Abstract: A bottle preform heating apparatus includes a cavity, a top cover and multiple heating lamps. A first receiving cavity and a second receiving cavity are formed in the cavity. The first receiving cavity is cylindrical. The second receiving cavity is connected to a side surface of the first receiving cavity. Each heating lamp includes a lamp tube and a lamp base. The lamp tube includes an arc portion and two connection portions. An end of each connection portion is connected to the lamp base. Another end of the each connection portion is connected to an end of the arc portion. The arc portion is disposed in the first receiving cavity. The two connection portions and the lamp base are disposed in the second receiving cavity. The top cover is disposed on top of the cavity. The top cover is provided with a first through hole.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing an automobile sound absorbing member through molding. In the method, a first fiber and a second fiber are bonded to each other and molded at the same time, so that a working process and a process cycle are simplified, thereby improving production speed and reducing investment for equipment and facility. The method includes (a) preparing a first fiber and a second fiber, (b) providing an adhesive member between the first fiber and the second fiber and placing an aggregate of the first fiber, adhesive member, and the second fiber in a molding machine, and (c) pressing an upper mold and a lower mold of the molding machine so that the first fiber and the second fiber are bonded and molded into a molded body.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing an annular or semi-annular composite component having a circumferentially-extending base and a flange, the apparatus including: a loom for weaving a woven preform of fibre reinforcement material for the composite component; a rotatable mandrel configured to receive and draw the woven preform through the loom for weaving; and a guide disposed between the loom and the rotatable mandrel, configured so that a woven preform drawn by the rotatable mandrel along a guide path under tension engages the guide to transition to a flanged profile at a lip of the guide before being received on the mandrel.

Abstract: An imprint apparatus that forms a pattern on a substrate using a mold and an imprint material comprises a plurality of measurement units configured to measure a misalignment amount between the mold and the substrate by detecting a plurality of internal measurement marks disposed on the mold and the substrate, an alignment unit configured to perform alignment of the mold and the substrate based on the misalignment amount measured by the plurality of measurement units, and a correction unit configured to respectively acquire a measurement error of each of the plurality of measurement units based on a deviation amount between external measurement marks provided on the mold and the substrate, and correct the alignment by the alignment unit based on the measurement error of each of the plurality of measurement units.

Abstract: A printing apparatus and method. The printing apparatus is for impinging liquids from at least two liquid sources. The apparatus comprises a first jet actuator configured to dispense a first liquid from a first liquid source and a second jet actuator configured to dispense a second liquid from a second liquid source. The apparatus further comprises an adjustment element configured to adjust a trajectory of at least the first liquid dispensed from the first jet actuator such that the first liquid impinges the second liquid dispensed from the second jet actuator.

Abstract: A polymer material in manufacture of 3D articles by means of additive manufacturing, the polymer material including: a) at least one propylene polymer P having a flexural modulus determined according to ISO 178:2019 standard of at least 150 MPa, b) at least one propylene-based elastomer PBE having a flexural modulus determined according to ISO 178:2019 standard of not more than 100 MPa, and c) at least one solid inorganic compound SC.

Abstract: Shell-like or plate-like supporting structures, are obtained by forming one or more panels using Fused Deposition Modelling technology to obtain panels with a lattice of stiffening ribs on at least one face of the panels. The stiffening ribs are hollow and are formed simultaneously with forming of the panel, by moving a dispensing head) that dispenses a continuous thread of material according to a closed-loop path to form each layer, or else according to a path between two opposite ends that is followed back and forth in the two directions to obtain different layers of the panel and that includes loop-shaped stretches to define the aforesaid hollow ribs. The cavities of the ribs can be filled with additional reinforcement material.

Abstract: A three-dimensional shaping method of shaping a three-dimensional shaped article using a first material including first resin and a second material including second resin having a heat shrinkage rate different from a heat shrinkage rate which the first resin has, the method including stacking, when preparing a first slice layer formed of one of the first material and the second material, and stacking a second slice layer formed of another of the first material and the second material on the first slice layer, a first boundary layer formed of the one of the first material and the second material on the first slice layer, staking a second boundary layer formed of the another of the first material and the second material on the first boundary layer, and stacking the second slice layer on the second boundary layer, wherein the first boundary layer is a layer provided with a plurality of voids formed inside a contour of the first boundary layer when viewing the first boundary layer from a stacking direction of the

Abstract: Methods of additively manufacturing a three-dimensional object include irradiating a first build plane region using a first energy beam defining a beam diameter, the first energy beam travelling along a first oscillating path in a first direction to consolidate a first wall defining a thickness perpendicular to the first direction, wherein a build material adjacent a first side of the first wall and the build material adjacent a second side of the first wall, opposite the first side of the first wall, remains unconsolidated; and wherein the thickness of the first wall is greater than the beam diameter.

