Abstract: A microelectromechanical device for diffracting optical beams comprises a diffractive element suspended over a channel. The diffractive element is configured to receive an optical beam and diffract and/or transmit the optical beam based on an orientation of the diffractive element. At least one torsional actuator is operatively connected to the diffractive element. The at least one torsional actuator is configured to selectively adjust the orientation of the diffractive element. The diffractive element has a diffractive element resonant frequency that is nearly the same as a resonant frequency of the optical beam.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing at least one membrane system for a micromechanical sensor for the calorimetric detection of gases. A wafer-shaped substrate is provided. At least one reference volume is introduced from a front side into the wafer-shaped substrate with the aid of a surface or volume micromechanical process while forming a reference membrane covering the reference volume at least in some areas. At least one measuring volume, which is adjacent to the at least one reference volume, is introduced into the substrate from a back side or the front side of the wafer-shaped substrate while forming a measuring membrane. A wafer-shaped cap substrate is applied onto the front side of the wafer-shaped substrate. A membrane system and a component are described.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an aerogel blanket, the method capable of simplifying manufacturing equipment by performing gelation while rotating a reaction vessel, improving manufacturing efficiency by controlling manufacturing time regardless of the thickness of an aerogel blanket and improving thermal conductivity by uniformly forming an aerogel in a substrate for blanket.

Abstract: The methods for synthesizing mordenite (MOR) zeolite crystals described herein utilize a combination of organics and produce MOR crystals with reduced size, higher Si/Al ratio, fewer stacking faults, less occluded organics in the final product, and a longer catalyst lifetime.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a cold-plasma ozone generator, the ozone generator comprising: a non-arcing non-coronal ozone production cell capable of generating ozone; the ozone production cell having a pair of electrodes placed on two sides of the production cell and spaced apart by an electrode gap, and a dielectric layer on each of the electrodes facing inward into the ozone production cell; a high-voltage pulse generator attached to the electrodes and configured for producing a glow discharge cold plasma between the electrodes, the high-voltage pulse generator being able to produce sufficient voltage to generate the glow discharge cold plasma; a cooling system attached to each of the electrodes; and an oxygen source adapted to provide gas flow through the production cell in the gap between the pair of electrodes that efficiently generates ozone in the cold plasma, wherein the dielectric layers are intimately and directly bonded to each of the electrodes.

Abstract: Boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) material can be placed in large volume configurations such as needed for cryopumps, high surface area filters, scaffolding for coatings, transition radiation detectors, neutron detectors, and similar systems where large volumes may range from cubic millimeters to cubic meters and beyond. The technology to secure the BNNT material includes creating a scaffold of a material acceptable to the final system such as stainless steel wires for a cryopump. The BNNTs can be arranged in the scaffold by freeze drying, filtration technologies, conformal surface attachment and BNNT “glue” where the as-synthesized BNNT material has been partially purified or fully purified and dispersed in a dispersant.

Abstract: A method for ammonia decomposition is disclosed. The method may comprise providing a catalyst comprising an alumina support and a layer adjacent to the support. The layer comprises a perovskite phase comprising aluminum, cerium, and lanthanum, an oxide of at least one of an alkali metal and a rare earth metal, and an active metal. The method may comprise bringing the catalyst in contact with ammonia at a temperature of from about 400° C. to 700° C. to generate a reformate stream comprising hydrogen and nitrogen at an ammonia conversion efficiency of at least about 70%. The method may further comprise directing the hydrogen to a fuel cell to generate electricity. The method may further comprise generating heat for a reformer comprising the catalyst by combustion of gases or by electricity generated from hydrogen.

