Abstract: An apparatus (and method) is for monitoring blood perfusion. A plurality of photoplethysmography, PPG, signals are acquired indicative of light detected in a region of interest of tissue at a plurality of respective locations within the region. The PPG signals are processed to determine an amplitude and preferably also a phase of each of the plurality of PPG signals, and a blood perfusion level is determined at the region of interest based on the amplitudes and preferably also the phases of the PPG signals.

Abstract: A catheter-based baro-hydrometer device measures or otherwise monitors esophageal function. The device includes a segmented balloon design, including a first and second balloon whose fill volumes can be independently controlled. In general, the device leverages secondary peristalsis related to balloon distention in order to study esophageal function. Pressure sensors coupled to the balloons record pressure data, which can be classified and processed to measure or otherwise monitor esophageal function.

Abstract: One aspect of the present disclosure include a method of utilizing an oro-motor device to activate an audio device, the method includes providing an oro-motor device having a sensor and a nipple; producing a signal when the nipple portion present in an infant's mouth when the nipple portion yields a first measured pressure over an age appropriate predetermined threshold applied to the nipple portion by the infant; responsive to the signal, playing an age appropriate audio recording for a predetermined duration on an audio device; and raising the age appropriate predetermined threshold to a raised threshold proportionally to a difference between the first measured pressure application to the nipple portion and the age appropriate predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A system and method of magnetic particle imaging (MPI) are disclosed. The system and method use ultrasound to drive magnetic particles (such as nanoparticles) through a magnetic field gradient to generate a signal and map the magnetic particles' distribution or concentration.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to techniques for recording and recognizing physiological parameter patterns associated with symptoms. A medical device system includes a medical device including an accelerometer configured to collect an accelerometer signal that indicates one or more patient movements that occur during a cough. Additionally, the medical device system includes processing circuitry configured to: determine whether the accelerometer signal satisfies a set of criteria corresponding to a cough pattern comprising a smooth increase from a baseline, then a sharp decrease, a peak within the sharp decrease, then a gradual return to the baseline; and identify a cough based on the determination that the accelerometer signal satisfies the set of criteria.

Abstract: A process for determining a carbon dioxide concentration in measured gas, includes branching off the gas from a main line (15) of a medical device (12) through a branch line (14) to a sensor unit (11) during an inhalation phase and an exhalation phase of a person (13). The gas is delivered by a fluid delivery unit that is adaptively set taking an airway pressure in the main line into consideration for generating a uniform volume flow and/or gas pressure of the measured gas in the branch line to the sensor unit during the inhalation phase and the exhalation phase. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the measured gas is determined by the sensor unit. A determination device (10), the medical device, a setting unit (26), a computer program product (29) and a storage device (30) with the program may each be provided to carry out the process.

Abstract: A continuous bedside pressure monitoring (CBPM) device includes an array of pressure sensors, a controller including a processor and a memory, the controller operatively coupled to the array of pressure sensors, a communication interface operatively coupled to the controller, and a flexible housing enclosing the array of pressure sensors, the controller, and the communication interface.

Abstract: A quantitative gait training and/or analysis system employs instrumented footwear and an independent processing module. The instrumented footwear may have sensors that permit the extraction of gait kinematics in real time and provide feedback from it. Embodiments employing calibration-based estimation of kinematic gait parameters are described. An artificial neural network identifies gait stance phases in real-time.

