Abstract: According to examples, a fiber-optic testing source for testing a multi-fiber cable may include a laser source communicatively coupled to a plurality of optical fibers connected to a connector. The fiber-optic testing source may include at least one photodiode communicatively coupled to at least one of the plurality of optical fibers by at least one corresponding splitter to implement a communication channel between the fiber-optic testing source and a fiber-optic testing receiver. The communication channel may be operable independently from a polarity associated with the multi-fiber cable. The fiber-optic testing receiver may include a plurality of photodiodes communicatively coupled to a plurality of optical fibers.

Abstract: Methods, systems and a self-sensing valve assembly are described for monitoring seal life. The method includes providing a valve assembly movable from an open position to a closed position and including a seal seated within the valve and in contact with a surface of the valve assembly, wherein when the seal is in operation it is subject to degradation. At least one sensor is placed for measuring micro strain on a surface of the valve assembly or within the valve assembly. The valve assembly is placed in an operation wherein the seal is subject to degradation and the operation of the valve assembly is initiated.

Abstract: A method of repairing an integrally bladed rotor (IBR) may comprise: performing a vibratory analysis of a rotor module including a first inspected IBR with a potential repair shape for the IBR; determining an undesirable vibratory characteristic of a second inspected IBR in the rotor module; iterating the potential repair shape for the first IBR to eliminate the undesirable vibratory characteristic of the second inspected IBR; and repairing the first IBR with a selected repair shape based on determining the potential repair shape eliminates the undesirable vibratory characteristic.

Abstract: A track component for use with a track assembly includes a gyro sensor that monitors a track wrap angle of the track chain assembly about the idler wheel, or the drive sprocket.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting coolant leakage that can accurately detect the coolant leakage height in the process of detecting coolant leakage in the event of coolant leakage in a battery pack. The apparatus can detect leakage of a coolant flowing through a battery, and includes a detection resistor unit provided in the battery pack and including a resistor, the detection resistor unit configured such that the resistor is disposed at different heights from a lower end of the battery pack toward an upper end of the battery pack and the resistor comes into contact with the coolant, a power supply unit configured to supply power to the detection resistor unit, and a detection unit configured to connect to the detection resistor unit, and detect whether the coolant leaks and the coolant leakage height based on an electrical signal received from the detection resistor unit.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a sensor system for monitoring the sealing of the connection between a sensor holder and a sensor that is mounted on the sensor holder. The sensor system includes a sensor holder, a sensor that is mounted on the sensor holder, and a leakage detector with a channel, which is arranged in the sensor holder and consists of one or more straight sections that are mounted perpendicular or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sensor.

Abstract: A battery pack leakage detection system and detection method are provided. The system includes a test container, a gas filling subsystem, a gas stirring subsystem and a test analysis subsystem. The method can test the sealing performance of the battery pack under the atmospheric pressure, so that the battery pack can meet the corresponding sealing grade requirements of IP67 and IP68. The method not only solves the problem that the traditional gas detection method cannot meet the test requirements of IP67 and IP68 due to insufficient measurement precision, but also solves the problem that the traditional vacuum helium detection method will damage the battery cells in the battery pack.

Abstract: A method for leak testing includes a leak testing step and a reference leak step. In the leak testing step, a hollow work 20 as a test object is encapsulated in a work capsule 11. A test pressure is supplied to the work capsule 11 through a path 2a connected to the work capsule. A variation of pressure inside the work capsule 11 is detected in a condition in which the path 2a is shut-off, and a judgment is made whether a leakage through the work is generated based on the detected output. In the reference leak step, a reference leak device 30 having a known pinhole 31a is mounted on a work 20? for reference leakage that is same as the work 20 as the test object. The work 20? for reference leakage is encapsulated in the work capsule 11. The test pressure is supplied to the work capsule 11 via the path 2a, and a reference leakage is generated in the work 20? for reference leakage via the reference leak device 30 in a condition in which the path 2a is shut-off.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a dynamic strain field measuring method and system for a rotor blade based on blade tip timing. The method includes the following steps: establishing a three-dimensional finite element model of a to-be-measured rotor blade, and extracting modal parameters of the three-dimensional finite element model; determining the number and circumferential mounting positions of blade tip timing sensors; establishing a mapping relationship between single-point displacement and full-field dynamic strains of the blade; acquiring blade tip single-point displacement of the rotor blade based on the blade tip timing sensors; and realizing, by the single-point displacement, dynamic strain measurement in any position and direction of the rotor blade based on the mapping relationship.