Abstract: A method for capturing material extracted from biochar is provided comprising the steps of: (i) providing a biochar; (ii) contacting the biochar with an extraction media, where the extraction media causes the removal of residual compounds from the pores and surface of the biochar, creating a resulting extract comprised of the extraction media and removed compounds; and (iii) collecting the resulting extract. The method also can include other steps of extraction and purification. The method further comprises the step of applying the resulting extract to seeds, plants, soil, other agricultural products, or for use in other applications. A biochar having high levels of soluble signaling compounds is also provided, where the biochar is derived from a biomass source that together with predefined pyrolysis parameters produces resulting biochar having increased levels of soluble signaling compounds that are known to increase seed germination rates and early plant growth.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a carbon nanotube includes: a mist generating step of generating a mist including a catalyst particle and a liquid carbon source; and a growing step of growing a carbon nanotube from the catalyst particle by heating the mist.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for preparing carbon nanostructure sheets are provided. The apparatuses may include a casting body including a substrate configured to move along a first direction, a slurry reservoir configured to contain a slurry, a dispenser connected to the slurry reservoir and configured to dispense the slurry onto a surface of the substrate and a doctoring member that extends in a second direction traversing the first direction and that is positioned above the surface of the substrate. The slurry may include carbon nanostructures, and/or one or more functional materials. The doctoring member may be spaced apart from the surface of the substrate by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: Carbon nanoparticle-porous skeleton composite material, its composite with lithium metal, and their preparation methods and use A carbon nanoparticle-porous skeleton composite material, its composite with lithium metal, and their preparation methods and use. In the carbon nanoparticle-porous skeleton composite material, the porous skeleton is a carbon-based porous microsphere material with a diameter of 1 to 100 ?m or a porous metal material having internal pores with a micrometer-scale pore size distribution, and the carbon nanoparticles are distributed in pores and on the surface of the carbon-based porous microsphere material or the porous metal material. The carbon nanoparticle-porous skeleton composite material is mixed with a molten lithium metal to form a lithium-carbon nanoparticle-porous skeleton composite material.

Abstract: Systems and method for producing graphene on a substrate are described. Certain types of exemplar systems include lateral arrangements of a substrate gas scavenging environment and an annealing environment. Certain other types of exemplar systems include lateral arrangements of a graphene producing environment and a cooling environment, which cools the graphene produced on the substrate. Yet other types of exemplar systems include lateral arrangements of a localized annealing environment, localized graphene producing environment and a localized cooling environment inside the same enclosure. Certain type of exemplar methods for producing graphene on a substrate include scavenging a first portion of the substrate and preferably, contemporaneously annealing a second portion of the substrate.

Abstract: Systems and method for producing graphene on a substrate are described. Certain types of exemplar systems include lateral arrangements of a substrate gas scavenging environment and an annealing environment. Certain other types of exemplar systems include lateral arrangements of a graphene producing environment and a cooling environment, which cools the graphene produced on the substrate. Yet other types of exemplar systems include lateral arrangements of a localized annealing environment, localized graphene producing environment and a localized cooling environment inside the same enclosure. Certain type of exemplar methods for producing graphene on a substrate include scavenging a first portion of the substrate and preferably, contemporaneously annealing a second portion of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for preparing a graphene based composite wave-absorbing material includes: dissolving a water soluble barium salt and a water soluble iron salt into deionized water, respectively; mixing barium salt solution and iron salt solution according to a molar ratio of Ba:Fe of 1:12 to obtain a precursor solution; dispersing a graphene material in deionized water to form a graphene dispersion; adding citric acid, nitric acid and the graphene dispersion into the precursor solution in sequence to form a mixture solution; stirring the mixture solution at a temperature of 50 to 75° C. to obtain a sol; coating and drying aged sol on a substrate to obtain a coating layer; and sintering the coating layer by a laser irradiation.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method of producing a reduced graphene oxide, the method including arranging a carbon material; arranging a substrate adjacent to the arranged carbon material; heating the arranged carbon material to a temperature of about 600° C. or higher, and depositing the heated carbon material on the substrate to form a reduced graphene oxide thin film, wherein the arranged carbon material is solid seedlac.

Abstract: Provided are methods for synthesizing a graphene gel. In embodiments, such a method comprises flowing a graphene oxide composition comprising graphene oxide and a solvent, the solvent having a boiling point higher than pure water, through a reaction chamber under conditions to deoxygenate the graphene oxide and induce gelation to form a graphene gel suspended in the solvent and flowing through the reaction chamber.

Abstract: An anode active material for secondary batteries which has improved cycle swelling characteristics and rapid charge performance, an anode comprising same, and a method for manufacturing same, in which the anode active material is manufactured by modifying the surface of natural graphite particles. The natural graphite particles have a Dmax/Dmin value of 1.6 to 2.1 in the particle size distribution thereof and have, formed in the surface thereof, pores having a diameter of 0.5 ?m to 2.0 ?m.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a crumpled form of Mxene materials, and methods of making and using these novel compositions.

