from the feeding course on the construction tracks.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a connection between a first plastic component and a second plastic component, wherein at least one of the two components is produced by plastics injection moulding, wherein at least one fastening region is provided on the at least one component and is moulded with a surface structure of grooves having a small spacing, and wherein the components are connected to one another by an ultrasonic welding method in the fastening region.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present invention is a microfiber high-energy implantation device for manufacturing three-dimensional carbon fiber reinforced composites, wherein the device comprises: a micro fiber feeding module, a micro fiber orientation arrangement module, a micro fiber electrifying module, a micro fiber accelerator injection module, a vacuum generator module, a high-voltage electrostatic acceleration module, an accelerator bunching module, and a micro fiber extraction control module. The present invention uses the large scale micro fibers subjected to charging treatment and reaching scale requirement of the target charge-mass ratio as the fiber source for high-energy implantation, and uses the high-voltage electrostatic acceleration electric field to accelerate and energize the array large-scale micro fibers which are uniformly and directionally arranged, so that the speed and energy thereof can meet the implantation requirement.

Abstract: An article-forming tool comprises an elongate jig having a predefined shape, an elongate flexible vise configured to hold a fiber-composite article of a predefined cross section, and a spacer system. The vise opposes the jig; it includes a series of clamp segments and a flexible spline sheet configured to conform controllably to the shape of the jig. The clamp segments are arranged side-by-side along a length of the vise, each clamp segment comprising a set of platens configured to hold a corresponding longitudinal segment of the article. The flexible spline sheet extends through the series of clamp segments, between opposing platens. The spacer system is configured to control the conformation of the spline to the shape of the jig.

Abstract: A composite part production system is disclosed which includes a body. A first mold is located on the body. A second mold is located on the body in a form-fitting manner with the first mold and allows a composite plate to be formed by overlapping on the first mold under temperature and pressure. A frame is located on the body and allows the composite plate to be transported to the first mold and/or the second mold by holding the composite plate.

Abstract: A wind turbine blade mold system having built in precision pins to locate structural components (e.g. spar caps) during layup of composite segments. A plurality of pins can be inserted through the layers of composite layups and into apertures within the mold, with spar caps positioned against the pins to ensure precise positioning, thereby preventing/inhibiting movement of the spar cap relative to the mold. A plurality of pins can be inserted through the layers of composite layups and into apertures within the mold, with cams attached to the pins and moveable to engage spar caps to ensure precise positioning of the spar cap, as well as preventing any drift during subsequent operations. The pins can remain embedded within the final molded part.

Abstract: According to examples, a processor may place anchor points at determined locations of a digital model of an item to be fabricated by a threedimensional (3D) fabrication system. The anchor points may include points that remain in place during a placement determination of pores on the digital model and may correspond to locations at which pores are or are not to be formed in the digital model. The processor may determine places at which the pores are to be set in the digital model of the item, in which the pores are to be placed to comply with a predefined constraint with respect to each other and the anchor points and may modify the digital model to place the pores at the determined places in the digital model and to add pores at anchor points that correspond to pores in the digital model.

Abstract: A method of forming a composite article includes constructing a preform having a strand layer including an interior portion and a peripheral portion surrounding the interior portion. The strand layer includes a plurality of strand segments traversing the interior portion and defining a first strand segment population density and a second strand segment population density. The preform is inserted into the mold cavity so that the interior portion of the preform is received in a molding region of the mold cavity. The molding region has a first thickness corresponding to the first strand segment population density and a second thickness corresponding to the second strand segment population density. Following the inserting, the mold is closed and the interior portion of the preform is compressed within the molding region. In the closed mold, the peripheral portion of the strand layer may be maintained in a loose state within the relief region.

Abstract: A screen repair patch and a screen flaw repair method. The screen repair patch includes an optical layer, a substrate layer, and an adhesion layer. The optical layer and a screen to be repaired have the same or similar optical performance. The substrate layer has a thickness of 10 to 250 microns. The adhesion layer has a thickness of 5 to 200 microns. In the screen flaw repair method, a repair patch is cut off from a region on a patch sheet corresponding to the position of a flaw of a screen, and the repair patch is attached to the corresponding position of the flaw of the screen by using a joining direction of the screen as an affixing direction of the repair patch.

Abstract: When manufacturing a pipeline that carries an array of electrical cables, insulation resistance monitoring is performed by a monitoring unit that is connected to the cables of the array and is mounted to a leading end of the pipeline. The monitoring unit tests the cables cyclically in succession. Monitoring is performed on the cables after their application to the pipeline and while the pipeline and the cables advance together through further manufacturing processes, such as insertion of the pipeline into the outer pipe of a pipe-in-pipe structure. If a fault is detected in any of the cables, an alert can be raised quickly enough to stop the process and to rectify the fault before the fault is covered and rendered inaccessible. The pipeline and the cables can advance continuously unless a fault is detected.

Abstract: A mobile palm oil processing machine that is capable of being towed by a light-duty vehicle such as a motorcycle and that comprises a small-scale palm oil press mounted on a trailer along with a diesel engine that is coupled to the palm oil press via a drive shaft. The trailer further comprises a removable cover capable of being deployed as a shelter roof or alternatively as a ramp when the mobile palm oil processing machine is deployed on site. The trailer further comprises the capability for self-propulsion that allows the trailer to ascend and descend steep inclines and to assist the light-duty vehicle in self extrication when the trailer is stuck, such as on a muddy or unimproved road.