Abstract: Methods of additively manufacturing a three-dimensional object include irradiating a first build plane region using a first energy beam, irradiating a second build plane region using a second energy beam, and irradiating an interlace region between the first build plane region and the second build plane region. Irradiating the interlace region comprises directing the first energy beam along a first oscillating path and directing the second energy beam along a second oscillating path intersecting and overlapping with the first oscillating path.

Abstract: A particulate build material for three-dimensional printing can include from about 80 wt % to 100 wt % polymer particles having an average particle size from about 10 ?m to about 125 ?m. The polymer particles can have a polyolefin polymer backbone with from about 90 mol % to 100 mol % polypropylene polymeric units and from 0 mol % to about 10 mol % polyethylene polymeric units. The polymer particles can further include a crosslinkable component in the form of a maleic anhydride-containing side chain appended to the polyolefin polymer backbone, a thiol-containing side chain appended to the polyolefin polymer backbone, a glycidyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane compounded with the polyolefin polymer backbone, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A method of binder jet additive manufacturing (BJAM) is provided. The method includes feeding a supply of powder particles to a powder bed, delivering an organic binder onto the powder bed in select locations of each layer to form a porous green part, and introducing to the binder a secondary component that chemically reacts with the binder to form a solid polymer matrix around the powder particles. The secondary component is introduced either by: (i) infiltration of the secondary component into the porous green part; or (ii) by combining the secondary component with the powder particles prior to feeding the powder particles to the powder bed. A binder system for BJAM is also provided. The binder system includes a reactive pair including an organic binder that is capable of being deposited on a powder bed; and a secondary component that is reactive with the organic binder.

Abstract: The composite 3D-printed curved elements and methods of making same provide arches and domes with high resistance to shear and flexural failure, thereby allowing the production of large, curved 3D-printed elements. The elements include a primary composite fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed component in the form of an arch or dome with one or more grooves on the outer surface, the inner surface, or both the outer and inner surfaces of the component. Each groove includes a plurality of deep, blind bores or slots spaced longitudinally along the bottom of the groove. In adjacent grooves, the slots are alternated in a zig-zag pattern, so that no two slots are too close to one another. Composite reinforcement materials are sequentially applied to the grooves and slots until they are filled.

Abstract: Additive manufacturing assemblies, printing assemblies, and methods for utilizing same are provided. A method includes providing a linear traversing stage (212) movable in a direction transverse to a rail (104) extending along a working axis of the additive manufacturing apparatus, and coupling a printing assembly (150) to the linear traversing stage (212) such that the printing assembly is movable along the linear traversing stage in a direction transverse to the working axis. In embodiments, the printing assembly includes a housing (201) including a printing head (154). At least one adjustment member (232) may be extended or retracted through a yaw bar (224) to rotate the housing. In embodiments, a printing head receptacle (502) may be provided for coupling the printing assembly to the rail. In embodiments, the yaw bar (224) may be provided between the housing and the printing head receptacle (502) for rotating the printing assembly relative to the printing head receptacle.

Abstract: A three-dimensional print head apparatus including a hopper, a nozzle, a barrel, and a heating system. The apparatus may further include a fume extraction system and a dry air purge system. The hopper may have a cavity and a lower aperture. The nozzle may have an upper aperture and a lower aperture. The heating system may be positioned along the barrel, and the dry air purge system may be in fluid communication with the hopper.

Abstract: A three-dimensional print head apparatus comprising a hopper, a nozzle, a barrel, a heating system, a fume extraction system, a dry air purge system, and an agitator. The hopper may having a cavity and may have a lower aperture. The nozzle may have an upper aperture and may have a lower aperture. The heating system may be positioned along at least a portion of the barrel, which may defined a heated zone of the barrel. The dry air purge system may be in fluid communication with the hopper. The agitator may have at least one paddle.