Abstract: A silica particle includes: a quaternary ammonium salt, in which the following expressions are satisfied, 0.90?FBEFORE/FAFTER?1.10, and 5?FSINTERING/FBEFORE?20, in which FBEFORE represents a maximum frequency value of a pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles before washing, which is obtained from a pore distribution curve in a nitrogen gas adsorption method, FAFTER represents a maximum frequency value of the pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles after washing, which is obtained from the pore distribution curve in the nitrogen gas adsorption method, and FSINTERING represents a maximum frequency value of the pore diameter of 2 nm or less in the silica particles before washing and after sintering at 600° C., which is obtained from the pore distribution curve in the nitrogen gas adsorption method.

Abstract: A closed-loop large-scale preparation method of fluoride nanomaterial is disclosed, comprising the following steps: dissolving initial raw material into water-soluble salt by using volatile acid; evaporating the remaining acid under reduced pressure and recovering; then, adding oily organic matter with high boiling point to continue to evaporate the combined volatile acid under reduced pressure; adding an oil-soluble fluorine source to the generated oil-soluble salt; increasing the reaction temperature to increase the crystallinity of the fluoride; after cooling, separating and recovering the product and the oily organic matter; and repeating the process to realize large-scale preparation. The method uses the closed-loop process flow, does not discharge waste, and has high device yield per unit volume, low production cost and low specified asset investment. The product has the characteristics of uniform particle size and good dispersibility.

Abstract: A composite having a composition expressed by AnXyMm wherein, A represents a lanthanoid that is in a trivalent state at least partially or entirely, X represents an element that is a Group-2 element in the periodic table selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba, or a lanthanoid that is different from A, M represents an element that is a Group-1 element in the periodic table, a Group-2 element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba, or a lanthanoid that is different from A and X, n satisfies 0<n<1, y satisfies 0<y<1, m satisfies 0?m<1, and n+y+m=1.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field of new materials, and aims at providing an A-site high-entropy nanometer metal oxide with high conductivity, and a preparation method thereof. The metal oxide has molecular formula of Gd0.4Er0.3La0.4Nd0.5Y0.4)(Zr0.7, Sn0.8, V0.5)O7 and is a powder, and has microstructure of the metal oxide as a square namometer sheet with a side length of 4-12 nm and a thickness of 1-3 nm. Compared with an existing high-entropy oxide, the product in the present disclosure has high conductivity, and can be well applied to a conductive alloy, an electrical contact composite material, a conductive composite material, a multifunctional bio-based composite material, a conductive/antistatic composite coating and the like.

Abstract: Cesium-niobium-chalcogenide compounds and a semiconductor device are provided. The cesium-niobium-chalcogenide compound is selected from the group consisting of CsNbS3, CsNbSe3, and CsNbOx-3Qx, where Q is S or Se, and x is 1 or 2, and includes an edge-shared orthorhombic crystal structure. In one embodiment, the semiconductor device includes a cathode layer, an anode layer, and an active layer disposed between the cathode layer and the anode layer, and the active layer includes the cesium-niobium-chalcogenide compound.

Abstract: A device for continuous production of polyferric chloride and a method are disclosed. The device includes a first mixing pipeline, a second reaction pipeline, a third reaction pipeline, and a concentration device sequentially connected. The first mixing pipeline, the second reaction pipeline and the third reaction pipeline are each provided with a circulating spray device, and the circulating spray device includes a reflux pump, a reflux pipeline and an atomizer. The atomizer includes an atomizing pipe, and a chemical filler plate for promoting gas-liquid contact is arranged below the atomizing pipe. The reflux pump is used to extract liquid from each reaction tank, and then transport the liquid to the atomizer on the top of the reaction tank. The atomizer is driven by the pressure of the reflux pump or the motor to atomize the liquid.