Abstract: Systems and methods for evaluating cooling characteristics are disclosed. In at least one embodiment, a thermal test vehicle can be used to simulate a thermal performance of a computing unit.

Abstract: Methods and systems for remote monitoring of a portable generator. A method for monitoring portable generators includes removably attaching a telemetry module to a portable generator, the telemetry module including a processor, a service provider cable modem, and sensors for obtaining telemetry data from the portable generator, sending, to a service provider system via the service provider cable modem and over a service provider coaxial cable system, portable generator telemetry data when the portable generator is active, receiving, by the service provider cable modem from the service provider system, control commands based on actionable data generated from the portable generator telemetry data, and executing, by the processor, the control commands on the portable generator.

Abstract: Methods and assemblies may be used for determining and using standardized spectral responses for calibration of spectroscopic analyzers. The methods and assemblies may be used to calibrate or recalibrate a spectroscopic analyzer when the spectroscopic analyzer changes from a first state to a second state, the second state being defined as a period of time after a change to the spectroscopic analyzer causing a need to calibrate or recalibrate the spectroscopic analyzer. The calibration or recalibration may result in the spectroscopic analyzer outputting a standardized spectrum, such that the spectroscopic analyzer outputs a corrected material spectrum for an analyzed material, and defining the standardized spectrum. The corrected material spectrum may include signals indicative of material properties of an analyzed material, the material properties of the material being substantially consistent with material properties of the material output by the spectroscopic analyzer in the first state.

Abstract: At least a method and an apparatus are provided for collecting, processing and/or measuring of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in a sample, particularly in a solid sample which needs to be crushed for the VOCs to be released. A solid sample is placed into a reusable vial made of e.g., a material having a crushing strength of at least 4000 pounds per square inch. The reusable vial is capped using an external capping unit. The sample can be crushed directly in same reusable vial with an external crushing pestle placed through the capping unit to release a volatile organic compound contained in the solid sample. The volatile organic compound contained in the solid sample can then be extracted from the same reusable vial for an analysis of the volatile organic compound.

Abstract: Method for preparing a sample, wherein the sample is provided as a thin film on a support structure; the temperature of the support structure is adjusted to a value above the dew point temperature of the environment to decrease the film thickness, light is directed at the support structure, an intensity value of the transmitted light is measured, and the support structure is automatically inserted into a liquid cryogen dependent on the measured intensity value. The application further relates to a system comprising a support structure, a temperature-controlled stage for keeping the support structure at a pre-defined temperature, a transfer mechanism for moving the support structure into a container containing a liquid cryogen, a light source, a photodetector for measuring an intensity value of the transmitted light, and a control device for triggering the transfer mechanism dependent on the measured intensity value.