Abstract: A method of forming a part using additive manufacturing may include receiving, at a computer numeric controlled (CNC) machine, a computer aided design (CAD) model of the part. The method may further include dividing the CAD model into plurality of sections. The method may further include slicing each of the plurality of sections into a plurality of layers. Each section may include a distinct set of print parameters. The method may further include depositing a flowable material onto a worktable according the set of print parameters for each section of the of the plurality of sections to manufacture the part.

Abstract: A machinable 3-D printing build plate that can be assembled from a number of different components into the base for a metallic 3-D printing volume and other 3-D printed parts. The build plate can be assembled into a final structure then machined to the required planar tolerance such that the build quality of the part is maintained throughout the build. Additionally, because the baseline printer support structure and support device are comprised of multiple elements, if one or more goes out of tolerance or requires adjustment to accommodate a new print, it may be easily removed, replaced then machined back to the required tolerances.

Abstract: A system and method for facilitating separation of 3D-printed objects from build platforms. The principle of separation in the present invention involves a build platform configured to be removable or flexible or partially deformable, such that at least a portion of the build platform may be bent or tilted to separate the build platform from the 3D-printed object once the 3D-printing is completed. In some embodiments, a base assembly is adapted to magnetically move a build plate along a surface of the base assembly such that the build plate automatically self-aligns along a boundary of the base assembly and magnetically couples to the base assembly. In some embodiments, a build platform includes a flexible layer with a printable surface and a rigid layer coupled to the flexible layer so that applying a force on the flexible layer deforms a localized portion of the printable surface without deforming the rigid layer.

Abstract: A three-dimensional modeling device models a three-dimensional object by irradiating a powdered material with an electron beam to melt and stack the powdered material. The three-dimensional modeling device includes a beam emitting unit that irradiates the powdered material with the electron beam by emitting the electron beam. The beam emitting unit irradiates the powdered material with the electron beam while scanning the electron beam in a direction orthogonal to a contour line of a modeling region in at least a contour portion of the modeling region that is a cross-section of the object.

Abstract: Techniques are described for consistently moving powder from a hopper into a trough for subsequent delivery into a build area of an additive fabrication system. A powder delivery apparatus may comprise a hopper, a trough, and a doser. The doser may be configured to rotate about an axis and may include a recess that, when the doser is rotated about the axis, travels into and out of the hopper and into and out of the trough. As a result, when powder is present in the hopper, the recess may carry powder from the hopper to the trough when the doser rotates. The trough and doser may be configured so that when the trough contains the desired amount of powder for recoating, the doser does not transfer additional material from the hopper into the trough. As a result, the amount of powder in the trough may be self-regulating.

Abstract: In one example, a process for depowdering an elastic object made with a 3D printer using powdered build material includes compressing the object progressively from one end of the object to another end of the object.

Abstract: According to examples, machine-readable instructions in a computer-readable medium may cause a processor to generate code representing a cavity to be formed in an object, generate code representing a first lattice structure to be formed in the object directly above the cavity, and generate code representing a second lattice structure to be formed in the object in an area adjacent to the first lattice structure, in which the first lattice structure may be stiffer than the second lattice structure. In addition, the processor may output the generated codes, in which a three-dimensional (3D) fabrication system may fabricate the object according to the generated codes.

Abstract: A method for enabling an extrusion-based AM 3D printing system to handle individual 3D parts of a print job having at least two 3D parts. The method includes slicing the print job to generate a set of slices for the digital 3D representations of the 3D parts. Each slice having geometrical data defining boundaries of a layer of AM feedstock material for printing each 3D part taking into account said boundaries. Generating for each 3D part an individual set of geometrical data taking into account said geometrical data, wherein each individual set of geometrical data includes geometrical data defining the boundaries of the layers of AM feedstock material that are to be taken into account for printing the respective 3D part. An AM 3D printing system that is adapted to perform said method.

Abstract: A method of forming a three-dimensional object (31) includes the steps of: (a) providing an apparatus including a carrier (15), a light transmissive window (12) having a build surface, polymerizable liquid (21) on the build surface, and a growing object (31) on the carrier, the growing object produced by light polymerization of the polymerizable liquid; (b) vertically reciprocating the carrier (15) with respect to the build surface in an upstroke and a downstroke, the downstroke being shorter than the upstroke, to form a build region between the growing object and the build surface, and to fill the build region with the polymerizable liquid, while also: (i) sensing force exerted between the carrier and the build surface through the growing object (31) and the polymerizable liquid (21) during the upstroke; and (ii) modifying the speed, acceleration, or both speed and acceleration of the upstroke in response to the sensed force so that the sensed force approaches a predetermined target force; then (c) irradiati

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an article requiring support on top of a base device using an additive manufacturing process in an additive manufacturing device having a build plate, is provided. The build plate includes a receptacle arranged for receiving the base device and an insert, provided in proximity to the base device. The insert is arranged for having a support for the article manufactured thereon. The method includes the step of manufacturing the article on top of the base device, and manufacturing the support for the article on top of the insert.

Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to provide a welding head assembly that can meet various welding requirements. The welding head assembly for ultrasonic welding to realize the objective mentioned above, comprising an acoustic rod, a vibrating rod and a connecting member, the vibrating rod is separated into two pieces, thereby separated into a first vibrating rod and a second vibrating rod by the acoustic rod, the first vibrating rod is connected with the acoustic rod and the connecting member, one end of the second vibrating rod is connected with the acoustic rod, and the other end of the second vibrating rod is configured to be a welding head working portion; wherein, the acoustic rod, the first vibrating rod and the connecting member are integrally formed as one piece.

Abstract: A method for joining thermoplastics to glass comprising placing a sheet of continuous glass filled thermoplastic composite under glass; applying a predetermined amount of force on the bottom of the composite to achieve adequate contact and compaction between the composite and the glass; using a laser with a predetermined wavelength having a predetermined spot size to apply a predetermined amount of power to a predefined region of the composite and the glass at a predetermined speed, thereby creating a weld between the composite and the glass; cooling the joined materials for a predetermined period of time while still under compaction pressure; and removing the compaction pressure to access the joined materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to a filament connector for connecting respective ends (1, 2) of filaments (3, 4) for the additive manufacturing of a three-dimensional object in fused filament fabrication, the filament connector comprising: —at least two mold elements (5, 6) which can be put together; and—a filament negative mold (8) in which the ends (1, 2) of the filaments (3, 4), which ends have previously been melted in a melting region (24) of the filament connector, can be joined together by the solidification of the melt of the filament materials of the two ends (1, 2). The filament negative mold (8) forms the melting region of the filament connector; within the filament negative mold, the ends (1, 2) of the filaments (3, 4) can be melted by an input of heat and can be joined together by the solidification of the melt of the filament materials of the two ends (1, 2).

Abstract: An induction sealing device for heat sealing packaging material for producing sealed packages of pourable food products, said sealing device comprising: an inductor configured to induce a current in the packaging material, the inductor comprising conductor elements; a polymer insert holding said conductor elements; and a supporting body holding said polymer insert; wherein the polymer insert comprises a polymer matrix into which boron nitride particles are dispersed.

Abstract: A manufacturing method comprises: providing a woven fabric comprising a plurality of reinforcing fibre tows and a plurality of thermoplastic polymer yarns woven together; and moulding the woven fabric in a heated mould to form a preform for a composite component.

Abstract: A composite part manufacturing method comprising the following consecutive steps: providing a manufacturing tooling, providing a composite laminate on the manufacturing tooling, providing a release film covering the composite laminate, providing a breather fabric covering the release film, providing a vacuum bag film covering the composite laminate, the release film and the breather fabric, sealing the vacuum bag film to the manufacturing tooling, curing the composite laminate, unsealing the vacuum bag film from the manufacturing tooling, removing the vacuum bag film, removing the breather fabric, inspecting the breather fabric to detect resin residues, removing any detected resin residues from the breather fabric, transporting the removed breather fabric to a manufacturing process of another composite part.

Abstract: A mandrel is 3D-printed from a thermoplastic material that exhibits a glass transition. The mandrel has a mandrel wall made from the thermoplastic material and a cavity. The mandrel is coated with an elastomer coat and a fiber material is arranged on the elastomer coat. A composite part is formed from the fiber material by inserting the mandrel into a mold, pressurizing the mandrel, and heating the mold to a mold temperature greater than the glass transition temperature without melting the mandrel wall. The mandrel expands and presses the fiber material against the mold. The composite part is cured by increasing the mold temperature and simultaneously melting the mandrel wall.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for multistage molding of contact lenses containing low oxygen permeable components or oxygen impermeable components. Components may be embedded within a contact lens by forming a device on a polymer substrate, molding a spacer onto a male mold, bonding the device to the spacer, removing the polymer substrate, and molding the remainder of the contact lens.