Abstract: A composite oxide powder including a composition formula (1), wherein the ratio ?/? of a surface area value ? (m2/g) calculated by a BET one-point method to a surface area value ? (m2/g) calculated from a formula (2) is greater than 1.0 and equal to or less than 1.5 and the surface area value ? is equal to or less than 20 m2/g. ABO3-? (1) (wherein A is one or more types of elements (La, Sr, Sm, Ca and Ba), B is one or more types of elements (Fe, Co, Ni and Mn) and 0??<1); and surface area value ? (m2/g)=specific surface area value ?-surface area value ?(2) (the specific surface area value ? (m2/g) is a value in a total pore size range measured by a mercury intrusion method. The specific surface area value ? (m2/g) is a value in a range of pore sizes that are larger than a 50% cumulative particle size.

Abstract: A separator for separating one or more components selected from particulate material, hydrophobic material, non-polar material, microorganisms, or viruses from a mixture of water and the one or more components or from a mixture of a polar liquid and the one or more components, the separator comprising a layer of a metal hydroxide hydrate.

Abstract: Introduced here are systems for treating a wastewater stream to produce an effluent stream. A treatment system can include a sensor for measuring a characteristic of the wastewater stream and/or the effluent stream, a pump for supplying a chemical additive to the wastewater stream, and a controller for varying the flow rate of the chemical additive based on real-time analysis of measurements generated by the sensor. The characteristic could be, for example, turbidity, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), etc. Some embodiments of the treatment system further include a flow meter for measuring flow of the wastewater stream. In such embodiments, the controller may vary the flow rate of the chemical additive based on the measurements generated by the sensor and the flow meter.

Abstract: A method of chromium removal from wastewater comprising providing a copper augmented biochar and contacting the copper augmented biochar with the wastewater to remove chromium from the wastewater. The copper augmented biochar can remove chromium from wastewater with about 99% efficiency in about 1 hour.

Abstract: A two-stage water treatment process. In a first stage, an incoming stream of water is processed to remove impurities and produce an outgoing stream of water usable for a first purpose and a waste stream of water not suitable for the first purpose. In a second stage, the waste stream of water is processed to remove hardness and alkalinity and produce a second outgoing stream of water suitable for a second purpose. In an exemplary embodiment, the first stage is a forward osmosis or nanofiltration process, and the first purpose includes production of potable water. The second stage includes the use of a weak acid cation resin system.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a biocide generating system for inhibiting bio-fouling within a water system of a watercraft. The water system is configured to draw water from a body of water on which the watercraft is supported. The biocide generating system includes an electrode arrangement adapted to be incorporated as part of an electrolytic cell through which the water of the water system flows. The water system is configured such that biocide treated water also flows to one or more components of the water system that are positioned upstream of the electrode arrangement.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method for removing chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater through step-by-step electrocatalytic dechlorination degradation. A double-chamber electrolyzer reactor is used to carry out step-by-step electrocatalytic dechlorination degradation to remove chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater. The double-chamber electrolyzer reactor comprises a cathode chamber, a proton exchange membrane, an anode chamber and an intermediate processing unit, wherein the cathode chamber is separated from the anode chamber through the proton exchange membrane, and the intermediate processing unit is connected between the cathode chamber and the anode chamber through a cathode chamber water outlet, an anode chamber water inlet and pipelines.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides for methods and systems for separating ultrafine particulate pollutants from aqueous suspensions. The present disclosure provide for methods and systems that can reduce the amount of ultrafine particulate pollutants from aqueous solutions, for example storm water runoff, which are not readily or easily removed using current state of the art techniques. In general, methods of the present disclosure provide for removing a portion of target ultrafine particulate pollutants using magnetic nanoparticles, which form aggregates with the ultrafine particulate pollutants. After a time period a magnetic field is applied and the aggregate can be separated from the aqueous suspension. Subsequently, the aggregates can be broken down and the magnetic nanoparticles recycled or reused while the ultrafine particulate contaminants are further processed, recycled, or disposed of.

Abstract: Provided are an extract, which is a fractionated component 1 of a water extract of a plant powder, wherein the fractionated component 1 is a fractionated component having a fractionation molecular weight of 12,000 or greater, wherein an ethanol-undissolved component of the fractionated component 1 exhibits a peak attributable to carboxylic acid in a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurement and exhibits a peak attributable to cellulose in a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurement, and wherein an ethanol-dissolved component of the fractionated component 1 exhibits a peak attributable to carboxylic acid in the FT-IR measurement and exhibits a peak attributable to a plant protein in the GC-MS measurement, and a water-purifying agent containing the extract.