Abstract: The subject disclosure presents systems and methods for improved meso-dissection of biological specimens and tissue slides including importing one or more reference slides with annotations, using inter-marker registration algorithms to automatically map the annotations to an image of a milling slide, and dissecting the annotated tissue from the selected regions in the milling slide for analysis, while concurrently tracking the data and analysis using unique identifiers such as bar codes.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a wafer breaking method and a chip failure analysis method. The wafer breaking method includes: providing a wafer sample, which includes a first surface with a target point and a second surface opposite to the first surface; forming a first crack and a second crack, orthographic projection of which on the first surface are on the same straight line as the target point in a preset direction; forming a cutting slot, there is a preset distance between a bottom of the cutting slot and the first surface, and orthographic projection of the first crack and the second crack are on the same straight line as the cutting slot; and breaking the wafer sample along the cutting slot, such that the wafer sample is broken in the preset direction to obtain a cross section of the target point in the preset direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of microscopy, preferably electron microscopy. Especially, the present invention concerns an embedding medium for imaging a biological sample by microscopy comprising: from 60% to 99% wt. of a glycol dimethacrylate selected from alkylene glycol dimethacrylate and/or oligo(alkylene glycol) dimethacrylate; from 0% to 38% wt. of a polyalkylene glycol diacrylate or of a polyalkylene glycol methacrylate; said polyalkylene glycol diacrylate or polyalkylene glycol methacrylate being optionally substituted by at least one hydrophilic group such as hydroxyl, amino, or an oxo group; at least one additive, preferably comprising at least one heavy metal salt or lanthanide salt; and from 0.1% to 2% wt. of a radical polymerization initiator.

Abstract: The analyzing method for quantifying urea in a sample solution includes: a pretreatment step of pretreating the sample solution with at least one of a membrane device including a reverse osmosis membrane and an ion exchange device including an ion exchanger; and an analyzing step of analyzing a target substance in the pretreated sample solution. The analyzing step is based on, for example, flow injection analysis (FIA), and includes a step of quantifying the target substance by measuring the absorbance of a liquid containing a substance generated by reacting the target substance with a reagent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and systems for isolation of species in semi-permeable capsules and processing of encapsulated species through series of steps and/or reactions. To produce capsules, first aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) droplets are generated using microfluidics system and then the hydrogel shell layer is hardened by inducing polymerization. As exemplified in this invention to achieve concentric ATPS droplet formation density-matched PEGDA and Dextran polymer solutions can be used. Once a capsule is formed, its composition can be changed by adding new reagents or replacing out old ones (e.g. by resuspending capsules in desired aqueous solution). The hydrogel shell of semi-permeable capsules can be dissolved at selected step during multi-step procedures in order to release the encapsulated species. The present invention exemplifies the isolation of individual cells within capsules and using the encapsulated cells for genotypic and phenotypic analysis.

Abstract: Systems and methods include a computer-implemented method for performing real-time measurements of drilling fluid in a well. A driver and a reference are monitored for responses by a measurement controller of a system for measuring fluid flow. The driver is configured as a driving electromechanical resonator for contacting the drilling fluid. The reference is configured as a reference electromechanical resonator for contacting the drilling fluid. The reference is of a similar construction as the driver and is in contact with the drilling fluid in a substantially same way. Real-time measurements are performed by the measurement controller based on information received from the driver and reference. A viscosity and density of the drilling fluid are determined based on the real-time measurements. The similar construction of the driver and reference enables mitigation of environmental sensitivities of the driver and reference, enhancing fluid property sensitivities to physical properties of the drilling fluid.

Abstract: An experimental device for SDC of powder particle sizes in a disc mill system includes a screw feeding control device, a mill speed adjustment device, a disc gap servo control device, a sampling device, a laser particle analyzer, a control cabinet and an upper computer. A control method for the experimental device includes the following steps: 1) performing initial setting; 2) starting the disc mill system; 3) performing sampling through a sampling device; 4) detecting a actual PDF (probability density function) shaping of distribution of powder particle sizes through the laser particle analyzer; and 5) updating the initial setting through a SDC algorithm. The experimental device and method can verify a series of SDC algorithms, and provides good a better experimental platform for teaching and scientific research; and the shape of non-Gaussian distribution of output random variables of a stochastic distribution system can be effectively controlled.