Abstract: Methods for tinting or decoloring a lens include inserting a lens into a reception unit of a lens holder, providing an immersion bath containing a fluid, immersing the lens holder into the fluid; and rotating the lens holder around a rotation axis to a predetermined maximum rotation angle, wherein the rotation axis is located outside the lens and generally perpendicular to a plane of the lens. A lens obtainable by such methods, a lens having a tint or a decolorization, a lens holder, and a tinting device allowing for more complex (gradient) tints are also disclosed. The present disclosure further relates to a corresponding computer program.

Abstract: After a support structure (12) has been circumferentially positioned around an annular component (11) of a tyre (2), gripping elements (16) carried by the support structure (12) and circumferentially distributed around a central axis (X) are radially approached to the annular component (11) bringing into contact therewith a plurality of feeler pins (22), slidably carried by each of said gripping elements (16). Once contact is made, the radially approaching of the gripping elements (16) to the annular component (11) continues by sliding the gripping elements themselves along the feeler pins (22). All the feeler pins (22) can therefore come into contact with the annular component (11), copying the shape of the outer surface. The feeler pins (22) are then locked with respect to the gripping elements (16) in order to allow the removal of a support drum (10) from the annular component (11) and support the latter in the absence of normal stresses.

Abstract: A method of making a midsole includes selecting a plurality of yarns. At least two yarns of the plurality of yarns have different properties relative to one another. The method further includes bundling the plurality of yarns to form a bundled yarn structure and intertwining the bundled yarn structure to form a twisted yarn structure. Further, the method includes depositing the twisted yarn structure into a first mold within an autoclave and applying a supercritical fluid to the twisted yarn structure. The method further includes supercritical fluid infiltrating and saturating the twisted yarn structure, depressurizing the autoclave to cause a foaming process therein to convert the twisted yarn structure into an anisotropic foam blank, and depositing the anisotropic foam blank within a second mold that is configured as a midsole for an article of footwear.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of carbon fiber profiled bodies for aerospace, aviation and fire fighting is provided, relating to the technical field of carbon fiber preparation, and including the following steps: uniformly winding carbon fiber cloth around an exterior of a core mould and opening a liquid drainage hole; heating a carbon fiber shell, melting the core mould, and discharging a melted liquid of the core mould through the liquid drainage hole; allowing a non-stressed wall of the carbon fiber shell to be in contact with liquid nitrogen and prefabricating a layer of molten metal liquid on a stressed wall of the carbon fiber shell.

Abstract: An assembly module includes a first assembly mold, a second assembly mold and at least one coupling mold. The first assembly mold has at least one first setup portion, the second assembly mold has at least one second setup portion, and the second assembly mold corresponds to the first assembly mold. The coupling mold is removably disposed at a position corresponding to the at least one first setup portion, at least one second setup portion, or the least one first setup portion and the at least one second setup portion. The coupling mold is provided with a limiting portion, and the first assembly mold or the second assembly mold is provided with a corresponding limiting portion. The coupling mold provides mutual corresponding limiting or anti-rotation against the corresponding limiting portion by using the limiting portion.

Abstract: A method to accomplish manufacturing of cartons, that supports the objective to decrease relatively large volumes of unnecessary air shipped, and to standardise size aspects of raw material so that logistics of raw material use for cartons and carton manufacturing process can be optimized. The method comprise steps from the retrieval of measurements for intended content to be closed, to calculating required width and length of standardized sized carton pieces having width dimensions based on geometrical series 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and then cutting and re-join cardboard pieces edge to edge by an adhesive, to assemble a carton piece that matches a calculated required cardboard size for further forming and folding of a cardboard box, as described by the method, with minimal loss of carton material.

Abstract: A device for forming and pressing a mouth piece of a container comprising fibers, for example pulp, wherein the device comprises a mold for surrounding at least one outer surface of a mouth region of the container in which the mouth piece is to be formed, wherein the mold comprises a structure for forming the mouth piece. The device also comprises a mandrel for introduction into an opening of the mouth region and a movement means for performing a relative movement between the mold and the mandrel to reduce a clearance of the mold and the mandrel, and thus to form and press the mouth piece. This disclosure also includes a method for forming and pressing a mouth piece of a container comprising fibers, for example pulp, using the device.