Abstract: A system for cleaning wastewater, includes: an absorption-biodegradation-denitrification (ABN) reactor, a sequential adsorption reactor, a disinfection reactor, and a sludge anaerobic fermentation reactor. The ABN reactor is an integrated reactor including: a biosorption tank, an intermediate sedimentation tank, a biologically-enhanced degradation tank, a denitrification biofilter, and a secondary sedimentation tank. The pretreated wastewater is introduced into the ABN reactor for removal of chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen and phosphorus; the ABN reactor effluent is introduced into the sequential adsorption reactor for the removal of high-risk pollutants; the sequential adsorption reactor effluent is introduced into the disinfection reactor for the elimination of viruses and other pathogenic microorganisms; the sludge produced by the ABN reactor is introduced into the anaerobic sludge fermentation reactor for alkaline fermentation.

Abstract: In a water treatment system, a pretreatment chemical is added to water stream in a pretreatment process including a coagulation, flocculation and separation to reduce amount of dissolved and/or particulate matter in the water stream. Hydrophobic conditions in the water stream are monitored upstream or downstream from adding the pretreatment chemicals. Dosing of the pretreatment chemical to the water stream is controlled based on the monitored hydrophobic conditions. Thereby a membrane fouling in subsequent membrane filtration stage can be minimized.

Abstract: A method of controlling corrosion, scaling, and biological growth in equipment such as boilers, chillers, cooling towers, heat exchangers, radiators, and pipes, each having water therein, comprising: adding oxygen or air to the water; and maintaining a pH level of the water at a level greater than 7. Additionally, the total dissolved solids level of the water may be limited to less than 100 ppm and phosphate to less than 0.1 ppm.

Abstract: The invention relates to a household appliance for the implementation of a method enabling the instant production of mineral water with a selected composition and flavour, upon request, from tap water. The tap water circulates through a filtering unit, a demineralisation unit and a remineralisation unit comprising at least one secondary input, connected to a fluidic microfeeding device, downstream from which a portion of the circuit is a static mixer. An inlet valve and the outlet valve are arranged to operate in parallel and simultaneously.

Abstract: Embodiments of a method of cold-forming a glass article are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, the method includes bending a glass sheet over the chuck such that a first major surface of the glass sheets conforms to a bending surface of the chuck. In one or more embodiments, the method includes adhering a frame to the second major surface of the glass sheet such that at least one spacer is positioned between the glass sheet and the frame.

Abstract: A method for producing a preform for producing a multi-core fiber. The method includes removing a first part-tube segment having a first part-tube segment cross-sectional area from a center of a receiving tube having a receiving tube internal diameter so that the receiving tube has a first core rod receiving cut-out, axially introducing a central filling rod having a filling rod external diameter into the receiving tube so that the receiving tube contains the central filling rod, inserting a first core rod having a first core rod cross-sectional area into the core rod receiving cut-out so that the receiving tube contains the core rod, axially introducing the receiving tube containing the first core rod and the central filling rod into a jacketing tube so as to obtain a jacketing tube containing the receiving tube, and fusing the jacketing tube containing the receiving tube to form the preform.

Abstract: A coaxial fuel and oxygen pipe apparatus can include a fuel pipe and an oxygen pipe, wherein the fuel pipe is contained within the oxygen pipe and the oxygen pipe comprises an internal diameter that is continuous without diameter changes along a length of the oxygen pipe. The fuel pipe can include an internal diameter that is continuous without diameter variations along a length of the fuel pipe. A discharge block includes a diverging section and a discharge that forms a final outlet with respect to the fuel pipe and the oxygen pipe. The discharge block is configured with two angles that can facilitate conditions for eliminating recirculation, wherein the two angles are matched to an expansion rate of the products of combustion to maintain a positive pressure throughout a final discharge from the final outlet.

Abstract: A glass container includes legible indicia having an indicia outer surface coextensive with an outer surface of an adjacent portion of the container and with no V-shaped depressions, and having an indicia inner surface that protrudes radially inwardly with respect to an inner surface of the container adjacent to the indicia inner surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plate, intended to equip appliances of the chimney insert, stove, chimney, boiler, heating appliance, fireplace or equivalent type and/or to serve as a fire barrier, said plate being formed of at least one glass-ceramic substrate coated on at least one of its faces with the following stack of layers: 1. a first metal nitride layer of thickness comprised in the range from 5 nm to 50 nm, 2. an indium tin oxide layer of less than 100 nm thickness, 3. a second metal nitride layer of thickness comprised in the range from 10 nm to 100 nm. The present invention also relates to a process for obtaining said plate, as well as a device incorporating said plate.