Abstract: A system for intra-operatively registering a pelvis comprising an acetabulum with a computer model of the pelvis in a coordinate system. The system may include: a) a surgical navigation system including a tracking device; and b) at least one computing device in communication with the surgical navigation system. The at least one computing device: i) receiving first data points from first intra-operatively collected points on an articular surface of the acetabulum, the first data points collected with the tracking device; ii) receiving a second data point from a second intra-operatively collected point on the pelvis, the second data point collected with the tracking device, the second data point corresponding in location to a second virtual data point on the computer model; and iii) determining an intra-operative center of rotation of the femur relative to the pelvis from the first data points.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a method, for determining front-back and left-right directions of a pose sensor worn on a head of a user, may comprise: measuring a first acceleration at a time point where the user stares at the front; measuring a second acceleration at a time point where the user stares at an angle other than the front; measuring a first and second gravity vectors respectively corresponding to the time points at which the first and the second accelerations were measured when an index of variation of each of the first and second acceleration satisfies a predetermined condition; and calculating vectors in the left-right direction and the front-back direction by performing cross product on the first and second gravity vectors, wherein the angle other than the front includes an angle rotated with respect to an axis of any one of an up-down, left-right, and front-back directions.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods are provided for measuring and analyzing movements of a body and for communicating information related to such body movements over a network. In certain embodiments, a system gathers biometric and biomechanical data relating to positions, orientations, and movements of various body parts of a user performed during sports activities, physical rehabilitation, or military or law enforcement activities. The biometric and biomechanical data can be communicated to a local and/or remote interface, which uses digital performance assessment tools to provide a performance evaluation to the user. The performance evaluation may include a graphical representation (e.g., a video), statistical information, and/or a comparison to another user and/or instructor. In some embodiments, the biometric and biomechanical data is communicated wirelessly to one or more devices including a processor, display, and/or data storage medium for further analysis, archiving, and data mining.

Abstract: Disclosed is a computer-implemented method. The method comprises processing, by at least one computing device, first measurements taken at least while a person performs a predetermined physical exercise, wherein the first measurements are taken by at least one motion tracking device, at least one optical sensor, or both. The method also comprises processing, by the at least one computing device, second measurements taken at least while the person performs the predetermined physical exercise, wherein the second measurements are taken by a pelvic sensor. The method also comprises determining, by at least one computing device, whether the person has performed the predetermined physical exercise based on the first measurements and the second measurements according to criteria associated with the predetermined physical exercise.

Abstract: The enclosed embodiments are directed to tracking caloric expenditure using a camera. In an embodiment, a method comprises: obtaining face tracking data associated with a user; determining a step cadence of the user based on the face tracking data; determining a speed of the user based on the step cadence and a stride length of the user; obtaining device motion data from at least one motion sensor of the device; determining a grade of a surface on which the user is walking or running based on at least one of the device motion data or the face tracking data; and determining an energy expenditure of the user based on the estimated speed, the estimated grade and a caloric expenditure model.

Abstract: A physiological monitor uses patterns of motion during strength training activity, e.g., as detected by a wearable monitor, to evaluate a degree of muscular, musculoskeletal, and/or biomechanical strain experienced by a user while engaged in strength training. The resulting strain may advantageously be quantified and used to provide coaching recommendations, update daily strain metrics, and take other responsive actions.

Abstract: Devices and methods are described for providing continuous measurement of an analyte concentration. In some embodiments, the devices include a membrane that has an interference domain designed to reduce the permeation of one or more interferents.

Abstract: A method of managing insulin includes receiving blood glucose measurements on a computing device from a glucometer. The blood glucose measurements are separated by a time interval. The method includes determining, by the computing device, an insulin dose rate based on the blood glucose measurements and determining a blood glucose drop rate based on the blood glucose measurements and the time interval. The method also includes determining a blood glucose percentage drop based on the blood glucose measurements. The method includes decreasing the time interval between blood glucose measurements by the glucometer when the blood glucose drop rate is greater than a threshold drop rate, and decreasing the time interval between blood glucose measurements by the glucometer when the blood glucose percentage drop is greater than a threshold percentage drop.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to relates to systems and methods for evaluating tissue using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) energy. In one embodiment, for example, a system for treating a patient comprises an ultrasound source configured to deliver HIFU energy to a target tissue mass of the patient and a function generator operably coupled to the ultrasound source for initiating a pulsing protocol for delivering the HIFU energy. The system further comprises a controller configured to perform operations comprising applying HIFU energy to induce cavitation in the target tissue mass and cause a biomarker to be released, comparing a baseline concentration of the biomarker from a first fluid sample to a concentration of the biomarker in a second fluid sample within 2 hours after applying HIFU, and repeating the applying and comparing until the concentration of the biomarker in the fluid sample falls below a threshold value.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a sensor assembly is disclosed. The sensor assembly includes a first analyte sensor being formed on a first substrate and a second analyte sensor being formed on a second substrate. Wherein the first analyte sensor is coupled to the second analyte sensor within a coupling area defined by an overlap between the first analyte sensor and the second analyte sensor.