Abstract: A bag making apparatus includes an intermittent feed device for feeding sheet panels, an adjustment device for detecting upper and lower thresholds for a length of the sheet panels included in a section from a first drive roller pair to a second drive roller pair, a movement device for moving a processing device and a sensor together as a movable group in the longitudinal direction of the sheet panels. The movement device moves the movable group upstream in response to the adjustment device detecting the upper threshold and moves the movable group downstream in response to the adjustment device detecting the lower threshold. If the movable group is moved, the intermittent feed device determines an intermittent feed distance based on a moving distance of the movable group in addition to output from the sensor and feeds the sheet panels by the determined distance using the first drive roller pair.

Abstract: A packaging machine for forming doy-pack bags includes: a base; a reel-holding frame, configured to carry a reel of packaging film or a sheet-holding reel having a band with packaging sheets; a gripping and folding group configured to pick up and fold like a book, by facing two symmetrical parts thereof, either a portion of the packaging film or a packaging sheet; shaping apparatus for shaping a recessed bottom (B) of a doy-pack bag (A); a joiner for sealing the facing side edges of the two symmetrical parts either of a portion of the packaging film or of a packaging sheet; pick-up apparatus adapted to remove the portion of the packaging film or the packaging sheet, folded and with the facing side edges sealed, from the gripping and folding group.

Abstract: The plant for producing a corrugated board includes one or more single facers and a double facer, as well as respective unwinders for unwinding reels of paper webs. Arranged along the production line, in suitable positions, are thermographic cameras which acquire images through which it is possible to trace the various characteristics of the cardboard, for example the moisture content thereof, detect manufacturing defects, after which it is possible to intervene on one or more process parameters so as to eliminate the causes of the defects.

Abstract: A multilayered tubing for low-pressure fuel applications is provided. The multilayered tubing includes a first thermoplastic layer defining an interior cavity and a second thermoplastic layer encasing the first thermoplastic layer. The first thermoplastic layer includes an extrudable thermoplastic fluoropolymer, and the second thermoplastic layer may include a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer. In certain variations, an adhesive is disposed between the first thermoplastic layer and the second thermoplastic layer. In still other variations, a third thermoplastic layer is disposed between the first thermoplastic layer and the second thermoplastic layer. In such instances, a first adhesive can be disposed between the first thermoplastic layer and the third thermoplastic layer and/or a second adhesive can be disposed between the third thermoplastic layer and the second thermoplastic layer.

Abstract: A glazed unit for a vehicle of transport and its manufacturing method, the glazed unit including a first exterior sheet and a second exterior sheet, contiguous, with an exterior separating space therebetween, a first interior sheet and a second interior sheet, contiguous, with an interior separation space therebetween at least one interlayer sheet of adhesive material, wherein, seen in cross-section, the exterior separation space and the interior separation space are offset by an offset distance.

Abstract: Described herein are reinforcing elements that comprise at least one honeycomb element, a first and second adhesive layers and a constraining layer for attachment to a substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sheet having a closed cell layer and, in particular, to an eco-friendly sheet including a plurality of closed cells formed on an eco-friendly resin film, and a print portion on which a predetermined image is printed. The sheet according to the present invention may be prevented from deforming or breaking even from external shocks or severe external environmental conditions, may improve the shape retention of closed cells, the elastic retention of closed cells, and the shape urability of the sheet, may be distinguished due to printing of a specific image, and may have environment-friendly advantages.

Abstract: An inverted roof membrane assembly comprising: a) a waterproofing membrane suitable for direct or indirect mounting on top of a roof decking, b) at least one layer of the polymer foam insulation board directly or indirectly on top of a), c) a flame-resistant fabric shield directly or indirectly on top of b), said flame-resistant fabric shield having a water vapor permeability of 1.0 perm or greater; and d) a ballast layer directly or indirectly on top of c).

Abstract: A sheet (10) for a mask has a first fiber layer (11) and a second fiber layer (12). The second fiber layer (12) has a higher trapping ratio for particles having a particle diameter exceeding 1 ?m and/or a smaller average fiber diameter than the first fiber layer (11). The basis weight of the second fiber layer (12) is from 1 to 20 g/m2. In a natural state, the second fiber layer (12) has a plurality of projections (13) projecting toward a surface of the second fiber layer (12) that is opposite to a surface of the second fiber layer (12) facing the first fiber layer (11) and depressions (14) that are each arranged between corresponding projections (13) of the plurality of projections (13). The depressions (14) have joined portions (15) where the second fiber layer (12) and the first fiber layer (11) are joined to each other.