Abstract: A salt bath for glass reinforcement, including a nitrate and a metal compound. The mass fraction of the nitrate is not less than 50%, and the nitrate is in a molten state. The metal compound is fused into the nitrate, and the metal compound contains the same metal element as the nitrate. The mass fraction of the metal element in the molecular formula corresponding to the metal compound is greater than the mass fraction in the molecular formula corresponding to the nitrate. Thus, compared with the existing salt bath, under the condition of the same mass, the salt bath can provide more effective amount of metal ions, thereby increasing the strength of glass after reinforcement, and at the same time, the lifetime of the salt bath is increased, reducing the waste of resources and environmental pollution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cover glass for a display, which is a glass plate having a first main surface and a second main surface. The cover glass contains, as represented by mol percentage based on oxides, from 50 to 75% of SiO2, from 5 to 20% of Al2O3, from 2 to 20% of Na2O, from 0 to 6% of K2O, from 0 to 15% of MgO, from 0 to 10% of a total amount (CaO+SrO+BaO) of CaO, SrO and BaO, from 0 to 5% of a total amount (ZrO2+TiO2) of ZrO2 and TiO2, from 0 to 10% of B2O3, and from 0 to 20% of Li2O. The cover glass has a ream minimum distance of 100 mm or more and 1,000 mm or less, and a ream period of 1 mm or more and 30 mm or less.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of concretes with improved wear resistance. The method involves the use of colloidal silica, which is added to a concrete mixture after mixing, in conjunction with a concrete cutter, which is added to the concrete mixture after the addition of the colloidal silica.

Abstract: An oil well cement composite permeation enhancement agent suitable for a hydrate layer and a preparation method thereof are disclosed. In parts by weight, the composition of raw materials of the composite permeation enhancement agent is 4.6 parts-5.0 parts of kerosene, 0.23 parts-0.25 parts of emulsifier, 0.8 parts-1.1 parts of modified polypropylene fiber, 10.0 parts-12.0 parts of porous and permeable microspheres, 1.0 part-1.2 parts of paraffin, and 57.5 parts-62.5 parts of water. The composite permeation enhancement agent can effectively improve the permeability of the cement stone which reshapes the formation framework and increase the mining rate of hydrate. The oil well cement composite permeation enhancement agent has the advantages of long-term performance, low cost, and green environmental protection.

Abstract: An uncalcined geopolymer-based refractory material is provided, comprising a matrix of a geopolymer obtainable by polymerization of a mixture consisting of mineral powder, fly ash, and metakaolin; and SiC whiskers embedded in the geopolymer matrix. The material has excellent mechanical properties and high resistance to high temperatures and exhibits a ductile fracture mechanism instead of a brittle fracture mechanism.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a phosphate cement composition and process for making such composition. More particularly, it pertains to a phosphate cement coating and process for making the coating for application to a given substrate.

Abstract: A grain-grade zirconia toughened alumina ceramic substrate and a method for preparing the same. The ceramic substrate is prepared from alumina power (main phase) and zirconia powder (secondary phase) in a binary azeotrope of anhydrous ethanol and butanone in the presence of magnesia-alumina spinel powder (as sintering aid), phosphate ester (as dispersant), polyvinyl butyral (as binder) and dibutyl phthalate (as plasticizer). In a mixture of the alumina power and the zirconia powder, a volume percentage of the alumina power is 82.44-96.7%, and a volume percentage of the zirconia powder is 3.30-17.56%. The magnesia-alumina spinel powder is 0.1-4.0% by weight of the mixture of the alumina power and the zirconia powder. A particle size ratio of the alumina powder to the zirconia powder is 2.415-4.444.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a heating element, wherein at least one part of the heating element is manufactured from a molybdenum disilicide composition and wherein in the molybdenum disilicide composition, molybdenum is substituted by chromium according to (Mo1-xCrx)Si2 and x is in the range of 0.16?x?0.19.