Abstract: A parallel core simulation device for commingling production in low-permeability gas reservoirs includes a gas supercharger configured to provide a high pressure gas to simulate a fluid in a gas reservoir, a plurality of core holders arranged in parallel, a thermostat configured to control a temperature of each core holder to simulate a temperature of the gas reservoir, a pressure pump configured to control a pressure applied to each core holder to simulate a confining pressure of the gas reservoir, a first back-pressure valve communicated with each core holder, a fully-automatic gas meter configured to measure a rate and a volume of gas production and a second hydraulic pump configured to simulate a part of a gas well Christmas Tree.

Abstract: In some examples, a system including a fluid stream monitoring system. The monitoring system includes an illumination device configured to illuminate at least some of particles suspended in a fluid stream; and an imaging device configured to image the illuminated particles at a first image plane that intersects a longitudinal axis of the fluid stream, wherein the illumination device and the imaging device are registered to the fluid stream delivery device in the first image plane, where the first image plane is substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. The system includes processing circuitry configured to determine one or more physical characteristics of the fluid particles.

Abstract: A corrosion resistance test method for a coated metal material that includes a metal base and a surface treatment film, includes the steps of: disposing one or more water-containing material holders each holding a water-containing material to be in contact with the surface treatment film and one or more electrodes to be in contact with the water-containing material, and electrically connecting, with an external circuit, between the one electrode and the metal base, or between the electrodes; and supplying a current between the one electrode and the metal base, or between at least one of the electrodes and at least one of the other electrodes, as an anode and a cathode, to bring corrosion of the coated metal material to progress. The water-containing material comprises water, an electrolyte material, and kaolinite, and comprises the kaolinite at 36.0 mass % or more to 45.0 mass % or less.

Abstract: A method for evaluating a weld in a formed object includes performing a contact mechanics test of a first region that includes the weld and storing one or more corresponding weld surface mechanical property measurements, performing a contact mechanics test of a second region that excludes the weld and storing one or more corresponding base material surface mechanical property measurements, determining a relative difference in the weld surface mechanical property measurements and the base material surface mechanical property measurements, determining one or more weld width measurements on the exterior surface of the formed object, and evaluating the weld based on the determined relative difference in the weld surface mechanical property measurements and the base material surface mechanical property measurements in relation to the determined weld width measurements in order to provide an index of weld quality that is traditionally measured through a destructive test or examination.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing an object may include a test chamber, a first chamber, a second chamber, and a gas supply module. The test chamber receives a test board for testing an object. The first chamber is under the test chamber and receives a lower surface of the test board. The second chamber surrounds the first chamber to isolate the first chamber from ambient air. The gas supply module supplies a dry gas to the second chamber to provide a positive pressure higher than an ambient pressure, thereby preventing the ambient air from infiltrating into the first chamber. Thus, during the testing of the object at a low temperature, the second chamber may prevent the humid ambient air from infiltrating into the first chamber to prevent condensation of water on the lower surface of the test board.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an analytical method that includes providing a sample potentially containing a chiral analyte that can exist in stereoisomeric forms, and providing a probe selected from the group consisting of metal salts. The sample is contacted with the probe under conditions that permit coordination of the probe to the analyte, if present in the sample; and, based on any coordination that occurs, the absolute configuration of the analyte in the sample, and/or the concentration of the analyte in the sample, and/or the enantiomeric composition of the analyte in the sample is/are determined.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of biochemical detection, and in particular to a reading apparatus for reading an assay result on a testing element. The reading apparatus comprises a first light-emitting element, a first photodetector and a light blocking element, wherein the first light-emitting element emits light and illuminates one or more corresponding areas of the testing element, the first photodetector receives light from one or more corresponding areas of the testing element, and the light blocking element guides a path of light emitted from a light emitting element and/or from a testing element. The light blocking element separates photodetectors in separate spaces, including a first light blocking element and a second light blocking element, wherein the first light blocking element is located between the first light-emitting element and the first photodetector, to guide the light emitted from the light emitting element to illuminate the testing element.