Abstract: A fully automatic small arms demilitarization system includes individual infeed conveyance systems loaded at a single process initiation location; multiple hydraulic press stations fed by the individual infeed conveyance systems; and the multiple hydraulic press stations configured to crush one section of each weapon per cycle, incrementally crushing an entire length of each weapon, completely distorting each weapon to preclude restoration to a useable condition. The system further including an output system configured to output demilitarized weapons onto a common outfeed conveyance system that delivers the demilitarized weapons to a single recycle bin.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for providing coolants and/or extractants for at least one press, and to a pressing apparatus. The reliability and accuracy of the feed of a coolant and/or extractant to an extraction press that are needed for large-scale industrial use can be achieved by the combination of a storage device, a metering device and a distributing device.

Abstract: A converting assembly performs a plurality of conversion functions on sheet material to convert the sheet material into packaging templates. The converting assembly includes a plurality of tool rollers. Each of the tool rollers has one or more conversion tools thereon. The one or more conversion tools on an individual tool roller are configured to perform a subset of the plurality of conversion functions that convert the sheet material into packaging templates.

Abstract: A method of forming a tray includes obtaining a blank, the blank having a plurality of panels and a plurality of end flaps foldably connected to a respective panel of the plurality of panels. The method further includes positioning the blank in a blank feeder assembly of a system for forming a tray, moving the blank to a tray forming assembly, the tray forming assembly including a tray forming assembly, the tray forming assembly including a turret assembly comprising a plurality of female tray forming members, the tray forming assembly further comprising a piston assembly including a male forming member, positioning the blank between the turret assembly and the piston assembly, and moving the piston assembly into at least partial engagement with the turret assembly to form a tray from the blank.

Abstract: A method for fitting a paper sheet includes a water absorption step of causing a region of the paper sheet to absorb water, the region being at least a part of the paper sheet; a placing step of placing the region of the paper sheet between one set of first molding surfaces of a press mold; a molding step of molding the region of the paper sheet into a three-dimensional shape, by closing the press mold; a layering step of layering another paper sheet that is not caused to absorb water on the molded paper sheet, after opening the press mold; a fitting step of fitting the molded paper sheet and the another paper sheet by closing the press mold to mold a laminate into a three-dimensional shape; and a removal step of removing a molded article including a fitting portion, after opening the press mold.

Abstract: A device for handling cardboard blanks comprises an erecting device with a plurality of engagement elements. The erecting device is configured to transition from a receiving configuration to a forming configuration. The erecting device is configured to move at least several of the engagement elements to transition from the receiving configuration to the forming configuration. In the receiving configuration, the erecting device is configured to receive a group of cardboard blanks each having a bottom region and side regions connected to the bottom region. The engagement elements are configured to erect the side regions of the cardboard blanks when the erecting device transitions from the receiving configuration to the forming configuration. The erecting device is configured to move the bottom regions of the cardboard blanks relative to each other when transitioning from the receiving configuration to the forming configuration.

Abstract: A vehicle interior material in which a skin body is less likely to rise from a base material at a position of an end portion is provided. The vehicle interior material includes a base material and skin body 3 covering at least a part of a front side of the base material and bonded to the base material. Skin body 3 includes folded portion 15 folded to a side of back surface 10b. Back surface 10b is exposed to a side of the base material at a position of an end portion of folded portion 15 in an extending direction.

Abstract: A layered board includes a layered board body formed in a plate shape. The layered board body includes: a pair of resin films arranged spaced apart in a thickness direction of the layered board body; a pair of fiber mats layered on inner surfaces of the pair of resin films, respectively; and foam arranged between inner surfaces of the pair of fiber mats. At least one reinforcing member is embedded in the foam.

Abstract: A composition may comprise a fabric substrate having a first melting temperature and a polymer sheet having a second melting temperature, wherein the second melting temperature may be less than the first melting temperature. The polymer sheet and the fabric substrate may have a base thermoplastic polymer in common. The polymer sheet may be at least partially melted and laminated onto the fabric substrate such that the polymer sheet and fabric substrate become fused to produce a fused laminated fabric. A recycling process may be performed on the fused laminated fabric, wherein the fabric substrate and the polymer sheet remain laminated throughout the recycling process.

Abstract: Disclosed are an insulation headliner for automobiles, which maximizes the insulation performance of the headliner constituting an interior ceiling of automobiles requiring improved fuel efficiency, such as electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles, and a method for manufacturing the same, the headliner for automobiles includes a base layer, a hot melt layer laminated on the base layer, and a vacuum insulator layer laminated on the hot melt layer.

Abstract: There is provided a film containing, in the following order, a base material, a permeation layer, and a water-absorbent polymer-containing layer, in which the water-absorbent polymer-containing layer is an outermost layer.

Abstract: This thermal insulation material is provided with: thermal insulation layers, each of which has a porous structure having a skeleton that is composed of a plurality of particles connected with each other, while having pores inside and hydrophobic portions at least on the surface among the surface and the inside; and a pair of functional layers which are arranged on both sides of the thermal insulation layers in the thickness direction. The pair of functional layers have the same properties that include at least one of fire resistance and radiant heat dissipation properties.