Abstract: Disclosed in an embodiment is an operating method of portable apparatus for noninvasively measuring blood glucose levels. The method includes: (a) measuring a first signal value according to ambient environmental light when an LED for measuring signals which emits light with wavelengths to be absorbed into or scattered by glucose is switched off; (b) measuring a second signal value according to light which is scattered by or transmitted through subject tissue and enters a photodetecting unit when the LED for measuring signals is switched on; (c) calculating a glucose concentration measurement of a subject by using the first signal value and the second signal value; and (d) adjusting the quantity of the light radiated from the LED for measuring signals by feeding the difference between the glucose concentration measurement and a pre-established first reference value back to the driving current for the LED for measuring signals.

Abstract: A sheath for an oximetry device includes a top and a body where the top opens to provide an opening where the oximetry device can be placed into the body of the sheath. The top of the sheath can be closed onto the body and the closure of the top can be verified by circuits in the oximetry device. The circuits can monitor the position of a latch that is connected to the top of the sheath. The circuits can determine when the latch is unlatched and the top is open and not sealed closed to the body. And, the circuits can determine when the latch is latched and the top is closed and sealed to the body.

Abstract: Methods and systems for targeting, accessing and diagnosing diseased lung compartments are disclosed. The method comprises introducing a diagnostic catheter with an occluding member at its distal end into a lung segment via an assisted ventilation device; inflating the occluding member to isolate the lung segment; and performing a diagnostic procedure with the catheter while the patient is ventilated. The proximal end of the diagnostic catheter is configured to be attached to a console. The method may also comprise introducing the diagnostic catheter into the lung segment; inflating the occluding member to isolate the lung segment; and monitoring blood oxygen saturation. The method may further comprise introducing the diagnostic catheter into the lung segment; determining tidal flow volume in the lung segment; determining total lung capacity of the patient; and determining a flow rank value based on the tidal flow volume of the lung segment and the total lung capacity.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optoelectronic system. The optoelectronic system includes an optoelectronic probe operably attached to a target region of a subject; and an electronic module coupled with the optoelectronic probe for wireless, real-time, and continuous measurements of physiological information of the subj ect.

Abstract: An integrated reference electrode for use in an electrochemical measurement system, comprising: a reference electrode in combination with a hygroscopic hydrogel electrolyte impregnated and contained in a porous framework, wherein the hygroscopic hydrogel electrolyte is adapted to contact the reference electrode when in a hydrated state. Also, an ion selective membrane with an aromatic epoxy polymer made from one or more monomers having at least one epoxide group, and a chloride salt or a silver—silver chloride physically trapped in the aromatic epoxy polymer. On contact with water the aromatic epoxy polymer forms a network of channels for ion exchange. The membrane may be used between an electrolyte and an external fluid environment; or the membrane may be coated upon the surface of a reference electrode.

Abstract: Systems for applying a transcutaneous monitor to a person can include a telescoping assembly, a sensor, and a base with adhesive to couple the sensor to skin. The sensor can be located within the telescoping assembly while the base protrudes from a distal end of the system. The system can be configured to couple the sensor to the base by compressing the telescoping assembly.

Abstract: A sensor, system, and method for detecting and correcting for an effect on an analyte indicator of an analyte sensor. The analyte indicator may have a first detectable property that varies in accordance with an analyte concentration and an effect on (e.g., degradation of) the analyte indicator. The analyte sensor may also include an interferent indicator having a second detectable property (e.g., absorption) that varies in accordance the effect on the analyte indicator. The analyte sensor may generate (i) an analyte measurement based on the first detectable property of the analyte indicator and (ii) an interferent measurement based on the second detectable property of the interferent indicator. The analyte sensor may be part of a system that also includes a transceiver. The transceiver may use the analyte and interferent measurements to calculate an analyte level.

Abstract: A biosensor apparatus comprises a biosensor device and a cover that is configured to attach to the biosensor device. The biosensor device includes a surface section that is disposed above the user's skin and an implantable section that is injected into the user's skin. The implantable section includes a bending detector and sensing circuitry. The sensing circuitry includes one or multiples of a biomarker sensor array, a control biomarker sensor array, a temperature sensor, and/or a biofouling detector.