Abstract: A food selection method includes obtaining one or more spectra corresponding to each of one or more foods, the one or more spectra being a result of measurement of each of the one or more foods using a spectral camera, comparing desire information indicating an attribute of a food desired by a user and a state of each of the one or more foods based on the one or more spectra, and selecting a food that suits the user's desire on a basis of a result of the comparing.

Abstract: A method for nanoscale tomographic infrared absorption imaging is provided, the method including: generating a first plurality of sets of probe measurements for a plurality of sample locations located across a surface of a sample, and measuring a magnitude and phase of a variation in displacement of the surface of the sample at the particular sample location at the second frequency, wherein the first frequency and the second frequency differ; and generating, based on the first plurality of sets of probe measurements, a three-dimensional tomographic map of absorption of infrared light at the first wavelength by the sample. Generating measurements for a particular location includes generating a first probe measurement by illuminating the sample with infrared light that varies at a first frequency and measuring a variation in displacement of the surface of the sample at the particular sample location at the first frequency.

Abstract: A testing apparatus for dynamic characterization of a sample of a material under test. A terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy system is configured and arranged to generate and detect terahertz waves to interrogate the sample. A shock wave loading system is configured and arranged to produce a shock wave in the sample concurrently with said THz spectroscopy device interrogating the sample. The sample undergoes changes in an index of refraction in response to the produced ultrafast shock wave in the sample that are detected by the terahertz spectroscopy system.

Abstract: A detection unit receives an optical signal that has passed through a space to be measured. A spectrum extraction unit extracts a range to be measured from the optical signal received by the detection unit. The spectrum extraction unit extracts an optical signal formed as a gas molecule of a gas to be measured absorbs energy of the optical signal. A determination unit determines the presence of an anomaly in the space to be measured based on a waveform of the optical signal extracted by the spectrum extraction unit.

Abstract: Systems and methods of performing a stress measurement of a chemically strengthened glass using a light-scattering polarimetry system include adjusting the intensity of a light beam from a light source in an illumination system using a rotatable half-wave plate and a first polarizer operably disposed between the light source and a rotating light diffuser that has a rotation time tR. The first polarizer is aligned with a second polarizer in a downstream optical compensator to have matching polarization directions by rotating the rotatable half-wave plate to a position where the exposure time tE falls within an exposure range tR?tE. The method also includes performing an exposure using the exposure time tE to obtain the stress measurement. One or both of the half-wave plate and first polarizer can be tilted to avoid deleterious back-reflected light from entering the light source.

Abstract: The embodiments disclose a method for in-situ inspection and processing of an object including providing a pulsed laser source during the in-situ inspection of a surface of the object for modifying at least one of an optical, mechanical, or chemical property of a first region of the surface, directing the laser source through an optics path to shape, position and focus a pulsed laser beam at the first region, directing a probe illumination light beam to the optics path to produce a combined and collinear optical light path of the probe illumination light beam and the pulsed laser beam to focus and deliver the combined and collinear optical light path at a same region on the surface, superimposing a first focus spot of the probe illumination light beam over a second focus spot of the pulsed laser beam on an illuminated region of the surface.

Abstract: A covered chamberless particulate detector includes a chamberless detector configured to produce a signal when particulate sensing events occurs, one or more optical emitters configured to emit one or more emitting cones of light, one or more optical sensors defining one or more receiving cones and configured to detect occurrence of particulate sensing events, and a protective cover defining an inside region and an outside region. Each of the one or more emitting cones of light is configured to overlap with each of the one or more receiving cones, thereby creating one or more sensing volumes which may be in the inside region, the outside region, or both regions. The protective cover can be transparent, partially transparent, or opaque, and can include apertures. The optical emitters and detectors can use one or more wavelengths, allowing discrimination of various airborne particulates.