Abstract: A method and transceiver for calibrating an analyte sensor using one or more reference measurements. In some embodiments, the method may include receiving a first reference analyte measurement (RM1) and determining whether the RM1 is unexpected. In some embodiments, the method may include, if the RM1 was determined to be unexpected, receiving a second reference analyte measurement (RM2). In some embodiments, the method may include determining whether one or more of the RM1 and the RM2 are acceptable as calibration points. In some embodiments, the method may include, if one or more of the RM1 and the RM2 are determined to be acceptable as calibration points, accepting one or more of the RM1 and the RM2 as calibration points. In some embodiments, the method may include calibrating the analyte sensor using at least one or more of the RM1 and the RM2 as calibration points.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a housing, a fluid reservoir, a flow control mechanism, and an actuator. The housing defines an inner volume and has an inlet port that can be fluidically coupled to a patient and an outlet port. The fluid reservoir is disposed in the inner volume to receive and isolate a first volume of a bodily-fluid. The flow control mechanism is rotatable in the housing from a first configuration, in which a first lumen places the inlet port is in fluid communication with the fluid reservoir, and a second configuration, in which a second lumen places the inlet port in fluid communication with the outlet port. The actuator is configured to create a negative pressure in the fluid reservoir and is configured to rotate the flow control mechanism from the first configuration to the second configuration after the first volume of bodily-fluid is received in the fluid reservoir.

Abstract: A bodily-fluid transfer device includes a housing, a pre-sample reservoir, and an actuator. The housing defines an inner volume between a substantially open proximal end portion and a distal end portion that includes a port couplable to a lumen-defining device. The pre-sample reservoir is fluidically couplable to the port to receive a first volume of bodily fluid. The actuator is at least partially disposed in the inner volume and has a proximal end portion that includes an engagement portion and a distal end portion that includes a sealing member. The engagement portion is configured to allow a user to selectively move the actuator between a first configuration such that bodily fluid can flow from the port to the pre-sample reservoir, and a second configuration such that bodily fluid can flow from the port to a sample reservoir defined at least in part by the sealing member and the housing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method, a system, and a computer-readable medium for providing depression preliminary diagnosis information by using a machine learning model, in which a result of analysis on depression with respect to an answer video performed by a person to be evaluated and supporting information therefor are provided to medical staff, users, counselors and the like through a special user interface, so as to more efficiently determine the depression.

Abstract: Assessing a likelihood of a person experiencing a fatigue event when the person tasked with monitoring a vehicle operating in an autonomous driving mode may include receiving a set of response times for a psychomotor vigilance test administered to the person. The test may include a plurality of trials which involve a person lifting a finger from a user input device. Whether the person passed or failed each trial of the set of trials may be determined. A model trained using data from prior psychomotor vigilance tests administered to the person may be identified for the person. Results of the determinations of whether the person passed or failed each trial of the set of trials may be input into the model in order to determine a value representative of a likelihood of a fatigue event. An intervention response may be initiated based on the value.

Abstract: A device for improving the precision of a biomagnetic image of a patient is provided. The device comprises a covering, a plurality of markers and at least five three-axis coils. Three-axis coils and markers of the plurality of markers are placed at the same location on the covering so that, when the covering is positioned on the patient, singular points of the part of the patient can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging and by biomagnetic imaging (MEG, MCG).

Abstract: A bio-signal measurement patch device includes a substrate formed of a flexible material, a housing arranged in a first region of the substrate, a bio-signal measurement sensing electrode arranged in a second region of the substrate, and a slit formed in the substrate to divide the first region and the second region.

Abstract: A sensor, comprising including a composite substrate including a template material, where the template material includes a plurality of insulating fibers, and a plurality of carbon nanotubes bonded to the insulating fibers forming a nanotube coating on the insulating fibers, and where the composite substrate exhibits a tensional fracture induced by a unidirectional tensile force to the composite substrate, wherein the plurality of insulating fibers align along the tensile force and expand in an out-of-plane direction at the site of the fracture, a first electrode coupled to the nanotube coating on one side of the fracture, and a second electrode coupled to the nanotube coating on the opposite side of the fracture, such that an electrical signal applied between the first electrode and the second electrode passes through the plurality of junctions at the site of the fracture.

Abstract: Articles and devices comprising fluorinated elastomers, as well as methods of preparing fluorinated elastomers, are generally described. In some cases, such fluorinated elastomers can be used for sensing neural activity, e.g., by encapsulating electronic circuits, or other applications. Furthermore, according to certain embodiments, polymers can, surprisingly, be directly deposited onto layers comprising low molecular weight fluorinated elastomers, e.g., without swelling in the presence of certain solvents. Some embodiments are generally directed to devices and methods for treating fluorinated elastomers and subsequently depositing material onto the treated fluorinated elastomers. This may allow the fabrication and patterning of multilayered articles comprising fluorinated elastomers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flat textile material (2) for placing on a human or animal body in order to capture and/or transmit electrical signals, comprising: a longitudinal direction (4); a traverse direction (6) running perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (4); an extension plane (8); a thickness direction (10) orthogonal to the extension plane (8); a first layer (34) facing the body; a second layer (36) facing away from the body; and at least one electrode (20), arranged on or in the first layer (34), for placing on the body, wherein: the electrode (20) comprises electrically conductive threads (50, 52); the second layer (36) comprises electrically non-conductive threads (56, 58) having a first water absorbency; threads (64) extending in the longitudinal direction (4) and having a second water absorbency are provided either in the first layer (34) or in the thickness direction (10) between the electrode (20) and the second layer (36); and the second water absorbency of these threads (64) is greater

Abstract: There is provided mechanisms for determining calibration of positions of EEG electrodes on a subject. A method is performed by a controller. The method comprises obtaining a set of signals representative of estimated positions for the EEG electrodes when placed on the subject. Each of the estimated positions represents a position of one of the EEG electrodes relative to the subject. The method comprises comparing the set of signals representative of estimated positions to a set of reference signals representative of reference positions. The set of reference positions represents intended positions for the EEG electrodes when placed on the subject. The method comprises determining the calibration of positions of the EEG electrodes using a difference between a property of the obtained signals and the set of reference signals.

Abstract: A computer device for real-time analysis of electrograms, comprising a memory arranged to receive real-time electrograms signals each originating from one of a plurality of electrodes, a first evaluator comprising an extractor and a gradient boosting based machine learning module, said extractor being arranged to extract a set of features comprising at least one timewise analysis feature and at least one morphological feature from each electrogram signal within a set of electrogram signals, and to feed the resulting sets of features to said gradient boosting based machine learning module trained on data comprising sets of features labelled with a value indicating whether the associated electrogram signal exhibits dispersion and arranged to output for each set of electrogram.

Abstract: The present disclosure lies in the general field of clinical electrocardiography (ECG), more specifically in ECG methods comprising precordial ECG amplitude measurements. The present invention relates to methods of determining a subject's corrected precordial ECG amplitude from an ECG measurement, which corrections are based on intraindividual changes such as the rotation position of the heart on the horizontal plane, and/or changes in body mass index. The methods are thus useful for adjustment of intraindividual changes over time in precordial ECG amplitudes, such as between two ECG measurements. The present invention further relates to a device, an apparatus and a computer program product, and to uses of said device, apparatus and computer program product in a method of determining a subject's corrected precordial ECG amplitude from an ECG measurement, and for improving the accuracy of electrocardiographic methods depending on precordial ECG amplitude measurements.

Abstract: A wearable medical system detects cardiac arrythmia condition of a patient. The wearable medical system comprises a support structure, a plurality of ECG electrodes to sense an ECG signal, and an energy output device to store an electrical charge. The wearable medical system further comprises an output circuit coupled to the energy output device, a plurality of therapy electrodes, and a processor. The plurality of therapy electrodes is coupled to the support structure and the output circuit and delivers therapy to the patient. The processor is coupled to the plurality of ECG electrodes and the output circuit. The processor comprises a QRS detector module that has a first threshold and a second threshold. The QRS detector module comprises first and second QRS detectors that analyze the ECG signals for the first and second thresholds, respectively. The first and second thresholds are configured to detect tachyarrhythmia and bradyarrhythmia, respectively.