Abstract: An example system for inspecting a surface includes a laser, an optical system, a gated camera, and a control system. The laser is configured to emit pulses of light, with respective wavelengths of the pulses of light varying over time. The optical system includes at least one optical element, and is configured to direct light emitted by the laser to points along a scan line one point at a time. The gated camera is configured to record a fluorescent response of the surface from light having each wavelength of a plurality of wavelengths at each point along the scan line. The control system is configured to control the gated camera such that an aperture of the gated camera is open during fluorescence of the surface but closed during exposure of the surface to light emitted by the laser.

Abstract: An analysis system includes an analyzer configured to separate a sample including a plurality of components labeled with any of M kinds of fluorescent substances by chromatography and acquire first time-series data of fluorescence signals detected in N kinds (M>N) of wavelength bands in a state in which at least a part of the plurality of components is not completely separated; and a computer configured to compare the first time-series data with the second time-series data, and determine which kind of fluorescent substance of M kinds of fluorescent substances individually labels each of the plurality of components.

Abstract: The present invention relates in one aspect to a method of detecting a contaminant in a measurement chamber (201) of a sample analyzer (200). The sample analyzer (200) comprises an optical sensor with a sensor layer (205) comprising a luminophor (201), wherein the sensor layer (205) has a sensor surface (206) forming an interface to the measurement chamber (201).

Abstract: A turbidity sensor featuring a signal processor or processing module configured to: receive signaling containing information about light reflected off suspended matter in a liquid and sensed by a linear sensor array having rows and columns of optical elements; and determine corresponding signaling containing information about a concentration of turbidity of the liquid, based upon the signaling received.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes a holding table that holds a measurement-target object and a measuring unit that measures a height or a thickness of the measurement-target object held by the holding table. The measuring unit includes a light source unit, an optical fiber that guides light emitted by the light source unit, and a light collector that focuses the light guided by the optical fiber on the measurement-target object held by the holding table. The light source unit includes an excitation light source, a fluorescent body that emits fluorescence when receiving excitation light emitted by the excitation light source, and a collecting lens that focuses the excitation light emitted by the excitation light source on the fluorescent body.

Abstract: A three-dimensional (3D) object scanning method includes: controlling, when an invisible light source is off, a first camera device to capture a first image of the target object; and controlling, when the invisible light source is on, a second camera device to capture second images of the target object from a plurality of viewing angles. The target object is painted with invisible markers that are invisible to the first camera device when the invisible light source is off. The invisible markers are visible to the second camera device upon absorbing a light emitted by the invisible light source. The second images are used to determine 3D information of the target object.

Abstract: An antibody or Fab fragment, wherein at least one amino group of the N-terminal amino acid of the light chain and/or of the N-terminal amino acid of the heavy chain is bound by an amidic bond to a molecule comprising a fluorophore group A, wherein said bond constitutes at least 70% of the total binding of said molecule to said antibody or Fab.

Abstract: Microscopy with Ultraviolet Surface Excitation (MUSE) for use in the classroom to enhance life sciences education and curricula, or for other applications, including without limtiation the operating room, other medical environments, research environments, and low resource environments. MUSE's suitability is based on multiple key factors including its simplicity of use, the incorporation of inexpensive hardware including LED illumination, and very basic tissue preparation. The ultraviolet excitation acts as passive optical sectioning confining the generated fluorescence signal to only a few micrometers below the tissue surface thus eliminating the out of focus signals. This facilitates image capture of tissue microstructure and organization from specimens at the intact or sliced surface arising from varying fluorophore concentration within the different cellular compartments.

Abstract: The multi-photon microscope comprises a repetition rate tuner that lowers an optical pulse train emitted from a pulsed laser to a repetition rate for time-gated detection, a scanner that scans the optical pulse train transmitted from the repetition rate tuner in x-axis and y-axis directions, an objective lens that irradiates an optical signal scanned by the scanner to the sample and acquires a fluorescence signal emitted from the excited fluorescent material, a photodetector that photoelectrically converts the fluorescence signal acquired by the objective lens, an amplifier that converts a current signal output from the photodetector into a voltage signal, a digitizer that samples the voltage signal output from the amplifier, and a computing device that separates sampling data output from the digitizer with a detection window set in time domain, and generates an image based on the sampling data separated by the detection window.