Abstract: An electronic device to acquire and analyze electroencephalogram data of the subject includes a cognitive function examination control section that presents examination data used for a cognitive function examination of the subject at the time of executing an operation having a different purpose from that of an electroencephalogram measurement, and a cognitive function analysis section that extracts an index of a cognitive function of the subject from electroencephalogram data of the subject measured when presenting examination data.

Abstract: Disclosed and contemplated herein is a bispectral EEG (BSEEG) method which can detect patients with delirium and can detect delirium with systemic inflammation. In various implementations, a mouse model is used to detect delirium with systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection.

Abstract: A muscle control device includes an electromyography (EMG) electrode unit including a plurality of electrodes, and that senses an EMG signal, an EMG circuit unit that generates channel data, based on electrode signals, a control unit that receives the channel data, extracts a volitional electromyography signal, based on the channel data, and determines FES (Functional Electrical Stimulation) stimulation parameters, based on the volitional electromyography signal, an FES electrode unit that outputs a functional electrical stimulation, based on the FES stimulation parameters, and an FES circuit unit that receives the FES stimulation parameters, generates the functional electrical stimulation, based on the FES stimulation parameters, and transmits the functional electrical stimulation to the FES electrode unit, and the control unit recognizes a direction and an intensity of a motion from the volitional electromyography signal, based on the volitional electromyography signal and adjusts an intensity of the functi

Abstract: A myoelectric sensor array includes a plurality of myoelectric sensors, and a plurality of wiring members each electrically connecting corresponding two adjacent myoelectric sensors among the plurality of myoelectric sensors, wherein each of the plurality of the myoelectric sensors includes a substrate, a pair of myoelectric electrodes provided on the substrate, and a signal processing circuit electrically connected to the pair of myoelectric electrodes and at least one of the wiring members.

Abstract: A minimally invasive, microchip-based system which enables continuous long-term recording of subjects (e.g., freely moving rodents) under study including subject behavior, subject brain neurovascular activity, subject heart rate, subject intercranial pressure, subject temperature, and subject head movement is described herein. These systems may also include microchips configured to deliver stimuli such as heat stimuli and measure these various parameters of subjects before, during, and after stimuli. The systems may afford measurement protocols in one or more subjects such as conditioned place/aversion assays and/or pharmacological or medical device testing.

Abstract: The electronic device for diagnosing dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or predicting morbidity to DLB according to the present invention includes a processor that measures cortical thicknesses for a plurality of regions of the brain by using brain MRI images of a normal group and a DLB patient group, generates a DLB pattern matrix by using a residual matrix according to a difference between the average cortical thickness and the cortical thickness for each region, applies a first cortical thickness matrix generated by using a brain MRI image of the subject to the DLB pattern to calculate a first DLB pattern score, and diagnoses the subject as DLB or predicting morbidity to DLB by using the first DLB pattern score.

Abstract: A system facilitating differentiation between parathyroid tissue and thyroid tissue of a subject comprises a light source for illuminating tissue in a target region in the neck area of the subject; a light delivery device that is optically coupled with the light source for delivering a beam of light from the light source to the tissue; a collection device for collecting optical signals emitted from the tissue responsive to the beam of light; and a detector for detecting the intensities of the optical signals emitted from the tissue, wherein differences in the detected intensities enable a user to differentiate between parathyroid tissue and thyroid tissue.

Abstract: An intestinal activity regulation device includes a regulator that performs a regulation process of regulating intestinal activity of a target person based on the state of the intestinal activity detected by a detector that detects the state of the intestinal activity of the target person.

Abstract: There is a skin analysis device for attachment to an electronic device of a human user, the electronic device having at least one skin characteristic measurement device, the skin analysis device comprising an enclosure comprising an enclosure body, configured to be removably connected to the electronic device and one or more skin characteristic measurement assisters, connected to the enclosure and configured to assist one or more skin characteristic measurement devices take a skin characteristic sample of a skin characteristic of the human user.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for processing sensor and data during an orthopedic procedure to analyze and report on the state of the bone structure surrounding a surgical site. This may include, for example, the state of the femoral canal during the broaching phase of a total hip arthroplasty procedure. The method and apparatus allow a surgeon to determine, amongst other things, the optimality of fit of the broaching instrument, and subsequently of the implanted prosthesis, within the femoral canal, with consequential enhancement to patient outcome and reduction in economic cost.