Abstract: To quickly and accurately quantify four types of TSNAs contained in a tobacco raw material by using fluorescence fingerprint information, a tobacco raw material containing known quantities of four types of TSNAs is prepared, and fluorescence fingerprint information thereof is acquired. The fluorescence fingerprint information is pre-processed, as needed, and an estimation model (calibration curve) for estimating the total quantity of the four types of TSNAs from the fluorescence fingerprint information is created. After verifying the calibration curve, the total quantity of the four types of TSNAs contained in an unknown tobacco raw material is estimated by applying the calibration curve to the unknown tobacco raw material. On the basis of the estimated value of the total quantity of the four types of TSNAs and the known abundance ratios of the individual TSNAs, the contained quantities of the four types of TSNAs are estimated.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a sample is disclosed. The method includes the steps of measuring a spectral response of the sample, selecting a reference material having a Raman peak with a magnitude at a wave number, measuring a peak value in the spectral response at the wave number, and determining an amount of the reference material in the sample based in part on a ratio of the measured peak value to the magnitude of the Raman peak of the reference material.

Abstract: A method, a system, and a non-transitory computer readable medium for Raman spectroscopy. The method may include determining first acquisition parameters of a Raman spectroscope to provide a first acquisition set-up, the determining is based on at least one expected radiation pattern to be detected by a sensor of the Raman spectroscope as a result of an illumination of a first area of a sample, the first area comprises a first nano-scale structure, wherein at least a part of the at least one expected radiation pattern is indicative of at least one property of interest of the first nano-scale structure of the sample; wherein the first acquisition parameters belong to a group of acquisition parameters; setting the Raman spectroscope according to the first acquisition set-up; and acquiring at least one first Raman spectrum of the first nano-scale structure of the sample, while being set according to the first acquisition set-up.

Abstract: An apparatus for analysis of a sample of a material is disclosed. The apparatus has a body configured to accept the sample and a detector with a plurality of points. The detector is configured to provide a signal about the intensities of light received at the points. The apparatus also includes a slit array having a plurality of slits configured to collected light from the accepted sample and a collimating lens array having a plurality of lenses configured to receive the light from the slit array and collimate the collected light. The apparatus also includes a diffraction grating configured to diffract the light received from the collimating lens array and a focusing lens configured to focus the diffracted light of a common frequency on a common point of the detector.

Abstract: A system for high gain stimulated Raman spectroscopy comprises a first continuous wave laser having an output beam at a tunable optical frequency modulated at a first RF frequency, a second continuous wave laser having a second output beam at an optical frequency modulated at a second RF frequency, wherein the modulation frequencies are selected such that their beat notes represent a Raman resonance frequency, a dual-beam rasterizing probe including first and second photosensors and a rasterizer configured to scan the first and second laser output beams onto a sample, exposing the sample to a reduced average power of laser radiation stimulating the sample to emit Raman radiation signals. The Raman signals are directed to the photosensors and the outputs of the photosensors are supplied to a differential amplifier configured to provide sensitivity and gain to signals at the beat note resonant frequency and to filter signals at other frequencies.

Abstract: A device and a method of detecting a concentration of a sample are provided. The device includes a power supply unit configured to supply power to generate plasma, a plasma generation unit connected to the power supply unit and including a pair of electrodes facing each other, a plurality of signal detection units arranged on the pair of electrodes and configured to sense light emitted from the sample because of the plasma, and a controller configured to control a driving start point of the signal detection unit so that the signal detection unit is driven after a preset period of time after oscillation is terminated between the pair of electrodes.